Microwave Theory PYQ Notes
Q1(a). Why TEM mode is not possible inside a waveguide? Support with
Maxwell's equations. How TE and TM modes are excited in a rectangular
waveguide?
TEM mode requires both Ez = 0 and Hz = 0. In a rectangular waveguide, which is hollow and
lacks a central conductor, such a mode is not physically realizable. Maxwell’s equations in
source-free regions:
- ∇⋅E = 0
- ∇⋅H = 0
- ∇×E = −∂B/∂t
- ∇×H = ∂D/∂t
To satisfy these, at least one longitudinal field component must exist. Hence, TE and TM
modes (with either Ez ≠ 0 or Hz ≠ 0) are allowed.
TE Mode: Ez = 0, Hz ≠ 0
TM Mode: Hz = 0, Ez ≠ 0
Excitation Methods:
- TE mode: Excited using loop antennas (magnetic coupling)
- TM mode: Excited using probe antennas (electric coupling)
[Insert Diagram: TE10 Mode Field Pattern in Rectangular Waveguide]
Q1(b). Write short notes on: Magic Tee, Directional Coupler, Microwave
Isolator
Magic Tee: A four-port waveguide junction combining E-plane and H-plane Tees. Key
property: Input at H-arm divides equally into colinear arms (in phase), input at E-arm
divides equally but 180° out of phase.
Directional Coupler: A four-port device used to couple specific power from main line to
coupled port. Parameters include coupling factor, directivity, and isolation.
Microwave Isolator: A non-reciprocal device allowing power flow in one direction using
ferrites. Used to protect microwave sources from reflected power.
Q3. How Klystron works? Draw the structure of two-cavity Klystron and explain
bunching. Also describe velocity modulation.
Klystron amplifies RF signals using velocity modulation and electron bunching.
Structure:
1. Electron Gun
2. Buncher Cavity: Applies RF input signal → velocity modulation.
3. Drift Space: Electrons bunch due to speed differences.
4. Catcher Cavity: Bunches induce RF power → amplified output.
Velocity Modulation: Electrons are accelerated or decelerated based on RF phase, causing
them to group (bunch).
Bunching: Faster electrons catch slower ones in drift space to form bunches, inducing
stronger RF fields in the output.
Applications: Radar, satellite communication, accelerators.
Q4. How Reflex Klystron works? Draw its structure and draw its frequency
characteristics.
Reflex Klystron is a microwave oscillator using single cavity and velocity modulation.
Structure:
1. Electron Gun
2. Cavity Resonator
3. Repeller Electrode
Electrons are modulated, reflected by repeller, and return through cavity to deliver energy.
Frequency Characteristics: Frequency vs. Repeller Voltage is parabolic, representing
different oscillation modes.
Key Features:
- Voltage tunable
- Compact and low power
Applications: Local oscillators, signal generators.
Q5. How does the principle of operation of a TWT contribute to its unique
performance characteristics, and what applications are best suited for TWT
amplifiers?
Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) is a broadband linear microwave amplifier.
Working:
- Electron beam emitted and interacts continuously with a slow-wave structure (helix).
- Energy transfers from electrons to RF wave traveling along helix.
Performance:
- Wide bandwidth
- High gain (40–60 dB)
- Linear amplification
Applications: Satellite communication, radar, repeaters, electronic warfare.
Q6. Explain the concept of dual-mode operation in TWTs, focusing on CW and
pulsed power generation.
TWTs can operate in:
1. CW Mode: Continuous signal output, ideal for high-data-rate systems.
2. Pulsed Mode: Beam switched on/off; higher peak power for radar and jamming.
Design: Needs adaptive power supply and cooling for dual operation.
Benefit: Supports multiple applications with one device.
Q7. Describe the operating principle and key characteristics of magnetrons in
microwave engineering.
Magnetron is a high-power microwave oscillator using crossed electric and magnetic fields.
Structure: Central cathode, resonant cavity anode, magnetic field.
Working: Electrons spiral in crossed fields and induce microwave oscillations in cavities.
Key Features:
- High power
- Limited frequency tuning
- Compact
Applications: Microwave ovens, radar, industrial heating.
Q8. Discuss the design principles, construction considerations, and key features
of an anechoic chamber.
Anechoic Chamber simulates free space by absorbing electromagnetic waves.
Design:
- Walls lined with RF-absorbing pyramids
- Shielded from external signals
Construction:
- Wide frequency absorption
- Size depends on wavelength
- High isolation
Features:
- Low reflection
- Quiet EM environment
Applications: Antenna testing, EMC compliance, wireless device testing.
