1.

Types of Questions
Types of questions are grammatical forms we use to ask for different kinds of information or
confirmation.
🔹 Main types

[Link]/No Questions
– Answer: Yes or No
– Structure: Do/Does/Did/Is/Are/Was... + subject + verb
– Example: Do you like apples? – Yes, I do.

[Link]- Questions (Information questions)

– Begin with: What, Where, When, Why, Who, How
– Ask for specific information, not yes/no
– Example: Where do you live? – I live in Almaty.

[Link] Questions (Alternative)

– Offer a choice between two or more options
– Example: Do you want coffee or tea?

[Link] Questions:
– Positive → Negative: She is a doctor, isn’t she?
– Negative → Positive: He doesn't drive, does he?
– With modal: You can swim, can’t you?
– Imperative: Let’s go, shall we? / Help me, will you?
Usage: To ask, confirm or offer options.
Tense: All tenses.
PAST SIMPLE-- We use it to talk about actions that happened and finished in the past at a
specific time. Structure: S+V2/ed (+) S+did not V (-) Did+ S+ V (?)
Examples:
– She visited Paris last year.
– Did you call him?
– He didn’t go to school yesterday.
Time markers: yesterday, last week, in 2010, ago

Present Simple -We use the Present Simple to describe habits, routines, permanent
situations, general facts, and scheduled events.

Structure: Subj +V (V+s for he/she/it)

Example:
– She usually checks her emails before starting work.
– Does your brother play any musical instruments?

Time markers: always, often, every morning, on weekends, sometimes, never

Adverbs --We use them to give more information about how, when, where, or how often
something happens.
Types & examples:
– Manner: He runs quickly.
– Place: She lives nearby.
– Time: We met yesterday.
– Frequency: I always wake up early.
– Degree: It’s very cold today.
Position: Usually after verb or before adjective

Phrasal Verbs. Phrasal verbs are expressions made of a verb + a particle (preposition or
adverb). Together, they create a meaning different from the original verb. They are common
in everyday English and can be separable or inseparable.
Examples: Wake up – to stop sleeping.
I wake up at 7 a.m.
Look after – to take care of someone.
She looks after her baby sister.
Give up – to stop doing something.
He gave up smoking last year.
Present Continuous. We use the Present Continuous to talk about actions that are happening
right now or around the current moment in time. It can also describe temporary situations or
future plans.
Structure: am / is / are + verb-ing
Examples: I am studying for my exam right now.
They are watching a movie.
She is meeting her friend later today.
Present Perfect. The Present Perfect is used to talk about actions that happened at an
unspecified time in the past, but are connected to the present. It’s often used to describe
experiences, changes, or actions with a present result.
Structure: have / has + past participle (V3)
Examples: I have finished my homework. (result now: it's done)
She has visited London twice. (experience)
We have lived here for five years. (still true now)
Modal Verbs. Modal verbs express ability, possibility, necessity, permission, or advice. They
are followed by the base form of the verb (without “to”).
Common modals: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
Examples: You should drink more water. (advice)
He can speak three languages. (ability)
We must wear seatbelts. (obligation)
May I use your phone? (permission)
Past continuous. We use it to talk about actions that were happening at a certain moment in
the past. The structure is was/ were +verb with -ing.
For example: I was watching TV at 7 p.m. Or She was cooking when I arrived.

Future Continuous . This tense describes actions that will be in progress at a specific time in
the future. We form it with will be+ verb with -ing.
For example: This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Paris. Or Will you be using your car
tonight?

Future Simple. It is used for quick decisions, promises, or future facts. The structure is will +
base verb.
For example: I will help you with your homework. Or It will rain tomorrow.

Infinitive. That’s the base form of the verb, usually with to. Like to go, to learn, to be. We use
it after certain verbs like want, decide, or after adjectives.
For example: I want to learn English. Or It’s important to be on time.

Gerund. It’s the verb with -ing used as a noun. We use it after some verbs like enjoy or
avoid, after prepositions, or as the subject of a sentence.
For example: I enjoy reading, or Swimming is good for your health.
1st Conditional – Real and possible future
Form: If + present simple, will + base verb
Use: To talk about real or likely situations in the future.
Example: If it rains, we will stay inside.
2nd Conditional – Unreal or hypothetical present/future
Form: If + past simple, would + base verb
Use: To talk about imaginary or unlikely situations in the present or future.
Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.

3rd Conditional – Unreal past

Form: If + had +V3/ed, would have + V3/ed
Use: To talk about hypothetical situations in the past that did not happen.
Example: If she had studied, she would have passed the exam.

Used to – refers to actions or states that were true in the past but are no longer true or
repeated.
Used to is used to describe past habits or situations that are no longer happening.
Structure: Subject + used to + V
Examples: I used to play football.
She used to live in Paris
Zero Conditional. We use it to talk about facts and things that are always true.
The structure is: If + present simple, present simple.
For example: If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
Or: If I drink coffee at night, I don’t sleep well.

Time Expressions. Time expressions are words or phrases that tell us when something
happens.
For example: every day, in the morning, last week, tomorrow.
We use them with different tenses to show time clearly.
For instance: I go to school every day. Or She left two days ago.

Pronouns. Pronouns are words we use instead of nouns, so we don’t repeat names.
Like: he, she, it, they, me, us.
For example: This is Sarah. She is my friend.
Or: Give the book to me.
Past Perfect. We use it to show that one action happened before another action in the past.
The structure is: had + past participle. (V3)
For example: I had finished my homework before dinner.
Or: They had left when I arrived.
Adjectives. Adjectives are words that describe nouns. They tell us what something looks
like, feels like, or how many. For example: a big dog, a happy child, three red apples. \
Adjectives usually come before the noun: She has a beautiful dress.
Articles are words (a, an, the) used before nouns to indicate whether the noun is
specific or general.
In grammar, articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. They are divided
into:
1. Definite article ("the") - refers to a specific item known to the speaker and listener.
2. Indefinite articles ("a" and
"an") - refer to any general item, not specifically known.
Articles are a type of determiner and are essential in conveying the specificity of nouns.

Future Perfect is used to talk about an action that will be completed before a certain point in
the future. It is formed with will have + past participle.
Example:
• By 5 PM, I will have finished my homework.
• She will have left by the time we arrive.
Passive voice is when the focus is on the action or what is being done, rather than who is
doing it.
Active voice: Mom made dinner. (Who? -Mom)
Passive voice: Dinner was made. (The focus is on the dinner, not who made it)
It's formed with to be + past participle. (V3)
"To be going to" is used to talk about future plans or predictions. It's formed with am, is, are
+ going to + verb.
Example:
• I am going to study later. (plan)
• It is going to rain. (prediction)

Prepositions

We use prepositions to show relationships between words, especially about time, place,
direction, cause, and method. A preposition usually comes before a noun or pronoun and
connects it to another part of the sentence.

Types & examples:

 Place: The book is on the table.

 Time: We’ll meet at 5 p.m.
 Direction: She walked into the room.
 Cause/Purpose: He was fined for speeding.
  Method: I came by car.

Common prepositions: at, in, on, to, for, with, by, about, under, from

Prepositions never stand alone — they are always part of a phrase (prepositional phrase).
Example: The cat is under the bed.

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use
direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel.

indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

Parts of Speech

Parts of speech are the categories that words fall into based on their function in a sentence.
English has eight traditional parts of speech.

List & brief explanation:

1. Nouns – names of people, places, things (school, Sarah)

2. Pronouns – replace nouns (he, they, it)
3. Verbs – show actions or states (run, be, think)
4. Adjectives – describe nouns (beautiful, large)
5. Adverbs – describe verbs, adjectives, or adverbs (quickly, very)
6. Prepositions – show relationships (in, on, under)
7. Conjunctions – connect words or clauses (and, but, because)
8. Interjections – short expressions of emotion (Wow! Oh no!)

1. Parts of a word are the elements that make up a word and give it meaning.
They usually include the root, prefix, and suffix
. Understanding these parts helps to guess the meaning of new words.
Unhappy = un (prefix) + happy (root) → means "not happy"
Kindness = kind (root) + ness (suffix) → means "the state of being kind"..
Idioms -group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual
words.