Computational Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Lectures

with Computer Practicums

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Preface

The field of nanomedicine as combined with nanotechnology is new and exciting,

with broad applications that are most relevant to our everyday lives and well-being.
This field, which combines multiple disciplines including medicine, biotechnology,
physics, optics/radiology, engineering, and pharmacy, has matured to the extent
that the time is ripe for this current textbook aimed at advanced undergraduate and
graduate students. In addition to its pedagogical nature, it is also of value to
research scientists who want to enter the field or even those who are already in
the field.
The book is organized according to chapters, and within each chapter is a set of
lectures in the form of both text for the student and PowerPoint for use by the
instructor, followed by homework exercises. Selected chapters also contain com-
puter practicums, including Maple codes and worked-out examples.
A special emphasis in the book is on how the combined use of chemistry and
light with nanoparticles can serve as treatments and therapies for cancer. This
includes nanodevices, nanophototherapies, nanodrug design, and laser heating of
nanoparticles and cell organelles.
Nanomedicine is a new science. Because of this, the material of this book is
mostly based on our own original journal papers, in some cases reproducing them in
the text of the chapters. Also, we provide very few references in the textbook. The
detailed list of references and reviews can be found in those original papers listed in
the book.
The first three chapters of the book are general introductory chapters introducing
the basic knowledge required for nanomedicine and nanotechnology study.
Chapter 1 presents the definition of nanomedicine and nanotechnology, introduces
the functions and properties of medical nanodevices, the design and fabrication of
nanorobots and nanoparticles, and discusses current and potential applications of
nanomedicine.
Chapter 2 gives a brief introduction to the structure of cancer cells and their
properties and how cancer cells differ from normal cells. The causes of cancer,

v
vi Preface

types of cancer, techniques for selective targeting of cancer, and gene therapy are
explained in detail in this chapter.
Chapter 3 introduces cancer therapy and detection techniques based on utilizing
the plasmonic nanoparticles. We discuss here the design and methods of activation
of the nanodrugs selectively delivered to the tumor site and the plasmon resonance
detection techniques using fiber optics.
The remaining chapters of the book are devoted to the modeling and computer
simulations of the complex phenomena of electromagnetic radiation interaction
with nanostructures, resulting in various accompanying effects around the
nanoparticles and nanoclusters. The results of these simulations are then discussed
in relation to the effective implementation of nanotherapy treatments. For example,
in Chap. 4 we model the light absorption properties of nanoparticles in the X-ray,
optical, and RF ranges of the spectrum.
In Chap. 5 we introduce a computer software and perform Lorenz-Mie diffrac-
tion simulations of absorption, scattering, and extinction efficiencies of different
types of nanoparticles as a function of particle size and the wavelength of radiation
in different surrounding biological media. Also, we calculate and then use the
differences in optical properties of normal and cancer cell organelles in order to
design new cancer detection and treatment methods.
Chapters 6 and 7 first introduce the thermodynamic model for nanoheat transfer
and then focus on the heating and cooling kinetics of nanoparticles by short and
ultrashort laser pulses in the femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond regimes.
Time dynamic simulations are performed for metal nanoparticles in a surrounding
biological medium as well as for healthy and cancerous cell organelles heated by
optical, RF, and X-ray pulses. Chapter 8 is devoted to spatial thermal fields
modeling and 3D simulations within and around a plasmonic nanoparticle and
cell organelles surrounded by a biological medium heated by radiation.
In Chap. 9 we perform optical, thermal, kinetic, and dynamic modeling
to develop and test new ideas and new dynamic modes in selective
nanophotothermolysis, involving nanocluster aggregation in living cells,
nanobubble overlapping around heated intracellular nanoparticles/clusters, and
the laser thermal explosion mode of single nanoparticles—“nano-bombs”—
delivered to the cells.
A goal of plasmonic laser nanosurgery/nanoablation is to deliver extremely
precise heat blasts in programmed patterns to cancer cells, abnormal cell organelles,
or mutated DNA molecules in order to destroy them. In Chap. 10, we perform
modeling of soft and hard biological tissue ablation by plasmonic nanoparticles
heated by short and ultrashort laser pulses. Short and ultrashort laser pulses hold
key interest in precise nanoablation as they can allow for deposition of thermal
energy to the target area by many orders of magnitude faster than the heat diffusion
process that leaks heat to adjacent healthy cells.
This book, written for teachers and students and for research scientists, is on the
cutting edge of a most exciting realm of science and medicine. It should not only
Preface vii

help the reader to become more knowledgeable and versant in nanomedicine and
nanotechnology but also stimulate the reader to be creative and go beyond the
topics and ideas presented here.

Terre Haute, IN Renat R. Letfullin

St. Louis, MO Thomas F. George
Contents

1 Introduction to Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Lecture 1: Definition of Nanomedicine
and Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Lecture 2: Medical Nanodevices, Properties,
and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Medical Nanomachines and Nanorobots . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.2 Nanoparticles in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 Functions and Properties of Medical
Nanodevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3 Lecture 3: Design and Fabrication of Medical
Nanodevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.1 Design of Medical Nanodevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2 Methods of Nanomaterials Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.3.3 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.3.4 Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanoparticles and
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3.5 Synthesis of Oxide Nanoparticles and Applications . . 36
1.3.6 Vapor Phase Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.7 Solid-State Phase Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.8 Heterogeneous Nucleation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.3.9 Kinetically Confined Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3.10 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Applications . . . . 42
1.4 Lecture 4: Applications of Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Section 1.1: Definition of Nanomedicine
and Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

ix
x Contents

Section 1.2: Medical Nanodevices, Properties

and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Section 1.3: Design and Fabrication of
Medical Nanodevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Section 1.4: Applications of Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Topics for Presentations and Writing Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2 Introduction to Cancer Cells and Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.1 Lecture 5: Introduction to Cell Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.1.1 Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.1.2 Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2 Lecture 6: Introduction to Cancer Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.2.1 Some Causes of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.2.2 Stages of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.2.3 Categories of Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.2.4 Types of Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.2.5 Cancer Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.2.6 Normal Cells Versus Cancer Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.2.7 Cancer Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.2.8 Properties of Cancer Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3 Lecture 7: Selective Targeting of Cancer Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.3.1 Passive Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.3.2 Active Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.3.3 Advances in Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.4 Lecture 8: Gene Therapy and Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.4.1 Cancer and Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.4.2 Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
2.4.3 Mutations and Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.4.4 Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
2.4.5 Nanomedicine for Gene Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Section 2.1: Introduction to Cell Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Section 2.2: Introduction to Cancer Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Section 2.3: Selective Targeting of Cancer Cells . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Section 2.4: Gene Therapy and Nanomedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Topics for Presentations and Writing Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3 Introduction to Cancer Therapy and Detection by Plasmonic
Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.1 Lecture 9: Introduction to Nanophototherapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.1.1 Conventional Cancer Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.1.2 Nanophototherapies for Cancer Treatment . . . . . . . . . 139
3.1.3 Selective Nanophotothermolysis of Cancer Cells . . . . 141
Contents xi

3.1.4 New Dynamic Modes in Selective

Nanophotothermolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.2 Lecture 10: Nanodrug Design and Methods of Activation . . . . . 152
3.2.1 Nanodrug Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.2.2 Methods of Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.3 Lecture 11: Surface Plasmon Resonance Detection
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.3.1 Fiber Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
3.3.2 Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Surface
Plasmon Resonances (SPRs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Topics for Presentations and Writing Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4 Introduction to Light–Particle Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.1 Lecture 12: Nanoparticle Optics—Lorenz–Mie Solutions . . . . . 184
4.1.1 Introduction to Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
4.1.2 Interaction of Light with a Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.1.3 Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.1.4 Lorenz–Mie Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.2 Lecture 13: X-ray Optics of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.2.2 Wave Optics vs. X-ray Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.2.3 Optical Constants for X-ray Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.2.4 Nanoparticle Optics in the X-ray Range
of the Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.2.5 Effective Intensity-Absorption Efficiency . . . . . . . . . 212
4.3 Lecture 14: RF Optics of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.3.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.3.3 Absorption Efficiency of Nanoparticles in
the RF Range of the Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Topics for Presentations and Writing Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
5 Modeling Nanoparticle Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5.1 Computer Practicum 1 (Lecture 15): Lorenz–Mie
Simulations of Nanoparticle Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
5.1.1 Statement of the Research Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
5.1.2 Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.1.3 Mie Simulations of the Absorption and
Scattering Spectrum of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.1.4 Practice Example 1: Optical Properties of
Gold Nanoparticles in Low-Absorbing
Biological Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
xii Contents

5.2 Computer Practicum 2 (Lecture 16): Simulations of

Optical Properties of Biological Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.2.1 Statement of the Research Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.2.2 Mie Simulations for User-Defined Nanoparticles
and Surrounding Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
5.2.3 Optical Properties of Normal and Cancer Cell
Organelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
5.2.4 Practice Example 2: Simulation of Optical
Properties of Normal and Cancerous
Ribosomes in Cytoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
5.2.5 Practice Example 3: Simulation of Optical
Properties of Bone Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Appendix A: Mie Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Section 5.1: Lorenz–Mie Simulations of Nanoparticle
Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Section 5.2: Simulations of Optical Properties of
Biological Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6 Thermal Interaction of Particle and Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
6.1 Lecture 17: Kinetics of Heating and Cooling
of Nanoparticles: Time-Dynamic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
6.1.2 Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
6.1.3 One-Temperature Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
6.1.4 Two-Temperature Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.2 Lecture 18: Ultrashort Laser Pulse Heating of Nanoparticles
in Femtosecond, Picosecond, and Nanosecond Modes . . . . . . . . 323
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
6.2.2 Comparison of Theoretical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . 327
6.2.3 Femtosecond Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
6.2.4 Picosecond Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.2.5 Nanosecond Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.2.6 Conclusions and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
6.3 Computer Practicum 3 (Lecture 19): Single-Pulse
Heating of Nano/Bioparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
6.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
6.3.2 Practice Problem 4: Time Dynamics of the
Gold Nanoparticle Temperature in a Single-
Pulse Heating Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
6.3.3 Practice Problem 5: Thermal Dynamics of
Normal and Cancerous Ribosome in Cytoplasm
Heated by a Single Pulse of Laser Radiation . . . . . . . 366
Contents xiii

Appendix B: Maple Code for Nanoparticle Heating in a

Single-Pulse Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Appendix C: Maple Code for Cell Organelle Heating in
a Single-Pulse Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Section 6.1: Kinetics of Heating and Cooling of
Nanoparticles: Time-Dynamic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Section 6.2: Ultrashort Laser Pulse Heating of
Nanoparticles in Femtosecond, Picosecond, and
Nanosecond Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Section 6.3: Computer Practicum 3: Single-Pulse
Heating of Nano/Bioparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
7 Time Dynamic Modes of Nano/Bioparticle Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
7.1 Lecture 20: Modeling Photothermal Heating in a
Multipulse Radiation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
7.1.2 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
7.1.3 Multipulse Mode of Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
7.1.4 Multipulse Heating of Healthy and
Cancerous Cell Organelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
7.1.5 Conclusions and Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
7.2 Computer Practicum 4 (Lecture 21): Multipulse
Mode of Heating Healthy and Cancerous Cell Organelles . . . . . 405
7.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
7.2.2 Time Profile of Multipulsed Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
7.2.3 Practice Problem 6: Thermal Dynamics of
Healthy and Cancerous Lysosomes in Cytoplasm
Media Using Multipulsed Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
7.3 Lecture 22: X-Ray and RF Heating of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . 414
7.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
7.3.2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced X-Ray Therapy of Cancer . . . 416
7.3.3 RF Activation of Nanoparticles in Single-Pulse
and Multipulse Modes of Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Appendix D: Maple Code for Bioparticle Heating in a
Multipulse Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Section 7.1: Modeling Photothermal Heating for
Multipulsed Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Section 7.2: Computer Practicum: Multipulse Mode of
Heating Healthy and Cancerous Cell Organelles . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Section 7.3: X-Ray and RF Heating of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . 443
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
xiv Contents

8 Spatial Behavior of Temperature Fields at Nanoscale . . . . . . . . . . . 447

8.1 Lecture 23: Modeling Heat Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
8.1.1 Heat Transfer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
8.1.2 Temperature Fields Around the Nanoparticle . . . . . . . 454
8.1.3 Material Properties and Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 454
8.2 Computer Practicum 5 (Lecture 24): Simulating the
Temperature Fields Within and Outside a Nanoparticle . . . . . . . 465
8.2.1 Computer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
8.2.2 Practice Example 7: Thermal Fields Around
a Gold Nanoparticle in Aqueous Solution . . . . . . . . . 472
8.2.3 Practice Example 8: Thermal Ablation of
Cancerous Cell Nuclei in Cytoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Appendix E: Maple Code for Simulating Heat Diffusion
Around a Nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Appendix F: Maple Code for 3D Simulation of Heat
Diffusion Around the Nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Section 8.1: Modeling Heat Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Section 8.2: Computer Practicum 5: Simulating the
Temperature Fields Within and Outside the Nanoparticle . . . . . 494
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
9 New Dynamic Modes in Selective Nanophotothermolysis . . . . . . . . 499
9.1 Lecture 25: Nanocluster Aggregation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
9.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
9.1.2 Self-Assembling of Nanoclusters in
Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
9.1.3 Criteria for Interparticle Distance and
Nanocluster Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
9.1.4 Thermal Field Simulations for Nanoclusters . . . . . . . 507
9.2 Computer Practicum 6 (Lecture 26): Simulating
Temperature Fields Around a Nanocluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
9.2.1 Computer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
9.2.2 Practice Example 9: RF Heating of Nanoclusters
for Cancer Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
9.2.3 Practice Example 10: Heating of Silver
Nanoclusters by Laser Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
9.3 Lecture 27: Nanobubble Overlapping Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
9.3.2 Spherical Bubble Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
9.3.3 Nanobubble Overlapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
9.3.4 Conditions for Nanoparticle Concentration . . . . . . . . 549
9.3.5 Conditions for Nanoparticle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
9.3.6 Microbubble Generation Around Nanoparticles
and Nanoclusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Contents xv

9.4 Computer Practicum 7 (Lecture 28): Simulating

Nanobubble Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
9.4.1 Computer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
9.4.2 Practice Example 11: Bubble Formation
and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
9.4.3 Discussion and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
9.4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
9.5 Lecture 29: Laser-Induced Thermal Explosion Mode—
“Nanobombs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
9.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
9.5.2 Thermal Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
9.5.3 Coulomb Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
9.5.4 Time Scale Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
9.5.5 Threshold Intensity for Laser-Induced Thermal
Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
9.5.6 Cell Damage Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
9.5.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Appendix G: Maple Code for Simulating the Spatial
Distribution of Thermal Fields Around a Nanocluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Appendix H: Maple Code for Simulating Bubble Growth
Around a Nanoparticle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Section 9.1: Nanocluster Aggregation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Section 9.2: Computer Practicum 6: Simulating
Temperature Fields Around a Nanocluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
Section 9.3: Nanobubble Overlapping Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Section 9.4: Computer Practicum 7: Simulating
Nanobubble Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Section 9.5: Laser-Induced Thermal Explosion
Mode—“Nanobombs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
10 Ablation of Biological Tissues by Plasmonic Nanoparticles . . . . . . . 609
10.1 Lecture 30: Bone Cancer Ablation by Short and
Ultrashort Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
10.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
10.1.2 Bone Targeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
10.1.3 Radiation Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
10.1.4 Plasmonic Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
10.1.5 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
10.1.6 Materials Properties and Input Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
10.1.7 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
10.1.8 Ablation of Bone Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
10.1.9 Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
10.1.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
xvi Contents

10.2 Lecture 31: Soft-Tissue Ablation by Short and

Ultrashort Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
10.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
10.2.2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
10.2.3 Ductal Breast Carcinoma Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
10.2.4 Ribosomal Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
10.2.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
10.3 Computer Practicum 8 (Lecture 32): Simulating
Biological Tissue Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
10.3.1 Computer Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
10.3.2 Practice Example 12: Cell Ablation
Through Nanoparticle Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Appendix I: Maple Code for Simulating the Ablation of
Biological Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Section 10.1: Bone Cancer Ablation by Short and
Ultrashort Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Section 10.2: Soft-Tissue Ablation by Short and
Ultrashort Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Section 10.3: Simulating Biological Tissue Ablation . . . . . . . . . 681
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Author Bios

Renat R. Letfullin is a faculty member in the

Department of Physics and Optical Engineering
at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and
holds an appointment as full Professor of Physics
and Nanotechnology at Radiological Technologies
University. He is also Founder and Director of
the Nanomedicine program at Radiological
Technologies University.
Dr. Letfullin has made seminal contributions to
the fields of wave and quantum optics, lasers,
aerosol physics, and nanoscience, including
nanooptics and nanobiotechnology. He is an
outstanding theoretician and experimentalist in
the fields of optics and kinetics of chemical pulsed lasers and, during the past
decade, has branched out into biophotonics and nanomedicine. He has discovered
new phenomena and scientific effects in these fields, where examples include effect
of diffractive multifocal focusing of plane and spherical waves, effect of giant laser
energy gain, the autowave of a new type—self-supporting photon-branched chain
reaction, and effect of focusing of de Broglie matter waves. He has carried out an
extensive array of studies in nanoscience, including laser heating and evaporation
of nanostructures and optical properties of nanoparticles. He has developed and
designed new self-contained laser systems with multi-mega-joule output energy per
pulse, optical reactor for efficient laser processing of dispersed materials, phase
technique for optical diagnostics of small particles, and new diffractive atom lens.
His latest achievements are in the field of nanophotonics and nanomedicine,
including discoveries of a plasmon explosion of nanoparticles, new dynamics
modes in selective nanophototherapy, and RF and X-ray optics of nanoparticles.
Dr. Letfullin is a world-class physicist and an expert in the areas of optics, laser
physics, nanophotonics, and nanomedicine. He has been recognized nationally and
worldwide, such as being elected as a SPIE (Society of Photo-Optical

xvii
xviii Author Bios

Instrumentation Engineers) Fellow and named an OSA (Optical Society of Amer-

ica) Senior Member for achievements in optics, photonics, laser physics,
nanophotonics, biophotonics, and nanomedicine. A well-respected international
researcher, Dr. Letfullin has authored over 150 papers and conference proceedings,
edited 4 books, and coauthored 12 chapters in 7 different books. His work has
garnered several grants and awards including 4 patents in laser technology and
optical engineering.
Dr. Letfullin has made numerous and important contributions to designing and
teaching physics, optics and biomedical optics courses, and developing a national
first Master of Science degree program in nanomedicine. He has led the develop-
ment of several new research laboratories on biophotonics and nanomedicine,
created innovative teaching tools including online video courses and webinars,
and supervised numerous masters and doctoral students.
Dr. Letfullin actively serves the research community as an editor for the research
journal International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Group Theory and Nonlinear
Optics published by Nova Science. He is an editorial board member and reviewer
for a number of high-ranking scientific journals, and he has chaired numerous
conferences.
Born in Russia, Dr. Letfullin received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics
and earned a Master of Science degree in Optics and Spectroscopy from Samara
State University. He received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Laser Physics from
Saratov State University, followed by junior/senior research appointments at P. N.
Lebedev Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Samara Branch). He
then served as a visiting faculty at Mississippi State University, and since 2004
joined the faculty at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He also serves as a
faculty member and program director at Radiological Technologies University.
Dr. Letfullin has been married since 1992 to Tatiana Letfullin who is an
accomplished classical pianist. They are proud to have two daughters, Alla and
Mary. Alla is Nanoscience Ph.D. student at Joint School of Nanoscience and
Nanoengineering—a collaborative project of North Carolina A&T State University
and the University of North Carolina. Youngest daughter Mary is a cheerful girl
who enjoys art.