4 – QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (REVIEW) 1
POLYNOMIAL
An expression in which the degree of variable is “Whole number” is called polynomial.
e.g. 3x2 + 4x + 1, x3 + 4x2 + 5x – 3 and 9 are polynomials of degree 2, 3 and 0 respectively.
QUADRATIC EQUATION
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0 is called quadratic equation.
e.g. 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0, x2 – 2 = 0 etc.
SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
To find the value of variable involved in the given Q.E. is called solution of that Q.E.
There are 3 methods to find the solution of Q.E.
(1) By Factorization
(2) By Quadratic Formula i.e. if ax2 + bx + c = 0 is Q.E. then Q.F. is
(3) By Completion of Square
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
Equations involving ax where a > 0 and a ≠ 1 are called exponential equations. e.g. 22+x + 22-x = 10 is an
exponential equation.
RECIPROCAL EQUATION
Equation of the form ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0 is called reciprocal equation. In this equation the co –
efficient from the beginning and end are same.
RADICAL EQUATION
An equation in which variable appears in one or more radicands is called radical equation.e.g.
are radical equations.
ROOTS OF AN EQUATION
The values of variable found from the given equation are called roots of that equation.
EXTRANIOUS ROOT
Root not satisfying the given equation is extraneous root.
CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
is called cube roots of unity
Q. Find the cube roots of unity?
Let
Taking cube on both sides, we get
x3 = 1 ==> x3 – 1 = 0
x3 – 13 = 0
(x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
x – 1 = 0 or x2 + x + 1 = 0
Prepared by: Inayat Khan Lecturer in Mathematics Edwardes College Peshawar
4 – QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (REVIEW) 2
x = 1 or x =
x = 1 or x =
x = 1 or x =
therefore 1, are called cube roots of unity.
are denoted by w, w2 respectively.
PROPERTIES OF CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
The sum of cube roots of unity is “ZERO”. i.e. 1 + w + w2 = 0.
The product of cube roots of unity is “ONE”. i.e. 1.w.w2 = 1 ==> w3 = 1.
The complex cube roots of unity are reciprocal to each other.i.e. w = 1/w2 and w2 = 1/w
For any n Є Z, wn is equivalent to one of the cube roots of unity.
FOURTH ROOTS OF UNITY
are called 4th roots of unity.
Q. Find the 4th roots of unity
Let x =
Taking 4th power on both sides, we get
.x4 = 1
x4 – 14 = 0
(x2)2 – (12)2 = 0
(x2 + 1)(x2 – 1) = 0
x2 + 1 = 0 or x2 – 1 = 0
x2 – (-1) = 0 or x2 = 1
x2 – i2 = 0 or x = ± 1
x2 = i2 or x = ± 1
x = ± i or x = ± 1
therefore 4th roots of unity are ί , - ί , 1 , - 1.
PROPERTIES OF 4TH ROOTS OF UNITY
the sum of 4th roots of unity is “ZERO”. i.e. ί + (- ί ) + 1 + ( - 1) = 0
the product of 4th roots of unity is “- 1”. i.e. (ί )(- ί )(1)(-1) = -1
the real 4th roots of unity are additive inverses of each other.
The complex 4th roots of unity are conjugate of each other.
REMAINDER THEOREM
Prepared by: Inayat Khan Lecturer in Mathematics Edwardes College Peshawar
4 – QUADRATIC EQUATIONS (REVIEW) 3
Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1, is divided by x – a, then the remainder will be P(a).
Exp: Find the remainder when 2x2 – 3x + 4 is divided by x + 2.
Sol: let P(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 4, put x + 2 = 0 ==> x = - 2
Put x = - 2
P(- 2) = 2(-2)2 – 3(-2) + 4
= 2(4) + 6 + 4 = 18
==> Remainder = P(-2) = 18
FACTOR THEOREM
A polynomial P(x) has a factor x – a if and only if P(a) = 0 (i.e. Remainder = 0)
RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND CO – EFFICIENTS OF A Q.E.
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a Q.E. and α , β be the roots of this Q.E. then:
Sum of roots = α + β = - b/a
Product of roots = α . β = c/a
TO FORM Q.E. WHEN ROOTS ARE GIVEN
Let α , β be the roots of a Q.E. then the required Q.E. will be:
. x2 – Sx + P = 0
Where S = Sum of roots and P = Product of roots.
NATURE OF ROOTS OF Q.E.
Quadratic formula is
.b2 – 4ac is called “Discriminant”. Nature of roots depends upon discriminant. If:
b2 – 4ac > 0 ==> Roots will be “Real and unequal”.
b2 – 4ac < 0 ==> Roots will be “Complex and unequal”.
b2 – 4ac = 0 ==> Roots will be “Equal”.
b2 – 4ac is a perfect square ==> Roots will be “Rational”.
b2 – 4ac is not a perfect square ==> Roots will be “Irrational”.
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
If the degree of each term in the given equation is same, it is called homogeneous equation.e.g.
X2 – 3XY + Y2 = 0
Prepared by: Inayat Khan Lecturer in Mathematics Edwardes College Peshawar
