Formula sheet of
Definite Integration
1. Introduction of definite integrals
a. Introduction of Definite Integral, Finite, Improper Integral
Introduction Of Definite Integral:
♦ Let f be a function of x defined in the closed interval [a, b] and F(x) be another function, such that F'(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of
∫
b
f, then f x dx
( ) = [F x ] = F b − F a
( )
b
a
( ) ( )
∫
b
1. If f x dx
( ) = 0, then the equation f(x) = 0 has at least one root in (a, b) provided that f is continuous in (a, b).
∫
a
b
2. If f(x) > 0 in (a, b) then f x dx
( ) > 0 but converse is not true.
a
Improper Integral:
An improper integral is a definite integral that has either or both limits infinite or an integrand that approaches infinity at one or more
points in the range of integration.
2. Properties of Definite Integrals
a. Changing dummy variable, Interchanging limits
Changing Variable, Interchanging Limits:
∫ ∫
b b
♦ P −1 f x dx
( ) = f t dt
( )
a a
i.e. The integration is independent of the change of variable.
∫ ∫
b a
♦ P −2 f x dx
( ) =− f t dx
( )
a b
i.e. If the limits of definite integral are interchanged, then its value changes by minus sign only.
b. Splitting limits
Splitting Limits:
♦ ∫ =∫
a
b
fx ( )
a
c
f x dx
( ) + ∫ c
b
f x dx
( ) ,
Where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b] such that f(x) is continuous on [a, c] and on [c, b].
c. Definite integration of odd and even functions
Definite Integral of Odd/Even Function:
♦ ∫ −a
a
f x dx
( ) =
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
2 ∫
0
a
f x dx if f
( ( ) −x = f x
( ) ( ) . .
i e f x is even function
( )
if f − x = − f x i. e . f x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
0 ( ) ( ) ( ) is odd function
d. King property [ f(x)→ f(a+b-x)]
King Property:
♦ If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [a,b] then ∫ a
b
f x dx
( ) = ∫
a
b
fa ( + b− x ) dx
e. Splitting limit 0 to 2a into 0 to a
Splitting Limit 0 to 2a Into 0 to a:
♦ ∫ 2a
f x dx
( ) =
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨
⎪
2 ∫ 0
a
f x dx ( ) if f 2a −x = f x
( ) ( )
if f 2a − x = − f x
⎪
0 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
0 ( ) ( )
f. Properties related to periodic functions
Properties Related To Periodic Functions:
If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then
+ nT
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
nT T a T
♦ fx ( ) dx =n f x dx n
( ) , ∈Z ♦ fx
( ) dx =n f x dx n
( ) , ∈ Z, a ∈ R
0 0 a 0
∫ ∫ ∫ =∫
nT T
a + nT a
♦ fx
( ) dx = n−m ( ) f x dx m n
( ) , , ∈Z ♦ f x dx
( ) f x dx n
( ) , ∈ Z, a ∈ R
mT 0 nT 0
+ nT
∫ ∫
b b
♦ fx ( ) dx = f x dx n
( ) , ∈ Z, a,b ∈ R
a + nT a
3. Newton leibnitz’s rule
a. Newton Leibniz Theorem
Leibnitz Theorem:
♦ If the functions h(x) and g(x) are defined on [a, b] and are differentiable at any point in (a, b) and f(x, t) is continuous, then
d
dx
⎡
⎣
∫gx (
hx (
)
)
,
f x t dt ⎥
( )
⎤
⎦
= ∫ gx
hx
(
(
)
)
∂
∂ x f x, t ( ) dt + f x, h x . h' x − f x, g x . g' x
( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
♦ If the functions h(x) and g(x) are defined on [a, b] and are differentiable at any point in (a, b) and f(t) is continuous on [g(a), g(b)], then
d
dx
⎡
⎣
∫gx (
hx (
)
)
f t dt ⎥
( )
⎤
⎦
= f h x . h' x − f g x . g' x
( ( )) ( ) ( ( )) ( )
b. Functional Equation Involving Definite Integral
Functional Equations Involving Definite Integration:
Functional equations involving definite integration can be solved using the following steps:
♦ When the limit of integration is constant:
Step I: Convert the given expression as f(x)= g ⎜ x
⎛
, ∫ g1 y dy , ∫ g2 y dy ... ⎞
⎟
.
∫ ∫
( ) ( )
⎝ ⎠
Step II: Assume g1 y dy = a, g2 y dy =b... Now we have f(x) in terms of x, a, b.....
∫ ∫
( ) ( )
Step III: Replace y=f(x)= in g1 y dy
( ) , g2 y dy ... and get all the constants.
( )
Step IV: Replace the values of constants (a,b...) to get f(x).
♦ When the limit of integration is variable:
Step I: Differentiate the given equation, Differentiation of integration will be done using Leibnitz's formula.
Step II: Calculate f'(x).
Step III: Integrate f'(x) to get f(x).
4. Inequalities
a. Properties related to inequalities of definite integral
Inequalities in Definite Integral:
♦ If ψ x ( ) ≤ f x ≤ϕ x ( ) ( ) for a ≤x≤b ⇒ ∫ b
ψ x dx
( ) ≤ ∫ b
f x dx
( ) ≤ ∫ b
ϕ x dx
( )
∫
a a a
b
♦ m ≤ f x ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
( ) mb ( −a ≤ ) f x dx
( ) ≤M b− a ( )
∫ ∫
a
b b
♦
f x dx
( )
≤
fx
( )
dx
a a
b. Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals
Mean Value Theorem:
♦ Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b], then there exists a point c ∈ ( ,
a b such that
)
∫
a
b
f x dx
( ) =f c b− a
( ) ( )
5. Other important concepts
a. Definite Integral as Limit of Sum
Definite Integration As Limit Of Sum:
Steps to express the limit of the sum as definite integrals
Step-1. Express the given series in the form ∑ 1
n
.f ⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝ n
r ⎞
⎟
⎟
∑
⎠
Step-2. Then the limit is its sum when n → ∞ that is lim
1
.f ⎛
⎜
⎜
r ⎞
⎟
⎟
→∞ n ⎝ n
∫
n ⎠
Step-3. Replace
r
n
by x , 1
n
,
by dx and lim
n →∞
∑ by
r
Step-4. The lower and upper limits of integration are limiting values of for the first and last term of the series respectively
n
b. Reduction formula
Reduction Formulas:
π
∫
♦ If In = 2 sinn x dx then In
0
= ⎛
⎜
⎜
⎝
n − 1 .I
n
⎞
⎟
⎟
⎠
− n 2
c. Wallis formula
Wallis Formula:
♦
π
2
∫
sinmx . cosnx dx
0
=
⎡
⎢
⎣( m − 1 m − 3 .... 1 or 2 . n − 1 n − 3 .... 1 or 2 .k
) ( ) (
m + n m + n − 2 .... 1 or 2
( ) (
)
⎤
⎥
⎦
⎡
⎢
⎣(
) (
) (
)
) ( )
⎤
⎥
⎦
π
⎧
⎪
⎪
if both m and n are even integer
⎪
=
⎪
2
⎪
Where k ⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
1 if either of m or n is odd integer
♦ If n be a positive integer, then
∫ 0
π
2
sinn x dx = ∫
0
π
2
cosn x dx = n −n 1n −n2−....
(
(
3 .... 2 or 1
) (
2 or 1 )
.k )
(
(
)
)
π
⎧
⎪
⎪
if both m and n are even integer
⎪
=
⎪
2
⎪
Where k ⎨
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
1 if either of m or n is odd integer
