International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume śǰȱ ȱśǰȱ¢ȬŘŖŗŚȱ 81
ISSN 2229-5518
Power Transformer Faults Identification
using SFRA
T.Mariprasath1, Dr.V.Kirubakaran2
Research scholar 1, Assistant Professor2
Abstract— Power transformer is one of the most imperative equipments in a high voltage electric power system. This dissertation aims at the Power
transformer faults analysis using Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA). SFRA is condition monitoring technique for expensive power equipment.
It measures the frequency response of passive element (RLC) of the apparatus. In a power transformer it measures the fault current of the winding over
a wide range of frequencies. The SFRA measurement is done using sweep frequency of 20Hz – 20MHz applied to transformer of 16MVA, 33KV/11KV
under normal as well as faulty conditions.
.
Index Terms—Power Transformer, Winding movement, Partial Discharge, Transient faults, Sweep Frequency Response Analysis
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
P
ower transformers play an awfully grave role in the result in insulation damage and turn-to-turn fault. As a power
efficient and effective transmission of power. They are transformer ages, the insulation shrink, and the clamping
the crucial connection between the generating station and pressure lost which reduces it’s withstand strength and also
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distribution station. Now a day’s generating station capacity causes winding movement. Deformation results in relative
is almost to reach GW range. This much of power production changes to the internal inductance and capacitance of the
and transmission equipment should have high grade of winding. These changes can be detected externally by Sweep
insulation strength. Especially power transformer insulation Frequency Response Analysis method (SFRA). Partial
strength is very important one. Because of power transformers discharges (PD) are the type of electrical discharges, which do
are not only contribute to transmission and distribution of not establish electric conduction between electrodes. But if it
power, its play isolation between the low voltage and high occurs with sufficient discharge magnitudes relevant to the
voltage equipment. In generating station generating power is portion of electrical equipment can cause failure of insulation
low as compared to transmitting power. This much amount of of equipment. This type of discharge is detected and analyzed
power is obtained from step up transformer in the generating by frequency response analysis [3]. Whenever a switching
station. But in consumer side transformers are doing step device is sudden opened or closed, it can cause
down action due to equipments operating power is low. Any high-frequency voltage transients in the system. Furthermore
defect in generation unit power transformer its will leads to natural lightning hit of the transformer, the insulation suffer
the huge power transmission loss. The budding technology of because of the high amplitude of the voltage [4]. These faults
condition monitoring and diagnostics testing of power are analyzed by using Seep Frequency Response Analysis.
transformers and other major equipment has come to the
forehand is increasingly being considered to predict the 2 PROPOSED MODEL
condition of the equipment before it forces outages and/or
major breakdowns. So many predictable methods are SFRA Measurement
Fig 1. Proposed model of SFRA Measurement
available that are namely transformer oil analysis, winding Healthy Transformer of Faulty Transformer
resistance measurement, tan delta measurement etc. But
above tests are not able detect the winding movement of
power transformer. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis is
tool [1], [2] which can be use to access the mechanical integrity Comparisons of Two Wave
of the power transformers. Whenever a power transformer Form
is subjected to high fault currents, the mechanical structure
and windings are subjected to dish up mechanical stresses
because winding movement and deformations. It may also
————————————————
T.Mariprasath, Research scholar, From The Wave Form
Dr.V.Kirubakaran, Assistant Professor, Displacement Identify
Rural Energy Centre, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-
Deemed University Gandhigram, Pin Code 624 30,Tamilnadu,India.
Fault
[email protected], [email protected] Fig. 1 Proposed model
Cell.no. 9790799293, 9443859066 SFRA techniques are now a day, widely used by the electric
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ISSN 2229-5518
utilities. It is especially for detecting winding displacements 4. Hoop buckling
inside the transformer and is based on the fact that something 5. Short and open circuit in winding etc
occurs inside the transformer. At this juncture following turn faults are analyses by SFRA
The four steps of diagnosis method are listed: 1. Inter turn fault
1. A measurement in the healthy state of the transformer is 2. Turn to turn fault.
made. 3. Turn to ground fault.
2. Another measurement is carried out in the supposed 4.2 Measurement of SFRA using PSPICE
fault state.
3. Two responses are compared. Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs
4. Any difference between them means fault has occurred.
Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls Ls
Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs Rs
3 METHODOLOGY
230Vac Cg
V3 Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg
3.1 Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
The loss of mechanical integrity in the form of winding
0
Cs Cs Cs Cs
deformation and core displacement in power transformers can
be attributed to the large electromechanical forces due to fault Rs
Ls
Rs
Ls
Rs
Ls
Rs
Ls
currents, winding shrinkage causing the release of the Cg Cg Cg Cg
Rl
clamping pressure and during transformer transportation and 0
relocation. These winding deformation and core displacement
if not detected early will typically manifest into a dielectric or Fig. 2 Transformer model
thermal fault. This type of fault is irreversible with the only Transformer model is developed by using PSPICE
remedy been rewinding of the particular phase or a complete software. Following model is no fault condition. Take
replacement of the transformer. It is therefore imperative to Cg=0.011nF, Cs=0.914pF, Ls=0.3655mH, R=0.01942E
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check the mechanical integrity of aging transformers 4.3 Unfault Condition Result
periodically and particularly after a short circuit event to
provide early warning of impending failure. Hence an early
warning detection technique of such a phenomenon is
essential. Frequency response analysis is recognized, as been
the most sensitive diagnostic tool to detect even minor
winding movement and core displacement [5].
3.2 Low Voltage Impulse (LVI) method
In this method, a low voltage impulse with short front
and tail time is applied to one end of the winding. The
winding current is measured with the help of a shunt
connected at the other end of the winding [6].The input &
output responses are measured simultaneously with digitizers
and frequency response is calculated using Fast Fourier
Transform Method. The main advantages of the LVI method is
its shorter measurement time in the order of few seconds, Fig 3. Frequency Vs Time (unfault condition)
however, the method suffers from several disadvantage, The above response shows the unfault condition response.
Shape of the impulse, limit the frequency range. Disposition The response is simulated without making any fault in Fig 2.
of test leads affects the repeatability of measurement. For a wide range of frequency the equivalent circuit of the
3.3 Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) transformer winding includes numerous inductance and
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is a tool capacitance element and moreover, there are mutual inductive
that can give an indication of core or winding movement in and capacitive coupling between the winding elements, which
transformers [7], [8]. In this method, measurements are are effectively determine the features of FRA responses of
performed at frequency can be varied typically from 20Hz - windings, including multiple resonance and antiresonances.
20MHz. As compared to LVI method, SFRA method offers the The first resonance is occurring at 399.139 kHz. Beyond
following first one is wide range of frequency and good this resonance point inductance of the transformer winding
frequency resolution can be obtained. Better signal to noise dominates. After first resonance point magnetic effect of the
ratio and the results are high. winding is tries to increase but winding inductance effect
4 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS screened. This process continuously repeats several times, so
4.1 Mechanical Faults that medium frequency range has more number of resonance
Mechanical fault in transformer mainly contributes to the points. After medium frequency range, winding inductance
following reason [9] effect is completely cancelled due to series and shunt
1. Winding deformation & winding displacement capacitance of the windings. The current measured from the
2. Movement of clamping pressure wave form occurs at the value 451.645A. Further analyzing
3. Partial collapse of winding can be considered from first resonance point.
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4.5 Inter Turn Fault Result will be at a range of 110.619 A. Which is thermally stresses the
insulation to be used in transformer winding. Due to this un
expected thermal stress the insulation degraded.
4.7 Change of Ground Capacitance
Fig 4. Frequency Vs Current (inter turn fault)
This simulation is being done by inter turn fault condition.
The fault is artificially created in fourth turn of transformer Fig 6. Frequency Vs Current (Change of Cg)
windings in Fig 4. From the above Fig 4 notices that significant The simulation is being done by change of turn to ground
wave form displacement occurs compared to no fault wave capacitance value. This is due to radial displacement of the
form. The first resonance point is occurring at 429.068 kHz. transformer winding. For no fault condition the value of the
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Also in medium frequency range there is a slight wave form ground capacitance is 0.011nF. For analyzing purpose choose
displacement compare to normal condition wave form. But the turn to ground capacitance value as 52.6pF. Comparison of
from 2MHz to 4.2378MHz range big displacement occurs. The Fig 2 and Fig 6 significant wave form displacement occurs in
current is measured at inter turn fault condition is 500.925A. Fig 6. Notice that above Fig 6 wave form is entirely collapsed
Compared to no fault condition 49.28A will be increase. The because of capacitance which is inversely proportional to the
increasing current produces an abnormal heat which will frequency. The first resonance point is appearing at 187.008
affect the transformer insulation and also leads to winding KHz. From 187.008 KHz to 2.2124MHz wave form
burn out. displacement occurred.
4.6 Turn to Turn Fault Result
4 PARTIAL DISCHARGE (PD)
Fig 7. Stages of Degradation
Fig 7. Stages of Partial Discharge
Above Fig 7 clearly shows the stages of insulation
Fig 5. Frequency Vs Current (Turn to Turn fault) degradation. Due to inadequate insulation design micro void
This simulation is being done by inter turn to turn fault is formed during the service. This micro void is growing as big
condition. The fault is artificially created in between the third voids. In case of electro mechanical stresses reaches the critical
and fourth turn of transformer windings in Fig 2. From the value, PD appears inside void. After PD is developed inside
above Fig 5 notices that significant wave form displacement void conducting trees are formed outside the void circle which
occurs compared to no fault wave form. Also this wave form has weak insulation. This treeing effect approaches the
is compared to previously discussed fault. The first resonance opposite electrode. It will leads to breakdown of the insulation
point is appearing at the 427.471 kHz. At turn to turn fault medium between two electrodes. To reach this stage it will
condition the wave form obtained get completely displaced take few numbers of years. Integrity of the insulation of HV
from 1.4417 MHz to 4.3697MHz compared to reference set. equipment should be confirmed using Partial Discharge
The current measured at inter turn fault condition is 562.264A Analysis during its manufacturing, its commissioning, and
which compared to no fault condition, the increased current during its life time.
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PD is one of vital phenomena to causes the degradation of 5.3 PD location methodology
transformer winding insulation. Due to this location of PD is For PD detection rationale the supply voltage is removed,
important. There is the number of methods are use to detect resistances are connected at supply and load end in Fig 2.
the PD that are conventional electrical technique, UHF Light Now PD is injected at any one of the end (supply or load end)
emission, Chemical methods, Acoustic emission techniques. and collected output from two resistances at instantaneously.
But here location of PD by changing the alpha values. In this Location of PD fault can be measured by means of peak value
method helpful to location of PD as well as severity of PD. of the load and supply side.
Severity is obtained from measurement of peak value at the
instant of PD occurred time. Also changing alpha value which
value gives exact location and time required to location of PD
at particular alpha value is less. Location of partial discharge
is accurately by travelling wave method.
5.1 Unit Step Signal
The unit step signal is generated (Fig 8) by using PSpice
software. Time taken for pulse signal to reach a unit voltage is
5ms and its pulse width is 5ms, total time period of unit step
pulse is 10ms [10]-[11] and its raise time and fall time is 1ns. Fig 10. PD at Supply End
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Fig 11. PD at Load End
Now PD is injected at load end and collects the output from
individuals two resistance. From the wave form peak voltage
Fig 8. Step signal is observed from load end, so the discharge is occur at load
5.2 Simulation of partial discharge end. The above two Fig 10 and 11 is shows only weather PD is
The model winding used in lumped model .consisting of 10 occur on supply end or load end only. Improving accuracy of
sections, The lumped parameter model consisting of internal PD location different alpha values are chooses. This analysis
winding capacitance Cs (e.g. inter turn, inter disc capacitance, use the three alpha values are 3.4, 12 and 18. To obtain diverse
the earth capacitance (stray capacitance) Cg, the inductance L alpha value by changing ground capacitance value only all
and the resistance For simulation reason step pulse signal is other values are maintained at constant.
injected corresponding position of the transformer winding
i.e. supply end as well as load end in Fig 2.
Fig 12. For alpha=12
Fig 9.PD on transformer winding
The above wave form is obtained at the time of PD
occurred on transformer winding. The above wave form is
deviated from fundamental wave form Fig 3. The obtained
wave form displacement entirely different from turn faults Fig 13. For alpha=18
wave form displacement. The first resonance point is The above response is obtained under PD signal is injected
appearing at 409.600 KHz. when the PD occurred on the at supply end. Above wave form is harmonic less wave form.
transformer winding there is a huge deviation in wave form Measure the first peak corresponding to time taken for reach
displacement in between 409.600 KHz to 4.4266MHz. the first peak. The measured readings are tabulated.
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Table 1 for alpha=12 degradation in the electrical equipment. Because of this
S.L. lightning incident will propagates the over current and over
N.O Voltage in Time Voltage Time voltages in the electrical system. This over voltage is travels to
mV (supply in ms in mV in ms the transformer through transmission line severely affect the
transformer. The inter turn insulation is particularly weak to
end) (supply (load end) (load high-frequency oscillation, and therefore, the study of the
end) end) distribution of inter turn. Also to investigate how will affect
1 75.464 5.0003 30.220 5.0004 different shape impulse (current and voltage) on transformer
are important.
2 84.172 5.0007 45.533 5.0002
6.1 Lightning Impulse Generator
3 84.298 5.001 61.03 5.0005
4 72.581 5.0011 70.382 5.0006 R2 TCLOSE = 0 Ld
1 2
5 56.818 5.0015 74.203 5.0006 U1
Rc
6 55.716 5.0017 75.377 5.0007
7 55.148 5.0020 75.464 5.0006 Vin
Cc R1V
8 53.484 5.0021 75.834 5.0007
9 44.024 5.0024 77.046 5.0007
10 43.814 5.0023 77.046 5.0007
0
Table 2 for alpha=18
Fig 14. 8/20µs lightning impulse generator
S.L. The above Fig is 8/20µs impulse current generator [13],[14]
N. circuit. Initially the capacitor need for charging, the charging
O Voltage Time Voltage Time
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voltage is 15.5kV. The capacitor is charging through charging
in mV in mV in mV in ms resistor Rc. The inductance Ld is the damping resistor which is
(supply (supply (load end) (load used to reduce the oscillation.
end) end) end)
1 72.581 5.0003 36.686 5.0005
2 76.617 5.0008 55.509 5.0003
3 70.516 5.001 60.415 5.0006
4 48.625 5.001 68.86 5.0008
5 40.482 5.002 71.572 5.0008
6 39.967 5.0023 71.956 5.0008
7 39.725 5.0026 72.062 5.0010
8 36.959 5.0029 72.096 5.0010
9 34.880 5.0033 72.708 5.0009 Fig 15. 8/20µs Lightning impulse wave form
10 35.733 5.0039 78.133 5.0009 The above Fig 15 is 8/20µs Lightning impulse wave form,
From the comparison of above two tables, higher alpha this impulse is generated by using Fig 14. The front and tail
values give the accurate PD location (Table 1 alpha=12, Table 2 time is taken from wave form is 7.5µs and 20.7µs, peak 7.8kV.
alpha=18). In addition above tables are help to find out in The generated wave form is satisfies the tolerance limit.
which turn PD is occurred. 6.2 Lightning Impulse on Transformer Winding
6 TRANSIENT FAULTS
Magnetic relays are protective devices that are widely used
in the electrical system in order to protect the electrical system
from transients and over voltages. However, these devices
generate switching transients and noise during normal
operation. These switching transients can be high enough in
magnitude to damage equipment and cause equipment
malfunctions. The modern facility uses hundreds of relays
during the course of daily operation. These relays Generate
huge voltage transients. This transient severely affects the
transformer winding [12]. Fig 16. Lightning impulse on transformer winding
On other hand lightning is the natural phenomena that is This wave form is obtained under lightning impulse
occurs in the atmosphere between the clouds. Sometime this current is applied at supply end of transformer winding Fig 2.
lightning is hit on the transmission line and travel to the The wave form is deviated from fundamental waveform. This
equipment and power system. This will leads to insulation wave form displacement is compared with reference set. It can
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be notice that the wave form displacement is completely The above Fig 20 is the switching impulse wave form. The
different from already discussed winding fault. This type of front and tail time is taken from wave form is 246µs and
displacement will occurred at the instant lightning impulse hit 2750µs. This switching impulse is applied to transformer
time only. The first resonance point is appearing at 409.600 winding through coupling capacitor at the same time supply
KHz. Notice that above Fig wave form displacement occurs at is maintained at 230V. Output is collecting the out from RL.
first resonance point to 20MHz. this will severely affects the
transformer insulation.
6.3 Lightning Impulse Detection Method
Fig 21. Switching impulse on transformer winding
The above response is obtained due to instant switching
impulse fed on the transformer Fig 2. Obtained wave form is
deviate from fundamental. This wave form displacement
Fig 17. Lightning current impulse on supply end compared from reference set. From this comparison terminate
The above Fig 17 is 250/2500µs impulse generator circuit. the switching impulse which occurs on the transformer.
Initially the capacitor need for charging, charging capacitor Notice that above Fig up to 36.933 kHz wave form shows like
Voltage is 15.5 kV applied to the capacitor. almost straight line. First resonance point is appearing at
231.829 kHz. From this frequency to 4.4266MHz wave form
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deviation occurs. Switching effect will leads to the voltage
increases exponentially but current decrease to mA. This
unexpected voltage increases severely affect the transformer
winding.
6.4 Switching Impulse Detection Method
Fig 18. Lightning current impulse on load end
Notice above two Fig 17, 18 if lightning impulse on supply
end peak is observed from supply end, if impulse on load end
peak is observed load end. By using this technology location Fig 22. Switching impulse on supply end
of impulse made easily.
E. Switching Impulse Generator
Rin TCLOSE = 0 Rd Ld
1 2
U1
Vs
Cc Rl Cout
I
Fig 23. Switching impulse on supply end
In Fig 22 peak is observed from supply end due sudden
0 closing the supply to transformer or disconnecting the supply
Fig 19. Switching impulse generator during operation. In Fig 23 peak is observed from load end
The above Fig 19 is 250/2500µs impulse generator circuit. due to sudden disconnecting or connecting a heavy load to
Initially the capacitor need for charging, the charging normal operating transformer.
capacitor Voltage is 15.5 kV applied to the capacitor.
7 CONCLUSION
In this effort, a method based on sweep frequency response
analysis of the power transformer is presented which can
successfully detect faults such as winding movement, PD and
Transient fault. On the other side transformer faults like PD
and transient where occur in the transformer winding can be
easily identified using travelling wave method. In transformer
Fig 20. Switching impulse wave form PD fault can be exactly located at the transformer winding
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