SPEC/5/MATAA/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

Markscheme

Specimen paper

Mathematics:
analysis and approaches

Higher level

Paper 3

9 pages
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Instructions to Examiners

Abbreviations

M Marks awarded for attempting to use a correct Method.

A Marks awarded for an Answer or for Accuracy; often dependent on preceding M marks.

R Marks awarded for clear Reasoning.

AG Answer given in the question and so no marks are awarded.

Using the markscheme

1 General

Award marks using the annotations as noted in the markscheme eg M1, A2.

2 Method and Answer/Accuracy marks

 Do not automatically award full marks for a correct answer; all working must be checked, and
marks awarded according to the markscheme.

 It is generally not possible to award M0 followed by A1, as A mark(s) depend on the preceding
M mark(s), if any.

 Where M and A marks are noted on the same line, e.g. M1A1, this usually means M1 for an
attempt to use an appropriate method (e.g. substitution into a formula) and A1 for using the
correct values.

 Where there are two or more A marks on the same line, they may be awarded independently;
so if the first value is incorrect, but the next two are correct, award A0A1A1.

 Where the markscheme specifies M2, A2, etc., do not split the marks, unless there is a note.

 Once a correct answer to a question or part-question is seen, ignore further correct working.
However, if further working indicates a lack of mathematical understanding do not award the final
A1. An exception to this may be in numerical answers, where a correct exact value is followed by
an incorrect decimal. However, if the incorrect decimal is carried through to a subsequent part,
and correct working shown, award FT marks as appropriate but do not award the final A1 in that
part.

Examples

Correct answer seen Further working seen Action

1. 5.65685... Award the final A1
8 2
(incorrect decimal value) (ignore the further working)
2. 1
sin 4 x sin x Do not award the final A1
4
3. log a  log b log ( a  b ) Do not award the final A1
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3 Implied marks

Implied marks appear in brackets e.g. (M1), and can only be awarded if correct work is seen or if
implied in subsequent working.

 Normally the correct work is seen or implied in the next line.

 Marks without brackets can only be awarded for work that is seen.

4 Follow through marks (only applied after an error is made)

Follow through (FT) marks are awarded where an incorrect answer from one part of a question is
used correctly in subsequent part(s) or subpart(s). Usually, to award FT marks, there must be
working present and not just a final answer based on an incorrect answer to a previous part.
However, if the only marks awarded in a subpart are for the answer (i.e. there is no working
expected), then FT marks should be awarded if appropriate.

 Within a question part, once an error is made, no further A marks can be awarded for work
which uses the error, but M marks may be awarded if appropriate.

 If the question becomes much simpler because of an error then use discretion to award fewer
FT marks.

 If the error leads to an inappropriate value (e.g. probability greater than 1, use of r 1 for the
sum of an infinite GP, sin   1.5 , non integer value where integer required), do not award the
mark(s) for the final answer(s).

 The markscheme may use the word “their” in a description, to indicate that candidates may be
using an incorrect value.

 Exceptions to this rule will be explicitly noted on the markscheme.

 If a candidate makes an error in one part, but gets the correct answer(s) to subsequent part(s),
award marks as appropriate, unless the question says hence. It is often possible to use a
different approach in subsequent parts that does not depend on the answer to previous parts.

5 Mis-read

If a candidate incorrectly copies information from the question, this is a mis-read (MR). Apply a MR
penalty of 1 mark to that question

 If the question becomes much simpler because of the MR, then use discretion to award
fewer marks.

 If the MR leads to an inappropriate value (e.g. probability greater than 1, sin   1.5 , non-integer
value where integer required), do not award the mark(s) for the final answer(s).

 Miscopying of candidates’ own work does not constitute a misread, it is an error.

 The MR penalty can only be applied when work is seen. For calculator questions with no
working and incorrect answers, examiners should not infer that values were read incorrectly.
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6 Alternative methods

Candidates will sometimes use methods other than those in the markscheme. Unless the question
specifies a method, other correct methods should be marked in line with the markscheme

 Alternative methods for complete questions are indicated by METHOD 1,

METHOD 2, etc.

 Alternative solutions for part-questions are indicated by EITHER . . . OR.

7 Alternative forms

Unless the question specifies otherwise, accept equivalent forms.

 As this is an international examination, accept all alternative forms of notation.

 In the markscheme, equivalent numerical and algebraic forms will generally be written in
brackets immediately following the answer.

 In the markscheme, simplified answers, (which candidates often do not write in examinations),
will generally appear in brackets. Marks should be awarded for either the form preceding the
bracket or the form in brackets (if it is seen).

8 Accuracy of Answers

If the level of accuracy is specified in the question, a mark will be linked to giving the answer to the
required accuracy. There are two types of accuracy errors, and the final answer mark should not be
awarded if these errors occur.

 Rounding errors: only applies to final answers not to intermediate steps.

 Level of accuracy: when this is not specified in the question the general rule applies to final
answers: unless otherwise stated in the question all numerical answers must be given exactly or
correct to three significant figures.

9 Calculators

A GDC is required for paper 3, but calculators with symbolic manipulation features/ CAS functionality
are not allowed.

Calculator notation
The subject guide says:
Students must always use correct mathematical notation, not calculator notation.

Do not accept final answers written using calculator notation. However, do not penalize the use of
calculator notation in the working.
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1. (a) METHOD 1
x
consider right-angled triangle OCX where CX 
2
x
π 2
sin  M1A1
3 1

x 3
  x 3 A1
2 2
Pi  3  x  3 3 AG

METHOD 2
2π
eg use of the cosine rule x 2  12  12  2 11 cos M1A1
3
x 3 A1
Pi  3  x  3 3 AG

Note: Accept use of sine rule.

[3 marks]

π 1
(b) sin  where x  side of square M1
4 x
x 2 A1

Pi  4 2 A1
[3 marks]

(c) 6 equilateral triangles  x  1 A1

Pi  6 A1
[2 marks]

x
π 2
(d) in right-angled triangle sin    M1
n 1
π
 x  2sin   A1
n
Pi  n  x
π
Pi  n  2sin   M1
n
π
Pi  2n sin   AG
n
[3 marks]

continued…
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Question 1 continued

π
(e) consider lim 2n sin  
n
n
x x5
3

use of sin x  x    M1
3! 5!
π  π π3 π5 
2 n sin    2 n   3  5
  (A1)
n  n 6 n 120 n 
 π3 π5 
 2 π  2  4
  A1
 6 n 120 n 
π
 lim 2n sin    2π A1
n 
n
as n   polygon becomes a circle of radius 1 and Pi  2π R1
[5 marks]

(f) consider an n-sided polygon of side length x

2π π
2n right-angled triangles with angle  at centre M1A1
2n n
x π π
opposite side  tan    x  2tan   M1A1
2 n n
π
Perimeter Pc  2n tan   AG
n
[4 marks]

π
2 tan  
lim P  x   lim  x  0
(g) (i) R1
x  x  1 0
x
attempt to use L’Hôpital’s rule M1
2π 2  π 
 sec  
x2 x
lim P  x   lim A1
x  x  1
 2
x
lim P  x   2π A1
x

(ii) lim Pc  n   2π A1
n 

[5 marks]

continued…
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Question 1 continued

(h) Pi  2π  Pc
π π
2n sin    2π  2n tan   M1
n n
π π
n sin    π  n tan   A1
n n
[2 marks]

(i) attempt to find the lower bound and upper bound approximations within
0.005 of π (M1)
n  46 A2
[3 marks]

Total [30 marks]

2. (a) correct graph of y  f1 ( x) A1

correct graph of y  f3 (x) A1

[2 marks]

(b) (i) graphical or tabular evidence that n has been systematically varied M1
eg n  3 , 1 local maximum point and 1 local minimum point
n  5 , 2 local maximum points and 2 local minimum points
n  7 , 3 local maximum points and 3 local minimum points (A1)
n 1
local maximum points A1
2

n 1
(ii) local minimum points A1
2
Note: Allow follow through from an incorrect local maximum formula expression.
[4 marks]

continued…
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Question 2 continued

(c) correct graph of y  f2 (x) A1

correct graph of y  f4 (x) A1

[2 marks]

(d) (i) graphical or tabular evidence that n has been systematically varied M1

eg n  2 , 0 local maximum point and 1 local minimum point

n  4 , 1 local maximum points and 2 local minimum points
n  6 , 2 local maximum points and 3 local minimum points (A1)
n2
local maximum points A1
2

n
(ii) local minimum points A1
2
[4 marks]

(e) fn  x   cos  n arccos  x  

n sin  n arccos  x  
f n  x   M1A1
1  x2
Note: Award M1 for attempting to use the chain rule.

f n  x   0  n sin  n arccos  x    0 M1
n arccos  x  kπ ( k    ) A1
leading to
kπ
x  cos ( k    and 0  k  n ) AG
n
[4 marks]

continued…
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Question 2 continued

(f) f2  x   cos  2arccos x 

 2  cos  arccos x    1
2
M1


stating that cos  arccos x   x  A1
so f2  x  2x 1
2
AG
[2 marks]

(g) fn1  x   cos   n 1 arccos x 

 cos  n arccos x  arccos x  A1
use of cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin Asin B leading to M1
 cos  n arccos x  cos  arccos x   sin  n arccos x  sin  arccos x  AG
[2 marks]

(h) (i) fn1  x   cos   n 1 arccos x  A1

 cos  n arccos x  cos  arccos x   sin  n arccos x  sin  arccos x  M1
fn1  x   fn1  x   2cos  n arccos x  cos  arccos x  A1
 2xfn  x  AG

(ii) f3  x   2 xf 2  x   f1  x  (M1)
 2 x  2 x 2  1  x
 4 x3  3x A1
[5 marks]

Total [25 marks]