Reinforced Concrete Bridges

Bridges Uses:
1. Walkways
2. Highways/Roads
3. Railways
4. Pipelines
5. Connecting Lands
6. Crossing Rivers

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Types of Bridges:
1- Concrete Arch
•Arches are the primary force resisting elements.
•Arche Concretes resist forces through compression.
•Longest – Wanxian, 403 m (China, 1997)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
2-Steel Arch

•Steel Arches are the primary force resisting elements.

•Arches resist forces Through compression.
•Thrust is a major consideration.
•Longest–Lupu, 528 m (China, 2003)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
3-Truss
•Rods are the primary force resisting elements.
•Forces are resisted through tension and compression.
•Longest – Pont de Quebec, 527 m (Canada, 1917)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
4-Suspension
•Longest-spanning bridge type.
•Cables are the primary force resisting elements.
•Forces are primarily transmitted through tension.
•Longest –Akashi-Kaikyo, 1958 m (Japan, 1998).

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
5-Cable Stayed

•Cables and (box) girders are the primary force resisting elements.
•Cables resist forces through tension and pre-stress the girders.
•Girders resist forces through bending.
•Longest – Tatara, 855 m (Japan, 1999)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
7-Steel Girder

•Girders are the primary force resisting elements.

•Forces are resisted through bending.
•Longest Ponte Costa Silva, 288m (Brazil, 1974).

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
8-Moveable Bridges

moveable Bridge Swing Bridge

moveable Bridge
Lift Bridge
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
9-Beam or Deck Slab Girder Bridge
Definitions: Superstructure:
a) Beams or Main Load Carrying Elements
1- Steel or concrete girders
2- Segmental boxes
b) Deck: typically concrete
c)Wearing Surface: bituminous or concrete Substructure:
a) Piers
b) Abutments

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Analysis and Design of RC Slab and Girder Bridges:

Specifications for Design:

1 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials).
2 AREA (American Railway Engineering Association).
3 ACI (American Concrete Institute).

Types of loads on Bridges:

1. D: Dead Load
2. L: Live Load
3. I: Impact Load
4. E: Earth Pressure Load
5. W: Wind Load
6. T: Temperature Load
7. S: Shrinkage Load
8. EQ: Earth Quick Load

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Dead Loads:

A) Weight of Structure:
1- Slab Weight.
2 Beam Weight.
3 Diaphragms Weight.

B) Super Imposed Dead Load:

1 Surfacing Load.
2 Side Walks.
3 Guard Rail.
4 Hand Rail.
5 Power Poles.
6 Water and other Utility Lines.

Live Loads:

1 Vehicles
2 Cars
3 Pedestrians, etc.

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
(AASHTO) Trucks Live Loads:

1- M (H) Loading (2 axles):

Tot. Wt.
M 13.5 or (H 15( 108 27 135 kN
M 18 or (H 20) 144 36 180 kN

0.4 W 0.1 W
1.38m
0.4 W
0.1 W

4.27 m
Wheel Load= Axle Load /2

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
2- MS (HS) Loading (3 axles):

Tot. Wt.

MS 13.5 or (HS 15( 108 108 27 243 kN

MS 18 or (HS 20) 144 144 36 324 kN

0.4 W 0.4 W 0.1 W

1.38m
0.4 W 0.4 W 0.1 W

V= 4.27 m
Wheel Load= Axle Load /2 4.27 9.14 m

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Design of Bridge Slab:

A) Span ≤ 9m (edge beam only):

If the span less than the width of bridge, the main reinforcements will be parallel to the traffic way.

Deck Slab

Abutment Abutment
Clear Span Clear Span

Span C/C
Longitudinal Direction

Curb Width Clear Width Edge Beam

Transverse Direction
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Design of Bridge Slab:

B) Span > 9m (exterior and interior beam only):

If the span greater than the width of bridge, the main reinforcements will be perpendicular to the
traffic way.

Deck Slab Deck Slab

Abutment

Clear Span Span C/C

Longitudinal Direction

Curb
Span Int. Beam Ext. Beam
Effective Width
Transverse Direction

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Example (1)
Design of one way span bridge having a clear span of (5m), a clear width of (8m) fʹc=25 MPa, fy=300
MPa, use (MS 18) truck, if asphalt weight =1.4 kN/m2, Weight of hand rail= 0.4 kN/m , use curb
width=600mm and seat width= 400 mm, γc=25 kN/m3 , fs=140 MPa.
Sol:
1) Slab Design
The bridge span= 5m< 9m and the span also less than the width The main reinforcements
will be parallel to the traffic way.

tmin = Span = 5 = 0.25m Use t=300mm

20 20
Smin= min (span c/c , clear span +t) Hand Rail

Smin= min (5.4m , 5.3m)

Use Smin=5.3m
Deak Slab Edge Beam

Dead Load: Curb Clear Width= 8m Curb

Wd=t x γc + Asphalt Wt. Width= Width=
Wd= 0.3 x 25 + 1.4 = 8.9 kN/m2
0.6m 0.6m
Transverse Section
Wd  S 2 8.9  5.32
Md = = = 31.25kN.m /
m 8 8
Live Load: (MS 18) truck
Since the length of truck > Span, then the max bending moment occurs under the
middle wheel load in the center of span.
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Distribution of wheel load for main reinforcement parallel 4.27m 4.27m

to the traffic: Axle Load:

E = 1.22 + 0.06 S  2.14 m 36kN 144kN 144kN

E = 1.22 + 0.06  5.3 = 1.538m P=72kN
72 Wheel Load:
= 46.81kN / m Load on a unit width of slab
1.538
PS 46.81 5.3 S/2=2.65m S/2=2.65m
Ml = = = 62.03kN.m / P
4 m 4
Impact Load:
15.24
I=  0.3
S + 38.1
15.24 E=Effective Width
I= = 0.35  0.3
5.3 + 38.1 Width
Use : I = 0.3
M I = I  M l = 0.3  62.03 = 18.61kN.m / m
MTot. = M d + M l + M I = 111.89kN.m / m P
Width
E

S/2 S/2

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Use Elastic Design Equations of Working Design Method:

fc = 0.4 f c = 0.4  25 = 10 MPa

f s = 140 MPa Kd/3
C
E 200000 200000 Kd
n= s = = = 8.46
Ec 4730 fc 4730 25
jd=d-(Kd/3)
f 140
r= s = = 14
fc 10
n 8.46 T
k= = = 0.377
n + r 8.46 + 14
k 0.377
j =1− =1− = 0.874
3 3
2M 2 111.89 106
d req = = = 260mm
f c Kjb 10  0.377  0.874 1000
25
davialable = 300 − 25 − = 263  drequired = 260mm
2
111.89106
As = M = = 3477mm2 / m
f s jd 140  0.874 263
1000 Ab 1000 490
For Ø 25 mm, Ab=490 mm2 Spacing = = = 140.9mm
As 3477
Use Ø 25 mm @ 140 mm (main reinforcement)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Distribution Reinforcement:
As
Asd =  0.5As
3.28S
Asd = 3477 = 834mm2  1739mm2
3.28 5.3
For Ø 18 mm, Ab=254.5 mm2

Spacing = 1000 Ab = 1000  254.5 =

305mm As 834
Use Ø 18 mm @ 300 mm

2) Edge Beam Design:

Wd=(0.3+0.2) x 0.6 x 25 + 0.4 =7.9 kN/m

M d = Wd  S = 7.9  5.3 = 27.74kN .m

2 2

8 8 200mm
M l = 0.1PS = 0.1 72  5.3 = 38.16kN .m 300mm
MTot. = M d + M l = 27.74 + 38.16 = 65.9kN .m
2M 2 65.910 6
d req = = = 258.2mm 0.6m
fc Kjb 10 0.377  0.874 600
25
d avialable = 500 − 40 −12 − = 435.5  d required For Ø 25 mm, No. of bars = 3,
2

As = M =
65.9106
= 1236.7mm2 Use 3 Ø 25 mm
f s jd 140 0.874 435.5
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
 Distributed
reinforcement
Ø 18 @ 300 mm

Main
reinforcement
Ø 25 @ 140 mm
Span Width= 5m

0.4m Seat Width=0.4m

Longitudinal Section

Hand Rail

Edge Beam

Beam
reinforcement
3 Ø 25 mm
Curb Width= Clear Width= 8m Curb Width=
0.6m 0.6m
Transverse Section

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Example (2): The deck slab bridge shown in the Figure (5), having the following data: Clear span=9.5m,
Truck=MS-18, Asphalt weight=2 kN/m2, Seat width=500 mm, fʹc=30MPa, fy=420MPa, ɤc=24kN/m3, d(mm) =
t-37.5, fs=170 MPa
a) Find the maximum total moment (Mt).
b)Find the main and distribution steel reinforcement (As) and (Asd) for the deck slab. Sol:

a) t = 0.6m 0.75 m 0.75 m

Span = 9.5 + 0.6 = 10.1m
Span = 9.5 + 0.5 = 10m 0.4 m
 S = 10m 0.6 m
Wd = 0.6 24 + 2 = 16.4kN / m 2
8m
Wd  S 2 16.410 2
Md = = = 205kN.m /
8 8 m
E = 1.22 + 0.06S = 1.22 + 0.6610 = 1.82  2.14 4.27m 4.27m

90 x = 40 4.27 −10 4.27 Wheel Load:

x = 1.423m
18 kN 72 kN 72 kN
1.423
[Link] = 38.6 (5 − ) −10  4.27 = 122.83kN.m X=1.423m
2
15.24 15.24 Wheel Load /E:
I= = = 0.316  0.3 10 kN 40 kN 40 kN
S + 38.1 10 + 38.1
I = 0.3 5m 5m
38.6 kN 51.4 kN
M I = 0.3M l = 36.85kN.m 90 kN
Max.
M tot. = 205 +122.83 + 36.85 = 364.68kN.m Moment
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
b) f c = 0.4 f c = 0.4  30 = 12 MPa
f s = 170 MPa
k = 0.332
k 0.332
j = 1− = 1− = 0.889 3
3

2M = 2  364.6810 6 = 453.8mm
dreq =
fc Kjb 12  0.332 0.8891000
d provided = t − 37.5 = 600 − 37.5 = 562.5mm  drequired

M = 364.68106 = 4290mm2 / m
As =
fs jd 170 0.889 562.5
2.2As
Asd =  0.67 A s
3.28S
Asd = 0.384 As  0.67 As
 Asd = 0.384  4290 = 1648mm 2 / m

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Example (3)
Design a girder deck bridge has a clear span of (15m) and a clear width of (8.9m), fʹc=25 MPa,
fy=400 MPa, use (MS 18) truck, wearing surface=20 mm, future protective covering =0.7 kN/m2,
γc=25 kN/m3, fs=170 MPa.
Sol:
1) Slab Design
The bridge span= 15m > width=8.9m
The main reinforcements will be in the transverse direction.
4450 mm 620 mm

Dead Load: 250

Wd=t x γc + 0.7 160 mm mm
Wd= 0.16 x 25 + 0.7 = 4.7 kN/m2 1m
S
For –ve and +ve moments: (cont. span)
670 350 1340 350 1340 350 670
Wd  S 2 4.7 1.34 2 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Md = = = 0.844kN.m / m Transverse Direction
10 10
Live Load: (MS 18) truck

M l = 3.28S + 2  P  0.8 (Multiply by (0.8) if no. of spans >3)

32
Wheel Load:
M l = 3.28 1.34 + 2  72  0.8 = 11.51kN.m / m
32
18kN 72kN 72kN
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Impact Load:
15.24
I=  0.3
S + 38.1
15.24
I= = 0.386  0.3
1.34 + 38.1
Use : I = 0.3
M I = I  M l = 0.311.51 = 3.45kN.m / m M Tot. = M d + M l + M I = 15.88kN.m / m
Use Elastic Design Equations of Working Design Method:

fc = 0.4 fc = 0.4  25 = 10 MPa f s = 170 MPa

E 200000 200000
n= s = = = 8.46
Ec 4730 fc 4730 25
f 170
r= s = = 17
fc 10
n 8.46
k= = = 0.332
n + r 8.46 + 17
k 0.332
j =1− =1− = 0.889
3 3

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
 2M 2 15.88 106
d req = = =
f c Kjb 10  0.332  0.889 1000 103.73mm

dprovided = 160 − 25 − 20 = 125mm  drequired = 103.73mm

2
M 15.88106
As = = = 840.6mm2 / m
f s jd 170  0.889 125

For Ø 20 mm, A b=314 mm2 Spacing = 1000  Ab = 1000  314 =

373.5mm As 840.6
Use Ø 20 mm @ 350 mm (top and bottom)

Distribution Reinforcement:
2.2 As For distribution reinforcement at top, use
Asd =  0.67 As
3.28S temperature reinforcement :
2.2  As
Asd = = 1.05 As  0.67 As As = 0.0018  b  t = 0.0018 1000 160
3.281.34
 Asd = 0.67 As = 563.2mm2 / m As = 288mm2 / m

For Ø 14 mm, Ab=154 mm2 For Ø 12 mm, Ab=113 mm2

Spacing = 1000  Ab = 1000 154 = Spacing = 1000  Ab = 1000 113 =

273.43mm As 563.2 393mm As 288
Use Ø 14 mm @ 250 mm (bottom) Use Ø 12 mm @ 350 mm (top)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Ø 20 mm @ 350 mm (top and bottom) Use Ø 12 mm @ 350 mm (top)

Use Ø 14 mm @ 250 mm (bottom)

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
 2) Girder Design:

a) Interior Girder:

h = ClearSpan = 15 = 0.93m
16 16
Use : h = 1m
Smin= min (span c/c , clear span +h)
Smin= min (15.6m , 16m)
Use Smin=15.6m

b f = Span = 15.6 = 3.9m

4 4
b f  16t + bw = 16  0.16 + 0.35 = 2.91m
S1 + S2 1.34 + 1.34
bf  + bw = + 0.35 = 1.69m Control (min)
2 2
Dead Load:
Wd=(bf x t +(h-t) x bw ) x γc + [Link] x bf
Wd= (1.69 x 0.16 + (1-0.16) x 0.35) x 25 + 0.7 x 1.69 = 15.29 kN/m
W  S 2 15.29 15.62
Md = = = 465.1kN.m
d
8 8
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Share of wheel load per interior beams:

No. of lanes= Clear Width / 3.658 = 8.9/3.568 = 2.49

Distribution Load Factor

Floor System (1) traffic lane (2) or more traffic lane
Share of wheel load to each stringer
Concrete slab on steel I beam
stringers, and prestressed 0.47 x S (S max=3m) 0.6 x S (S max=4.5m)
concrete girders
Concrete tee beam 0.55 x S (S max=2m) 0.66 x S (S max=3m)
Concrete box girder 0.45 x S (S max=4m) 0.47 x S (S max=5m)
S = center to center of beams

Distrbution Load factor = 0.66 S =0.66x 1.69 = 1.115

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
 S/2=15.6/2=7.8m S/2=15.6/2=7.8m

4.27m 4.27m
Axle Load:

162 x + 72  4.27 = 18  4.27 36kN 144kN 144kN

x = −1.423 → 1.423 x

Wheel Load:

1.423 18kN 72kN 72kN

Ra 15.6 = 180.7  (7.8 − )
2 R=162kN
Ra = 82.1kN
1.423m
Wheel Load x Load Factor:
20.1kN 80.3kN 80.3kN

Ra Rb
1.423 180.7kN
Ml = 82.1 (7.8 − ) − 20.1 4.27 Max.
2 Moment
M l = 496.2kN.m

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Impact Load:
15.24
I=  0.3
S + 38.1
15.24
I= = 0.284  0.3
15.6 + 38.1
M I = I  M l = 0.284  496.2 = 140.9kN.m /
m MTot. = M d + M l + M I bf
M Tot. 465.1 + 496.2 + 140.9 = 1102.2kN.m
Reinforcement Design:
Assume 3 layers of bottom reinforcement
d=h-cover-stirrups-2.5 Ø
Use Ø=36 mm d
d=1000-50-14-2.5 x 36= 846mm h
M 1102.2 106
As = = = 8464.1mm2
f s (d − h f) 170(846 − 160 )
2 2
 36 → Ab = 1018mm2

n = 8464.1 = 8.31  9 Use 9 Ø 36 mm

1018
bw = 2  50 + 5  36 + 2 14 = 308  350mm
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
Shear Design:
Max. shear force occurs when the truck completely enters on the bridge.

Vl = Ra = 72 1 + 80.3 0.73 + 20.1 0.45 = 139.66kN

V = Wd  l = 15.29 15.6 = 119.3kN
d
2 2 72kN 80.3kN 20.1kN
VI = Vl  I = 0.284 139.66 = 39.66kN 4.27m 4.27m
VTot. = 139.66 + 119.3 + 39.66 = 298.62kN
Vc = 0.09 f c  bw  d
Vc = 0.09 25  350  822 = 129.5kN  VTot.
15.6m
Ra

Use shear reinforcement 1 0.73 I.L

0.45

72kN 80.3kN 20.1kN

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
For Ø 14 mm, Ab=154 mm2

Av = 2 x 154 = 308 mm2

Min. Spacing of Stirrups:

S = 600mm
d822
S= == 411mm
2 2
A fd 308 170  822
S= v s = = 254.5mm
V − Vc (298.62 − 129.5) 1000
3 Av f y 3  308  400
S= = = 1056mm
bw 350
Use Ø 14 mm @ 250 mm

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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem
 Exterior Girder:
Wd = 15.29 + 0.25  0.62  25 = 19.165kN / m Wheel Load
W  S 2 19.165 15.6 2
Md = = = 583kN .m
d
600 620
8 8 x mm mm
x 1315
[Link] = = = 0.778 250
1690 1690
mm
M l = M l ( Int.)  D.F ( Ext .) = 496.2  0.778 = 346.2 kN .m
D.F (Int.) 1.115
M I = I  M l = 0.284  346.2 = 98.3kN .m
M Tot. = 583 + 346.2 + 98.3 = 1027.5kN .m  M Tot.( Int .) 1340 350 670
mm mm
Use same reinforcement of interior girder:
mm

Girder Shear: 1315 375

Vd = Wd  l = 19.165  15.6 = 149.49 k N

2 2
1690
Vl = 139.66  0.778 = 97.45 k N
1.115
V I = 0.284  97.45 = 27.67 k N
VTot. = 149.49 + 97.45 + 27.67 = 274.61 kN  V Tot .( Int .)
Use same reinforcement of interior girder:
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Reinforced Concrete Design 4th year – Dr. Mohanad Hatem