SOLUTIONS

Solution:- A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more chemically non reacting substances
whose composition can be aliened within certain limits.
Particle Size:- Less than 10-m
Types of solutions
solute Solvent Example
Solid Liquid Salt in water, sugar in water
Liquid Liquid Alcohols in water
Gas Liquid O2 in water, Co2 in cold drinks
Gas Gas Mixture in gases, air
Liquid Gas moist air
Solid Gas Smoke
Liquid Solid Hydrated salts CuSo4,5H2O,
Solid Solid Alloys
Gas Solid Gases adsorbed over solids

Solution of solids in liquids

Solubility:-The solubility of a solid in liquid at any temperature is the maximum amount of the solid in g
which can dissolve in 100 g of solvent to form a saturated solution at that temperature.
Solubility depends upon-
i) Nature of the solute and the solvent
ii) Temperature.

i) Nature of the solute and the solvent;- Like dissolves like. Polar solutes like NaCl, KCl etc. are
soluble in polar solutes like water and have little solubility in non polar solvents like
CCl4,benzene,etc. Similarly non polar solutes are more soluble in non polar solvents.
ii) Temperature:-
a) For most of solids the solubility increases
with increase in temperature. Heat reduces
solute –solute interaction.
e.g. NaCl, KCl, NaNO3,KNO3.
b) For some solids the solubility in liquid
decreases with increase in temperature e.g.
Cerium sulphte, Li2Co3, Na2CO3. dissolution of
these substances is exothermic.
c) For some solids solubility does not
increases or decreases regularly. These solids
show change n one polymorphic form to
other on heating. e.g. Na2SO4.10 H2O changes
to Na2SO4 at 32.4 C0

Solution of gases in liquids.

Most of gases are soluble in water as well as in some other liquids.

Solubility of Gas in liquid:- (ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT): It is the volume of gas in cc reduced to
S.T.P dissolved in unit volume(1 CC) of solvent at the temperature of the experiment and under a
pressure of 1 atmosphere of the gas.
Factors influencing the solubility of a gas:- (1) Nature of gas 2. Tempreture of the gas liquid system 3
pressure of gas.
1. Nature of gas and Nature of solvent:-Easily liquefiable gases like CO2,HCl,NH3 are more soluble in
water while O2,H2,N2 are less soluble in water but more soluble in ethyl alcohol.

2. Temperture :- The solubility of gases decreases with increase in [Link] to increased

temp. the dissolved gas escapes [Link] dissolution of gas in a liquid is an exothermic process.
Acc. To Le-Chalelier principal ,increase in [Link] backward reaction.

Gas +Liquid Gas solution+ Heat

3. Pressure (Henry’s Law):- The solubility of a gas at given temperature increases directly with
pressure this is explained by Henry’s Law-
The mass of gas dissolved per unit volume of a solvent is proportion to the pressure of the gas is
equilibrium with the solution at constant temperature.
m p
m KH p
m= mass of gas dissolved per unit volume .
p= pressure of gas =constant . KH =Henry Law constant.
Henry constant depends on- (i) Nature of gas,(ii) Nature of solvent and (iii) Temperature .

Dalton independently concluded that the solubility of gas in a liquid is function of partial pressure of
[Link] other words “If a no. of gases are equilibrium with a liquid at a given temp, the solubility of any
gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas”.
Expressing solubility in terms of molefraction

X P X = mol fraction of a gas in solution

X = KH.P P= Partial pressure of gas above solution
-1 -1 -1
Units of KH= atm ,Bar ,torr etc.

It simply means if partial pressure of a gas above solution is more than others (gases),it will dissolve
more in liquid.
This law is also expressed in form
P X P,KH & X are same as above
P=kH.n
Units of KH= Atm,Bar,Torr or Killo bar etc.
According to above relation Lower KH means more solubility.
Gas KH at 293 k
O2 34.86
He 144.97. Hence O2 is more soluble in water than He.
A graph between partial pressure and mole fraction of gas in solution is straight line.
Application of Henry’s Law:-1. CO2 is dissolved under pressure in cold drinks.2. In deep sea diving 3.
In Respiration-O2 is picked up in lungs by Haemoglobin as its partial pressure is more,& CO2 is picked
up from body tissues, where its partial pressure is more.

Methods of Expressing the concentration of a solution:-

(i) Strength- It is amount of solute in grams dissolved in 1000 ml of solution.
5g/L NaCl = 5 g NaCl + so much water so as to make total volume = 1 litre.
(ii)Percentage: - It is of three types-
a)W/W: - It is amount of solute in grams dissolved in 100 ml solution.5%W/W sugar = 5 g sugar
+95 g solvent .

b)W/V:- It is amount of solute in gram dissolved in 100 ml of solution.

5%W/V sugar = 5 g sugar+ so much water as to make total volume = 100 ml.

c)V/V:- It is volume of solute in ml dissolved in 100 ml of solution.

5%V/V sugar = 5 g sugar+95 ml.

(iii)Molarity(M):- It is no of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution.

M = wt. of solute X 1000

Molecular mass of solute X Volume of solution in ml

1M NaOH= 40g NaOH + so much water that we get 1 litre solution.

(iv)Normality:- It is no. of gram equivalents of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
N = wt. of solute X 1000
Equivalent wt. of solute X volume of solution

If 40g NaoH is dissolved in so much water that total volume of solution is one litre we have 1 normal
NaOH solution.
If 49g H2SO4 is dissolved in so much water that total volume of solution is 1 litre we have 1 N H 2SO4
solution.
Semi normal solution-1/2 gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
Centi normal solution-1/100 gram equivalents of solute/liter of solution.
“Equivalent weight:- Eq. wt of an element is the mass of element which combines with or
displaces 1 part by weight of hydrogen
Eq. Mass of an acid =Molecular mass
Basicity(no. of H+ions released)

Eq. mass HCl = 36.5/1 = 36.5

Eq. Mass HNO3 = 63/1 63
Eq. Mass CH3COOH = 60/1 =60
Eq. Mass H2SO4 =98/2 49
Eq. Mass H3PO4 = 98/3 = 32.66
Eq. Mass H2CO3 = 60/2 = 30
Eq. Mass COOH = 90/2 =45 (anhydrous oxalic acid)

COOH

Eq. Mass COOH = 126/2 =63 (Hydrated oxalic acid)

COOH.2H2O

Eg. Mass of a base = Molecular mass

Acidity(No. of OH ions released.)

[Link] NaOH = 40/1 = 40

 [Link] = 56/1 = 56
[Link](OH)2 = 171/2 = 85.5
[Link](OH)3 = 78/3 = 26
Eq.massNH4OH = 35/1 = 35

Eq. Mass of an element = molecular mass

Valency of the element

Eq. Mass Ag = 108/1 = 108

Eq. Wt Ca = 40/2 = 20

Eq. Mass of salt = molecular mass or formula mass

Charge on cation

Eq. Mass NaCl = 58.5/1 = 58.5

Eq. Mass CaCl2 = 111/2 = 55.5
Eq. Mass AlCl3 = 133.5/3 = 44.5

Eq. Mass of oxidizing or reducing agent = molecular mass

No. of electrons lost or gained by one molecule

Eq. Mass KMnO4 = 158/5 = 31.6 MnO-4 + 8H++5e- →Mn2++4H2O

Eq. Mass K2Cr2O7 = 294/6 = 49 Cr2O72-+14H+6e-→2Cr3+,+7H2O

(v) Molality (m) :- It is the no. of moles of solute dissolved in 1000 (1Kg)grams of solvent.

m = wt. of solute X 1000

Molecular mass of solute X wt of solvent in g

If we dissolve 40 g NaoH in 1000 g water we get 1 molal NaoH solution.

I molar NaOH will be more concentrated than 1 molal NaOH because in former 1 mole of NaOH is
present in 1 litre of solution where as in 1000 g water is (1 litre) was added to 1 mole NaOH. In
former both solute & solvent together make 1 litre .In latter both make more than 1 litre.
(vi) Mole fraction(x):- Mole fraction of a component in solution is the no. of moles of the component
divided by total no. of moles of all the component of solution .

If n1 are no of moles of solvent , n2 are [Link] moles of solute .

X solute = n2 X solvent = n1 X solute +X solvent = 1
n1+n2 n1+n2 ,

(vii) Mass fraction:- Mass fraction of a component in solution is the mass of the component divided by
mass of solution if w2 g of solute is dissolved in w1 g of solvent.

X2 = w2 , x, = w1
w1+w2 w1+w2

X1+x2 = 1
Mass % = x1 X 100 or x2 X 100
 (viii)Parts permillion:- It is mass of solute in g present in 106 g(1 million) of [Link] is used for
very dilute solution.
ppm = Mass of solute X106
Mass of solution

Some important relationships:-

i. Strength = Normality x Eq. wt
ii. Normality = Molarity x Acidity or Basicity
for mono basic acids HCl,HNO3 etc Normality = Molarity.
for dibasic acids di acidic bases
iii. Normality = 2 X Molarity. i.e. Normality is double the M .
iv. N1V1=N2V2
v M1VI=M2V2
vi. N1V1+ N2V2 = N3V3

vii. Relationship between Molarity(M) & Molaltiy(m):-

M = Moles of the solute
m=M X 1000 MM2 = Mass of solute
1000d-MM2 1000d-MM2 = mass of solvent
= 1000 M
1000 (d-MM2)
1000

md - mMM2 = M
1000

md = M + mMM2
1000

= M (1 + mM2)
1000

M = md
1 + mM2
1000

viii Relationship between molality(m) & mole fraction(x):-

X2 = m
m+1000
M1
X2 = m M1
M1m+1000
M1mX2+1000 X2 = mM1
1000 X2 = m M1- M1mX2
=m M1( 1-X2)
= mM1. X1
m = 1000 X2
M1X1
Relationship between molarity and mole fraction:-
X2 = M M = Moles of solute

(1000 d –MM2)/ M1+ M (1000 d –MM2)/ M1= moles of solvent

= M1 M
(1000 d –MM2)+MM1
= M1 M
M(M1-M2)+1000d
1000dX2+M (M1-M2) X2 = MM1
1000dX2= MM1-M(M1-M2)X2
= M(M1(1-X2)+M2X2
= M(M1X1+ M2X2)
=M(M1X1+M2X2)
M =1000dX2
X1M1+ X2M2
e.g. Molality of H2SO4 is 1.8 find M. Density of solution is 1.02
M = 1.8 x 1.02 = 1.56
1+ 1.8x 98
1000
Vapour pressure ;-The pressure exerted by the vapours above the liquid surface in equilibrium with
the liquid of a given temp is called vapour pressure of liquid.
Boiling point :- It is the temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure.
At high altitudes atmospheric pressure is low .therefore B.P of liquid is low. Therefore cooking takes
more time.
In pressure cooker atm pressure is high. Therefore B.P of liquid is high cooking takes less time.

Addition of a non volatile solute to a liquid decreases the vapour pressure of liquid (solution) this
is because non volatile solute particles occupy the position of the solvent molecules on the liquid
surface.

Raoults Law:- it is of two types-

a For liquid- liquid solutions.
b For non volatile solid in liquid solution.
a Raoults Law for liquid- liquid solutions :- If A & B two completely miscible liquids are mixed
then acc to Raoults law.
‘In a solution the vapour pressure of any component at a temperature is product of mole fraction of
that component and vapour pressure of that component in pure state.

Let PA = partial V.P of liquid A

P0 A = V.P of A in pure state

xA = mole fraction of A

PA = x.A.P0A

PB = Partial V.p of liquid B

P0 B = v.p of B in pure state

xB = mole fraction of b
Ps = Total pressure of system

PB = xB.P0B

Ps = P A + PB

= xAP0A + xB P0B
As P0A & PBB are constant at a particular temp, P is a linear function of the xB or xA .There fore
when p is plotted against xA or xB a straight line is obtained.

The composition of vapour phase in equilibrium with the solution can be calculated from the
partial pressures of the two components in vapour phase through the following relation-
pA= [Link]

partial pressure= mole fraction in vapour phase x total pressure

b Raoults Law for non volatile solid in liquid solution ;- If a non volatile solute is mixed with into
a liquid, the contribution of non volatile solute towards vapour pressure solution is zero.
Therefore Ps = PA
= xAP0A
Ps = xA
P0A
Subtracting both sides from 1
1- Ps = 1- xA
PoA

Po- Ps = xB xA+xB=1
Po A xB=mole fraction non volatile solvent
P0A -Ps = P lowering in vapour pressure
P0A-Ps = Relative lowering in vapour pressure
P0
As vapour pressure of pure liquid at a given temperature is always constant
P = const X x B
P xB
‘’ Relative lowering in V.P of a solution having a non-volatile solute is equal to mole fraction of that
solute in solution.

Ideal Solutions:-A solution of two or more components is said to be ideal if

(i) it obeys Raoults Law at all concentration and at all temperatures.
(ii) Solute -solvent interactions are same as solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions.

(iii) V mixing = 0 i.e. if 10 ml of A & 10 ml of B

are mixed we get exactly 20 ml
(iv) H = 0 no heat is evolved or involved on mixing A & B

Practically no solution is ideal, however, very dilute solution behave ideally. Following solutions
show ideal behaviour –
n-hexane & n heptane,n-butylbromide &n bytechloride,benzene & CCl4& SiCl4
Vapour pressure of ideal solution;-
From graph it is clear that partial pressure of each
component against its more fraction is a straight line,
and the total V.P of solution at any point is sum of P0A P= P A+ P
B
partial pressure of two components.
PA
=xA P0B
Non ideal solution:- A solution of two or more . P 0A
components is said to be non ideal if
(i) it does not obey Raoult's Law at all concentrations and P
0B

temperature. =xB .
PB
xA=1 xB=1
(ii) V mixing = 0
(iii) xB=0 Mole Fraction xA=0
 H mixing = 0
(iv)  H dilution = 0
(v) Solute -solvent interactions are not same as the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions.

Non ideal solutions show two types of deviations from ideal behaviour. These are positive and
negative deviations,
Positive Deviations:- If on mixing two liquids the partial vapour pressure of each increases, it is
called-positive [Link] example when cyclohexane is added to ethyl alcohol .the H bonds
between alcohol break which increases its escaping tendency therefore the vapour pressure of
solution increases.

Max.

P0B
P = pA+pB
------- O-H--------O-H--------O-H--------
P0A
0B
C2H5 C2H5 .P
xB
=
Vapour Pressure

pB

pA
= xA
. P0
A

H= +ve xA=1 Mole fracton xA=0

V= +ve xB=0 xB=1
As vapour pressure increases boiling point solution decreases. out of many compositions of two
liquids one particular composition will have maximum V.P & minimum B.P. such composition is
called minimum boiling [Link] mixture of this particular composition both components boil
at same temp.
some other examples of min. boiling azeotropes-
i) Ethanol+ water
ii) Acetone+ Benzene
iii) Methyl alcohol + water
iv) CCl4 + C6H6
 Negative Deviation:-If one mixing two liquids, the interaction between them(Solute-
solvent)[Link] vapour pressure of solution will be reduced as partial pressure of both
components will be reduced. This is called negative deviation from Raoults [Link] boiling point of
such solution is more than that expected from Raoults Law.
For example when chloroform & acetone are mixed, bonding is formed between them. Therefore
vapor pressure of solution reduces and boiling point of solution increases.

Cl
CH3 P0B
H C Cl P = pA+pB
C=O
CH3 Cl P0A
pA 0B
.P
=x xB
A. =

Vapour Pressure
P0 pB
Acetone Chloroform A

H= -ve
V= +ve

xA=1 Mole fracton Min. xA=0

xB=0 xB=1

Out of many compositions of these solution, a particular composition will have minimum vapour
pressure and maximum boiling [Link] is called maximum boiling Azeotrope.
Some other examples of negative deviations-
HCl+ Water
Acetone + Aniline
HNO3+ Water
Q. What are Azeotropic mixtures?
Ans. :- Azeotropic or constant boiling mixtures are mixture having a particular composition .Both the
components boil at same temp and mixture behaves like a pure [Link].
Alcohol(95.57%)+water,HCl(20.3%) +water.

Colligative properties:-These are the properties of dilute solution which depend on of particles of
solute in a definite amount of solvent but do not depend on the nature of solute. These however
depend on nature of the [Link] are:-
(i) Relative lowering in vapour pressure.
(ii) Osmotic pressure
(iii) Elevation in boiling point
(iv) Depression in freezing point

(i) Relative Lowering in V.P :-

P0-Ps = XB P0-Ps = n2 = W2/ M2
0
P P0 n1+n2 W2/ M2+ W1/M1
P0=vapour pressure of pure solve
Ps= vapour pressure of solution
XB=mole fraction of non-volatile solute.
 Solvent
If solution is dilute(less than 5%)
P0-Ps = n2
0
P n1 20% solution 10% solution

Osmosis
Osmosis:-When solvent and solution are separated by a semi permeable membrane (spm)
solvent molecules enter into solution to maintain equilibrium .This is called osmosis. Similarly when
high conc solution(say 20% sugar)& low concentration solution(say 10%sugar) are separated by
spm ,solvent molecules from low [Link] in to high conc. solution through spm.
Semi Permeable Memb.;- It is a membrane which allows only solvent molecules to pass through it
and stops solute. Natural spm -Animal Bladder, cell
membranes. Artificial SPM- Parchment paper
cellophonane, freshly prepared copper ferrocyanide
Cu4(Fe(CN)6).Silicate of F e,Co etc.
20% solution 10% solution
Osmotic pressure :- It is the pressure required to
stop osmosis. Or
It is the minimnum pressure which should be applied SPM
on solution
side to prevent entry of solvent in to solution through Osmotic Pressure
SPM.
Reverse osmosois;- If pressure move than osmotic pressure is applied on solution, solvent from it
with moves to pure solvent side. This is called reverse osmosis. Desalination of sea water is done
by reverse osmosis. This technique is used in water purification.
Hypertonic solution:- One solution A with higher conc. ( hence more osmotic pressure) than the
other solution B is hypertonic to it (B) . B is hypotonic to A .If two solutions have same conc.(hence
same osmotic pressures ) they are isotonic to one another.
Plasmolysis:- When animal or plant cells(which have a natural SPM) are put in more concentrated
solutions ..water flows out of them due to [Link] cells thus shrinks .This is called plasomolysis
or exosmosis or crenation
Deplasmolysis:- When cells are put in solution having lower conc. than their cytoplasm, water
flows into [Link] cells swell up this is called deplasmolysis or endosmosis or hemolysis. The
pressure inside the cells due to deplasmolysis is called turgor pressure.
Isotonic solution:- Two solution having same osmosic pressure are called isotonic [Link]. 0.91
%,NaCl solution is isotonic to our blood.

Hypertonic
Hypotonic

Plasmolysis Deplasmolysis
 Biological Importance of osmosis:-
1. 0.91 %,NaCl solution is isotonic to our blood, so injections or intravenous fluids should have
same salinity.
2. Plants get water from soil by osmosis.
3. water rises to different parts of plants by osmosis.
4. Germination of seeds and growth of plants is by osmosis.
5. Expressive chemical fertilizers dry up plants because water comes out of cells of plants.
6. Pickles, jams are preserved by adding high [Link] salt or [Link] almost dehydrates these food
articles.

Van’t Half Equation:-

Osmotic Pressure P or  is related to concentration and temperature as follows-
P  CT C= conc. of solution.
= n/V
P=RCT n = no. of moles of solute
V= volume in liters.
R= solution constant,
=n/VRT = 0.0821 lit atm. /K/mole if volume is in lit and
P= w R T pressure is in atm
MV = 0.083 bar dm3 /K /Mole if volume is in dm3 and
pressure is in bar
w= mass of solute
T = temperature in kelvin
Measurement of osmotic Pressure
Berkeley and Hartley Method
Pressure
Piston gauge

SPM

Solvent
Solution
Berkeley and Hartley Apparatus

Q. Why osmotic pressure method is preferred for finding molecular mass of macromolecules only?
Ans:- This method is not suitable for all substances due to experimental difficulties. Method is preferred
for protein polymers etc because
(i) other methods like elevation in B.P & depression in F.P give insignificant readings for
macromolecules.
(ii) Elevation in B.P methods is not suitable as protein and other polymers are not stable at high
temp.
Elevation in boiling point:- When a non volatile
solute is dissolved in a solvent, the V.P of
resulting solution will always be less than that of Atmospheric Solvent
Pressure
solvent, Therefore B.P of solution is Solution
higher than pure solvent. This increase in B.P of solution is
called ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT  Tb

Vapour Pressure
 Tb= Tb- T0b  Tb
it has been experimentally found that-
 Tb m
= Kb m
Where Kb is a constant called Molal
Elevation constant or Ebullioscopic constant T0b Tb
Temperature
 Tb= Kb if molality of solution is one.

Molal elevation constant is the elevation in [Link]

of solution of unit molality

units of Kb = K/m or C0/m or KKg mol-1

Some times value of kb is given for 100 g of the solvent. then this const is 10 times the molal elevation
constant

Value of kb depends only upon the solvent and is independent of the nature of solvent and conc. of
solution.
as m = w2 X 1000 w2= wt. of solute
M2 . w 1 M2= molecular wt of solute
w1= wt. of solvent
Tb = Kb w2 X 1000
M2 X w 1
Derivation of relation-  Tb  m
M2 = Kb . w2 X 1000
More the lowering in vapour pressure more is the Tb
 Tb . w1
Tb   P --------(i)
P  xB --------(ii)
Kb & molar enthalpy of vap. of solvent are xB= nB/nA (assuming dilute solution)
related as P = nB/nA
Tb  nB/nA =[Link]/WA
Kb = RT0b2
If wt of solvent is 1 kg, nB/WA is molality
1000 lv
= M solvent . RT0b2 Tb  MA.m

1000 Hvap = [Link].m As molecular mass of solvent is constant KMA is constant=Kb

M solvent = Molecular mass of solvent. Tb=Kf.m

0 2
T b = B.P of pure solvent in Kelvin
lv = Latent heat of vaporization per gram of solvent
Hvap = latent heat of vaporization of per mole of solvent.
R = Gas const, = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1 if lv is in joules,
 1.987 or 2 cal /K / mol if lv is in calories.

Depression in freezing point ;- LiquidSolvent

When a non volatile non electrolyte is
dissolved in a volatile solvent ,the V.P of solution will
decrease, and freezing point of solution also Solution
decreases .This is called
depression of freezing point.
nt
olve
s

Vapour Pressure
At Freezing point - lid
So
(i)solid and liquid phases coexist. Tf
(ii) the vapour pressure of both
liquid and solid phase are equal.
As the vapour pressure of solution is lower than that
of solvent the freezing point of solution is lower than
that of solvent. This decrease in Freeing point is Tf T0f
called depression in freezing point  Tf Temperature

Depression in freezing point

 Tf =T0f – Tf
T0f = freezing pt of solvent
Tf = freezing pt. solution
depression is more when solute conc is more.

Therefore  Tf  m
Tf = kf.m where kf= molal depression constant cryoscopic constant. Like [Link] also
depends upon nature of solvent & not on nature of solute or solution concertation.”
if m= 1
Tf = kf Molal depression constant is the decrease in freezing of solution of unit molality.
units of kf = K/m or C0/mK. or KKg/m

As Tf = kf . m
= kf. W2 . 1000
M2 . W1

Anti freeze agents:-These substances are added to water to be used as cooling agent in car or other
motor vehicle .Through water freezes at 00C,addition of antifreeze solution like ethylene glycol doesn’t
let water to freeze even below 00C so car can be run at sub zero temperature.
Addition of these agents is useful in summer also because these increase the boiling point of water,
therefore delays boiling of water,it is called Boil over.
Freezing mixture:- NaCl + ice is called freezing mixture, salt forms solution with ice, solution has
freezing point much lower than 00C,such mixtures are used in preserving food particles ice creams etc.
mixture of NaCl and CaCl2 is used to clear snow from roads, this salt mixture forms solution with
ice having freezing point as low as -550C, as this solution comes under snow, its removal becomes
easy.
Rast Method:- Camphor has high Kf (39.7) therefore ,it is used as a solvent for finding molecular
masses of organic compounds like naphthalene, anthracene, etc. soluble in camphor in molten state.
The depression in freezing point is so large that it can be measured using ordinary [Link] is
called rast method.
Abnormal Molecular Masses:- When the molecular mass is calculated on the basis of a colligative
property comes out to be different from actual molecular mass of solute ,It is called Abnormal
molecular mass. Molecular masses of solutes undergoing dissociation or association in solvents come
out to be abnormal.
Reason :- Colligative property depends on no. of [Link] there is increases or decrease in no of
particles in solution, the mass calculated on its basis will be changed.
Colligative property  no. of particles
Molecular Mass

Solutes undergoing dissociation in solution:-Electrothytes like NaCl,KCl,NaOH dissociate in water

.Therefore no. of particles(ions) becomes double, the colligative property also becomes double and
molecular mass comes out to be half if dissociation of salt is complete., if it is not complete as in weak
electrolytes like CH3COOH, mass will not be exactly half but will be less than normal.
Solutes undergoing association in solution:- solutes like CH3COOH, Benzoic acid ,Phenol etc.
when dissolved in organic solvents form dimers (association), therefore no. of particles becomes half,
coligative property becomes half and molecular mass comes out to be double.

Vant Hoff Factor (i ):-

i= Observed colligative property(experimental)

Normal colligative property (Calculated)
= Normal molecular mass
observed molecular mass
For solutes which neither dissociate nor associate i = 1 e.g. urea, glucose, sugar
For solutes which dissociate in solvent i  1 e.g. NaCl, KCl,CH3COOH in water
For solutes which dissociate in solvent i  1 e.g. CH3COOH,C6H5COOH in organic
solvents
For dissociating /associating solutes
(i)P0-P/P0 = i xB
(ii) P = i CRT
(iii) Tb = i KB .m
(iv) Tf = i Kf .m
Degree of dissociation ():-
CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+
1mol 0 0
1-   
Total no. of particles= 1- + + = 1+2 
i = 1+2 
1
Degree of association n :- Acetic acid in benzene
2CH3COOH → (CH3COOH)2
1-n n/2
Total no of particles= 1-n+n/2 =1-n/2
i =1-n/2
1