HEAD WORKS:
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to
the off-taking canal is called head works.
Head works may be divided into two class:
1. Storage headwork
2. Diversion headwork
STORAGE HEAD WORKS:
A Storage headwork comprises the construction of a dam
across the river. It stores water during the period of excess supplies
in the river and releases it when demand overtakes available supplies.
DIVERSION HEAD WORKS:
A diversion headwork serves to divert the required supply into
the canal from the river.
OBJECTIVE OF DIVERSON HEAD WORKS
To raise the water level at the head of the canal.
To form a storage by constructing dykes on both
the banks of the river so that water is available
throughout the year.
To control the entry of silt into the canal and to
Control the deposition of silt at the head of the
Canal.
To control the fluctuation of water level in the
river during different seasons.
ROCKY STAGE:
River steep slope, high velocity
ADVANTAGES:
1. Good foundation at shallow depth.
2. Comparatively silt free water for turbines.
3. High head for hydro-electric work.
Disadvantages:
1. Long length of canal. In reach soil is good for
agriculture.
2. More cross damage works
3. More falls (ground steep gradient - lined to
permit high velocity)
4. Costly head regulator excluding shingle
5. Frequent repairs of the weirs.
Sub mountainous or boulder stage:
Advantages:
1. Less training works
2. Suitable soil for irrigation available
3. Availability of construction material locally.
4. Falls can be utilized for power generation
Disadvantages:
1. It has a strong sub-soil flow as a result
2. Reduce in storage and damage floor downstream
3. More percolation loss from canal
4. More x-drainage works
5. Less demand of water at head reaches (more idle
length of canal)
Alluvial plan:
ADVANTAGES:
1. x- section of river alluvial sand silt
2. Bed slope small, velocity gentle
3. No idle length of canal
4. less x- drainage works
5. Comparatively less sub soil flow
Disadvantages:
1. Cost of headwork is more due to poor
foundation
2. More river training works
3. Problem of silt in canal
Site selection for storage head works:
The sites should be preferably in hilly areas
where a river valley is available to from a deep
reservoir with minimum surface area.
Good foundation should be available at the
dam site.
There should be no fissures, cracks or
permeable formations in the reservoir area.
The catchment area should be large enough
so that the required water capacity of the
reservoir may be fulfilled.
The tributories should not carry much
sediments which may cause reservoir
sedimentation.
Materials of construction should be
available in the vicinity of the site.
Road or railway communication to the
site should be easy.
Site selection for diversion head
works:
At the site, the river should be straight and
narrow.
The river banks should be well defined.
The valuable land should not be submerged when
the weir or barrage is constructed.
The elevation of the site should be much higher
than the area to be irrigated.
The site should be easily accessible by roads or
railways.
The materials of construction should be available
in vicinity of the site.
Components parts of diversion head works:
Weir or Barrage
Divide wall
Fish ladder
Scouring sluices or under sluices
Canal head regulator
Silt excluder
Guide bank
Marginal embankment or dyke
WEIR:
A weir is a raised concrete crest wall constructed
across the river. It may be provided With small
shutters(gates) on its top.
In the case of weir, most of the raising of water
level or ponding is done by the solid weir Wall
and little by the shutters.
WEIR
BARRAGE:
A barrage has a low crest will with high gates.
As the height of the crest above the river bed
Is low most of the ponding is done by gates.
During the floods the gates are opened so afflux
is very small.
FISH LADDER:
DIVIDE WALL:
SCOURING SLUICES:
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR:
A structure which is constructed at the head of the canal
to regulate flow of water in the off taking canal is known
as canal head regulator.
SILT EXCLUDER:
MARGINAL EMBANKMENT OR DYKE:
GUIDE BANK:
The guide banks are generally provided across a river as to ensure
not only a safe and expeditious disposal of flood water but also to
ensure a permanent reasonable width of the waterway for the river
flow.
COMPONENT PARTS OF BARRAGE:
•Barrage piers
•Adjustable gates
•Upstream glacis
•Upstream impervious apron
•Upstream block protection
•Upstream launching apron
•Cut-off and toe walls
CONTINUE…
•Sheet piles
•Downstream glacis
•Downstream impervious apron
•Downstream block protection
•Inverted filter
•Downstream launching apron
•Deep foundation
well foundation
pneumatic caisson
fundation
WEIRS:
It is a solid obstruction put across the river to raise
its water and divert the water into the canal.
If a weir also stores water from tiding over small
periods of short Supplies called storage weir.
The main difference between storage weir and
dam is only in height and the duration for which
the supply is stored.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS:
Gravity weirs
According to design of floor
Non- Gravity weirs
According to material of construction:
1. Vertical drop weirs
2. Rock fill weirs.
3. Concrete glacis or sloping weirs.
According to the size and shape
1. Sharp-crested weirs and
2. The broad-crested weirs.
The sharp-crested weirs are commonly used in irrigation practice
Gravity and Non-Gravity Weirs
A gravity weir is the one in which the uplift pressure due to the
seepage of water below the floor is resisted entirely by the weight
of floor.
In the non-gravity type, the floor thickness is kept relatively less,
and the uplift pressure is largely resisted by the bending action of
the reinforced concrete floor.
VERTICAL DROP WEIR:
It consists of a vertical drop wall or crest
wall with or without crest gates
To safe guard against scouring action , launching
aprons are provided both at U/S and D/S end
of the floor
This weirs are suitable for any type of foundation
ROCK FILL WEIR:
It is suitable for fine sandy foundation.
It is also called as dry stone weir.
It consists of weir wall , U/S and D/S rock
fills laid in the form of glaics ,few
intervening core walls.
ROCK FILL WEIR
CONCRETE SLOPING WEIR:
Weirs of this type are of recent origin.
These are generally used where the difference
in weir crest and D/S river bed is limited to 3m,
when water passes over such weir , hydraulic
jump is formed on the glacis.
CONCRETE WEIR
SHARP-CRESTED WEIRS
Sharp-crested or thin plate, weirs consist of a plastic or metal
plate that is set vertically across the width of the channel.
The main types of sharp-crested weirs are Rectangular,
V-notches and the Cipolletti or the Trapezoidal weir.
The weir plate is bevelled at the crest edges to obtain
necessary thickness.
BROAD CRESTED WEIR:
These are constructed only in rectangular shape
and are suitable for the larger flow.
These are generally constructed from reinforced
concrete and which usually span the full width
of the channel.
COMPONENT PARTS OF WEIRS
A weir consists of the following component s :
1. Weir breast
2. Crest shutters
3. U/S impervious floor or apron
4. Cut off and toe walls
5. U/S Block Protection
6. U/S launching apron
7. Sheet piles
8. D/S impervious floor or apron
9. D/S Block Protection
10. U/S launching apron
11. Inverted filter
WEIR BREAST :
It is the wall which is constructed to raise the water
level on U/S so that the water can be diverted to
the irrigation canal through the head regulator.
The height and section of the wall depends on the
depth of water retained and the nature of the
foundation.
strong enough to resist water pressure.
CREST SHUTTERS :
Provide on the crest of the weir. The shutters may be dropped or raised by
mechanical device.
If required shutters will laid flat during floods over the crest.
CUT OFF AND TOE WALLS :
These are provided for anchorage to the impervious floor and to provide
sufficient bearing to the sheet piles.
U/S APRON :
It protects weir from erosive forces during floods.
Length of the apron depends upon discharge in river and length of the weir`
Strong enough to withstand downward water pressure and to prevent any
leakage in the sub soil.
D/S APRON :
To reduce the kinetic energy of the water.
It should have sufficient thickness to resist uplift pressure.
INVERTED FILTER :
It consists of layers of materials having he increasing the
grade or permeability from the bottom towards the top.
This is similar to filter but in inverted position.
It checks the escape of fine of fine soil particle in the
seepage water.
