Computer word comes from latin word computerae means to compute

 Hardware is set of physical elements making computer set like display,

mouse, keyboard, printer, scanner, chips, speaker, hard disk, cpu ram
 Software consist of web browser, word processor, google
 Input, processing, output, storage is trend
 Abacus first mechanical calculating device, use beads for addition and
calculationg square roots
 Napier’s bones for multiplication called rabdologia
 Pascaline first mechanical adding machine , carry term introduced ,
pressure of liquid
 Analytical machine by Charles babage use two punchcards stored programs
in pegs also barrel , first general purpose computer
 MARK 1 by howard aiken consist of interlocking panels, magnetic drum used
in world war 2
 ENIAC by jp Eckert and jw consist of accumulators, first electronic digital
computer
 EDSAC by john von nuemann first computer provided storage
 UNIVAC by Eckert and jw first general pupose electronic computer have
magnetic tapes
 IBM 650 provided input and output in decimal points
 Generation of computer: first vaccum tubes 1940-56, magnetic drums,
machine lang used for scientific purpose ENIAC, UNIVAC
 Second : transistor, magnetic core technology, assembly language, used
for commercial purpose PDP 8, IBM
 Third integrating cicuit IC, magnetic core, language FORTRAN, COBOL,
ALGOL, high level, database management system NCR 395, B6500 used
 Fourth large scale IC, storage semiconductor disk PASCAL, ADA COBOL 74,
FORTRAN
 Present super large scale AI used, robotics
 Charles babbage father of computer, alan turing is father of modern
computer, first computer architecture john von Neumann
 Jack st clair kilby, Robert noyce invented IC
 Laptop was invented by Alan kay
 Handheld computer and palmtops, PDA
 Mainframe computer heart of a network of computer allow large number
of people to work at same time, they Are IBM 370, IBM S/390, UNIVAC 1110
 Mini computer used as central computer called server IBM 17, DEC PDP 11,
HP 9000
 Speed of supercomputer is measured in flops floating point operations per
second
 Siddhartha first computer developed in india, world’s first computer called
as z1 invented konrad zuse, CRAY 1 first super computer introduced by
Seymour cray, PARAM first supercomputer developed in india 1990 series of
 gigaflops assembled by C DAC in pune, PARAM YUVA 2 teraflops in series of
param ranked 33 in the list of super computer. Tianhe petaflops world;s
fastest supercomputer by china 2013 based on Rylin linux operating system,
 hybrid computer combination of analog and digital used in ECG, Dialysis,
quantum computer first launched by Richard Feynman, fastest computer
imitating brain working.
 Versatility computer can perforn multiple task at a time
 Plug and play computer have automatically configure a new hardware and
software
 Diligency computer is free from monotomy, tiredness, lack of error can work
for hours
 Chapter 2
 CPU is called brain of computer , fabricated as a single integrated circuit
called microprocessor, it consist of three subsystems , arithmetic logic unit,
control units and registers they are special purpose and high speed
temporary memory unit, control unit used clock input
 Microprocessor is large printed circuit board, intel 4000 was first
microprocessor to contain all the component of CPU, intel, dual core, Pentium
are other microprocessor
 Memory: primary memory are of 2 types RAM , ROM
 RAM is a volatile memory, temporary storage, two types static RAM, dynamic
RAM
 ROM permanently storage, is non volatile, can’t be written, three types
 PROM programmable, EPROM erasable programmable, EEPROM electrically
erasable program
 Secondory memory: called auxillary memory used for storing data
permanently, hard disk, CD, DVD , buffer is a temporary storage, accumulator
is a register in CPU in which arithmetic and logic result are stored
 Two kinds of microprocessor based on instruction sets, reduced instruction
set computer RISC and complex instruction set computer CISC, speed of
microprocessor measured in megahertz
 BUS is set of wire used for interconnection, where wire carry one bit of data
 Bus can be divided in two external and internal
 Internal bus also called system bus connects the components inside the
motherboard CPU and system memory, external connects different external
devices peripheral, expansion slots, I/O ports also called as expansion bus
 The command to access the memory or I/O device is carried by control bus
 The address of I/O device is carried by address bus, data to be transferred
called data bus
 Main circuit board is called motherboard, also known as main board, logic
board, system board, planar board,
 Computer understand the instruction only in the form of 0 and 1 which is
machine language
 Connection points on mother board for chips is socket
 Control unit of digital computer called the nerve centre
 Cpu consist of control unit , ALU and registers
 Registers directly communicates with cpu
 CPU is a hardware, It retrieve data from main memory
 Word data derives from latin
 Input and output devices
 The I/O devices that are externally attached to computer are called
peripheral devices
 Keyboard is the most common input device , layout borrowed from
typewriter, keyboard controller stored the code for pressed key in keyboard
buffer, QWART, DVORAK, AZERTY are the types . HOME is used to return the
cursor to the beginning of the line or document, END moves the cursor to
the end of line, CTRL + ESC open start menu, window key is used to open
the start button, tab key is used to indent a paragraph, enter key is an
alternative to press OK, caps lock and num lock are called toggle keys
 POINTING DEVICES
 Trackball is an alternative to mouse, generally built in laptop as there is no
space for mouse , used in CAD/ CAM computer aided design and
manufacturing workstations such as radar consoles in air traffic control, sonar
equipment in ship,
 JOYSTICK moves in all directions, control the movement of cursor, used in
flight simulators, CAD/CAM
 LIGHT PEN used in PDA personal digital assistance
 TOUCH SCREEN is an input device that accept input when the user provide
information from touching the screen, fingertip, it has infrared beam that
criss cross the surface of screen
 BAR CODE READER is an input device used for reading bar codes, software
like wasp, barcode pro used for scanning
 OMR optical mark recognition process of detecting the presence of intended
marked responses
 MICR magnetic ink character recognition it reads by examining the shapes in
matrix form, charcter are printed by using special ink of iron particles that
can be magnetized , it used to process the cheques in bank recognizing
number printed at the bottom of the cheque
 OCR optical character reader technique for scanning of a printed page,
translating it, and then using the OCR to recognize the image as ASCII text
that is editable, it translates the dots into text, texual data from image used
in telephone an electronic bills, insurance premium, normal speed of OCR is
1500 to 3000 character per second
 SMART CARD READER is used to read the microprocessor of the smart
card , they are two types memory card and microprocessor cards, memory
card contain non volatile memory, microprocessor contain volatile memory,
card is made up of plastic PVC
 BIOMETRIC SENSOR is used to recognize the physical or behavioural traits of
individual, used for marking the attendance of students in colleges
 SCANNER convert the data or image on paper, is a input device, handheld,
flatbed and drum
 MICRPHONE is input device
 WEBCAM is a video capturing device
 MOUSE invented by dauglas engelbert, OCR also called intelligent character
recognition
 OUTPUT DEVICES
 Monitor is also called VDU visual display unit, two kinds monochrome display
and coloured display, image on monitor is created by configuration of dots
called pixels
 Resolution refers to the number of pixels in horizontal and vertical direction,
DOT pitch refers to diagonal distance between colored pixels, the smaller is
dot greater the resolution, the higher the refresh rate more solid the image
looks in screen
 TYPES OF MONITOR
 CRT CATHODE RAY TUBE works in same way as television, phosphorescent
elements
 LCD liquid crystal display used in LCD and PC
 LED light/ liquid emitting diode that emit light when electricity is passed
 TFT thin film transistor and active matrix LCD is a LCD
 PRINTER divided in two impact and non impact , speed of printer is
measured in character per second CPS, LPM line per minutes and PPM pages
per minute, printer resolution is measured in DPI dots per inch
 IMPACT strike paper and ribbon together to form character, like typewriter,
can print a charcter on an entire line at a time, they uses pins and hammers
that pressed an inked ribbon against the paper
 They are of THREE TYPES
 DOT MATRIX uses rows of pins also called pin printer, it print one character
at a time
 DAISY WHEELS character are fully formed on petals, high resolution output
than dot
 LINE PRINTER high speed printer capable of printing entire line of text at
once instead of one or more character at a time, print quality is not very high
 DRUM PRINTER is old line printer technology , cylindrical drum
 NON IMPACT PRINTER use electrostatic chemicals and ink jet
technologies, they do not use hit or impact a ribbon to print, it can produce
high quality graphics, often use wide variety of fonts, INKJET printer small
droplets of ink onto paper to create image, print high quality text and
graphics. THERMAL PRINTER uses heat treated paper to form character ,
fax machine use rolls of paper also of thermal printer , LASER PRINTER
highest quality text and image for personal computer . it uses laser beam on
photosensitive surface
 ELETROMAGNETIC PRINTER fall under the category of page printer ,
produce a document at a speed of 20,000 lines per minute
 ELECTROSTATIC PRINTER used for large format printing , used by large
printing shops
 PLOTTER is output device use pen, pencil , marker or other writing tool for
making vector graphics, special output device like printer, used to produce
large drawing , construction plans , blue prints for mechanical objects,
AUTOCAD, CAD/CAM
 PLOTTERS ARE OF TWO TYPES
 Flat bed , small size to be kept on table of paper size, drum plotter is of big
size
 SPEAKER is output device receive sound in the form of electric current
 PROJECTOR is output device used to project information from computer in
large screen, it provides a temporary output display
 Two types of projector
 LCD AND DLP is digital light processing uses a chip that has thousand tiny
mirror representing a single pixel, widely used to handle video images
 I/O ports are external interfaces used to connect peripheral devices, I/O
devices are connected to computer via serial and parallel ports, USB
universal serial bus ,firewire ports
 Parallel ports data flows through eight wires simultaneously, they can
transmit eight bits of data in parallel, used to connect printer to computer
 Serial port transmit one bit of data through a single wire , used to connect
modem , plotter , barcode reader
 USB normally two or four usb ports are provided on pc, USB has plug and
play feature , can support connection upto 127 devices
 Firewire used to connect audio and video devices like video camera, hard
disk and new DVD drives are connect through fire wire , data transfer rate
upto 400 MB/ sec
 Speed of line printer is limited by the speed of cartridge used
 Dot matrix printer is bi directional
 Trackball is a pointing device
 First computer mouse built by William English
 MEMORY is characterized in the basis of two factors access time and
capacity, the lesser the access time time the faster the memory
 TYPES OF MEMORY
 PRIMARY OR MAIN MEMORY, SECONDARY OR AUXILLARY MEMORY
 The capacity of internal memory and main memory can be expressed in
number of words or bytes , the memory that communicate directly to CPU is
main memory or primary, it is a volatile memory means when the power is
lost the content is lost forever, classified in two
 RAM random access memory it allows CPU to read and write , used for
temporary storage input data, RAM is a microchip implemented using
semiconductors, two types
 DRAM dynamic is made up of memory cells where each cell is composed of
one capacitor and one transistor, it is slower, less expensive , less
storage on device
 SRAM static is retain data as long as power is provided, it is need not to
refreshed periodically , it uses multiple transistor for memory cells, it does
not use capacitor, often used as cache memory due to high speed, it is
more expensive , cache memory is storage buffer placed between RAM and
CPU, it is smaller in size and very expensive
 PROM programmable read only memory is non volatile memory, it is one
time programmable memory, was invented by WEN TSING CHOW in 1956
 EPROM erasable programmable read only memory similar to PROM , can be
erased by strong exposure of ultra violet light and then rewritten so also
known as ultraviolet EPROM invented by DOV FROHMAN of intel in 1971
 EEPROM electrically erasable similar to EPROM ,can be erased electrically
then rewritten electrically and burning process is reversible by exposure
to electric pulse
 Flash memory is a kind of semiconductor based non volatile used in digital
camera, mobile phone, printer
 Buffer is temporary physical storage used to hold data during execution of
process from one place to another
 Secondary memory store much larger amount of data, data in this is first
copied in primary memory RAM, it is non volatile memory, it is permanent
storage device
 Types : hard disk all programs of computer are installed in this, consist of
spindle that hold non magnetic circular disk platter , the information is
recorded in bands, each band of information is called track, track location
that cuts all platter is cylinder , tracks are divided into pie shaped sections
known as sectors
 Floppy disk available in 3 sizes 8 inch, 5 ¼ inch has 1.2 MB capacity, 3 ½ inch
1.44 MB
 CD are of three types CD ROM , used to store data in form of texts and
graphics, used to store large amount of data upto 1GB storage , data is
permanently stored through the use of laser, also called WORM write once
read memory
 CD- R compact disk recordable, data can be written on this only once, can not
be erased
 CD-RW rewritable, erasable disk, used to write disk multiple times
 DVD also called super density disk manufactured by Phillips, sony, Toshiba,
Panasonic in 1995, it can store upto gigabytes, not rewritable memory, they
are of three varieties
 DVD ROM digital video disk read only memory, DVD R , DVD RW
 BD blue ray disk, designed to recapture the data in DVD format, contain 25
GB per layer space, it use blue laser used to read the disk which used
 information to be stored at greater density than lower wavelength red laser
used in DVD , it can hold 5 times more data
 BD ROM , BD R , BD RW , D RE
 Pen drive is also known as flash drive
 Magnetic tapes, two types tape reel, tape cassette
 The rate at which data is written to disk or read from disk is called data
transfer rate
 Track it record data bits as tiny magnetic spots
 Sector it holds a block of data read or written at one time
 Root directory main folder of disk, contain information about all folders on
disk
 Hard disk is fixed disk, can not be removed from drive
 When you use RAM, ROM , HARD DISK, DRIVE data is measured using some of
units called nibble, bit , byte, kilobyte, megabyte, bit stands for binary digit
either 0. 1
 Byte is approx. one character group of 8 bits is called bytes
 4 bits make one nibble, kilobytes is group of 1024 bytes, megabytes is group
of 1024 kilobytes ,gigabytes is 1024 megabytes
 Bit is smallest memory measurement , Geop bytes is highest memory
measurement
 Flash is hardware, magnetic tape can store maximum data , imp it is
sequentially acess medium is not practical for the application where data
recalled quickly , it is a hard disk, a disk content that can not be changed is
called read only, computer memory is measured in megabytes, smallest
storage capacity floppy disk, highest unit of information computer can
understand and process is geop, nibble is 32 bits, gigabyte represent one
billion
 Bit = binary digit
 8 bit= 1 bytes = 2 nibble
 1024 bytes= 1 KB
 1024 KB= 1 MB
 1024MB= 1 GB
 1024GB = 1 TB
 1024 TB= 1 PB
 1024 PB= 1 EB EXA BYTE
 1024 EB = 1 ZB
 1024ZB= 1 YB
 1024= 1 BRONOTYPE
 1 BT= 1 GEOP

Data representation
 BINARY NUMBERS : it contains two unique digits 0 and 1 known as base 2
system, binary number 0 and 1 called bit, computer always calculate input in
binary form
 Cottfried wihelm Leibniz discovered binary system
 Decimal number system contain ten digits 0 to 9, known as base 10 system
 Octal number system contain 8 digits 0 to 7 digits, known as base 8 system
 Hexadecimal contain 16 digits 0 to 9 , A to F, A denotes 10, B TO 11, F to 15
 Conversion of decimal to binary system
 (43)10 to (?)2
 43^2 = 21 quotient remainder =1
 21^2 R=1 = 10^2 R= 0 = 5^2 R =1 = 2^2 R= 0 = 1 ^0 = 0
 Then (43)10 = ( start with 21 remainder ) = (101011)2
 SOFTWARES
 Two types system and application software
 System software divided in two system management program and
developing software
 Examples of system management programs are operating system device
driver and system utilities
 OPERATING SYSTEM : function is to provide link between hardware and user,
provide an environment to run the programs: MS DOS, WINDOW XP/2000/98,
UNIX LINUX
 SYSTEM BIOS : basic input and output system, BIOS helps the operating
system to configure the hardware components process called booting up
 Device driver a software which is written with the objective of making a
device functional when it is connected to the computer is called device driver
, it is a system software act like interference between device and user, every
device whether is printer , mouse have a driver program in it for its
functioning
 System utilities consist of following functions
 Disk compression , disk fragments, disk cleaners, basic utilities , anti virus
 Disk compression: it increase the amount of information that can be stored
for hard disk by compressing all the information stored on hard disk , this
utility works automatically
 Disk fragments : it detect computer files are broken across several locations
on hard disk and moves the fragments to one location to increase efficiency
 Back up utilities : it can make copy of all information stored on a disk and
restore either the entire disk
 Disk cleaners: used to find files that have not used for a long time , also used
to increase the speed of slow computer.
 Anti virus: used to scan computer virus and prevent the system to being
corrupt
 Programming language : It is an artificial language, each language has its
own syntax, divided into two categories, low level language and high level
language
 Low level language divided into two
 Machine language collection of binary digits
 Assembly language : used to interface with computer hardware, allows
human to read the code more easily than binary
 Medium level language used to improve the translated code before it
executed by processor
 High level language : machine independent language and uses translator,
also called source code. Commonly used high level language is C, BASIC,
FORTRAN , PASCAL
 Language translator help converting programming language to machine
language , translated program is called object code , three different kinds of
language translator


 

COMPUTER FOR ARIHANT

used input devices are keyboard, mouse, trackball, joystick, light pen, touch screen,
barcode reader, OMR, OCR, MICR, smart card reader, biometric sensor, scanner,
Mic, web cam, PC card. There are different types of keyboard such as QWERTY,
DVORAK and AZERTY. Shift, Ctrl and Alt keys are also known as modifier keys. Caps
lock and nums lock are the toggle keys . Mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart

trackball : sonar equipment on a ship or submarine.

Joystick: are used in flight simulators, CAD/CAM system

OMR: OMR is also known as Optical Mark Recognition.

Optical character recognisation:

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): reads character by examining their

shapes in the matrix , special ink in which iron particles can be magnetized ,
cheques are processed by

Microphone mic convert received sound into digitized sound , to convert voice into
digital form sound card is used.

Monitor is also called as visual display unit, two kinds of monitor;mochrome and
colour display unit, cathode rod tube is rectangular shaped monitor, thin film
transistor and active matrix LCD is LCD

 Dot matrix, daisy wheel , drum printer and line printer are impact
printers(printer strikes paper and ribbon together to form character like
typewriter) inkjet ,thermal, laser, electromagnetic, electrostatic printers are
the non impact printers
 FAX is facsimile, modem , network card, headphone, touch screen, audio card
are both input and output devices
 I/O devices or peripheral devices :Parallel ports in computer connect printer
to the computer,data flows through eight wires, they can transmit eight bits
of data, serial port convert only one bit of data through
 Scanner is used to read handwritten or printed text to make a digital image
that is stored in memory, used to get printed diagram into computer
 Line printer speed is specified in terms of character per minutes
 Serial port provide slow speed data transmission
 USB is platform independent
 Printer and monitor peripheral devices are hardware devices
 Chapter 4 RAM is temporary storge form of data,known as read/ write
memory, two types dynamic RAM consist of memory cell each cell made up
of one capacitor and one transistor, static RAM does not consist of capacitor
 but multiple transistor, it is more expensive and faster, it need not to be
refreshed periodically but DRAM needs to be refreshed
 ROM is permanent memory also known as non volatile memory. Three types
programmable ROM; These types of memories are found in video game
consoles, mobile phones, implantable medical devices and high definition
multimedia interfaces. Erasable PROM; similar to PROM but it is erasable by
strong exposure to ultraviolet light, electrically erasable PROM; erased and
rewritten electrically commonly used for BIOS, most flexible type of ROM
 Other types flash memory semiconductor based non volatile rewritten
memory used in mobile phones, printer digital camera, printer
 Secondary memories are of three types;Optical storage; written and read by
laser include CD, DVD and blu ray disc
 Solid state storage; storage devices built by silicon microchip used in
pen/flash drive , memory card
 Magnetic storage; magnetic fields in order to hard disk, floppy disk and
magnetic tape
 Hard disk drive consist of spindle that hold magnetic flat circular disk called
platters which hold recorded data, information is recorded in bands called
track. Tracks are divided into pie shaped sections called sectors
 Floppy disk coated with iron oxides, available in three sizes 8 inches, 5 ¼, 3
½
 CD are of three types; CD ROM, CD R compact disk recordable, CD RW
compact disk rewritable
 DVD is also known as duper density disk or digital versatile disk, three types
same as CD
 Blu ray disc contain more data than DVD , contain 25 gb per layer
 Pen drive also known as flash drive
 4 bits; 1 nibble) 8 Bits 1 byte
 Temporary memory is volatile memory
 Byte can represent a number between 0 to 255
 System software divided in further, operating system It provides an
environment to run the programs. e.g. MS-DOS,Windows XP/2000/98, Unix,
Linux, etc.
 Device drivers; Every device, whether it is a printer, monitor,mouse or
keyboard has a driver program associated with it for its proper functioning.
 Language translator; The translated program is called object code.There are
three different kinds of languagetranslator : Assembler, Compiler and
Interpreter.
 Application softwares are also called end users programs
 Word processing software; Microsoft word, word perfect ,apple works, open
office.org writers
 Electronics spreadsheets; the relationship between cells are called formulas,
names of the cells are called labels. Microsoft excel, lotus 123
 Presentation software; Microsoft powerpoint, coral presentation
 Database management system
 Desktop publishing software
 Graphic software and multimedia software
 System utilities
 Microsoft office chapter 10
 Was developed by Microsoft inc in 1988, five packages of MS office, five
packages of ms office are ms excel, ms powerpoint ,ms acess , ms
outlook,ms word
 Ctrl+N crete a new document, ctrl o or f12 open an exissting doc, ctrl s or
shift s saves the active doc, ctrl A select all contents of the page, ctrl p prints
the doc.,ctrl x cuts the specific text, ctrl Z reverse certain commands, ctrl y
reverse the action of undo button ctrl 5 increase line spacing, ctrl A select the
entire doc
 The file responsible for opening of MS excel is excel. Exe, extension of save
file is .xlsx
 Menu bar is located after title bar
 In excel intersection of row and coloumn is called as cell , an electronic
spread sheet consist of row , coloumn, cell, collection of worksheets is called
as workbook, transpose display row data in column and column data in row,
Len command is used to calculate total character in a cell, active cell can be
represented by A4, pie charts are created by spreadsheet software, to select
current column press ctrl spacebar, to go to the first first cell in current row
shift + home, to hide entire row press ctrl 9, to select entire row shift + space
 In powerpoint two kinds of sound effect can be added .wav files,. Mid files , F5
is used to show slide show
 MS access is DBMS software, in order to include picture data type must be
OLE, default size of data type is 50, short cut key to invoke the spell checker
F7, a template is a pattern of worksheet
 From adda 247
 Symbol $ is used for absolute reference in excel, devrok is use to reference
with keyboard it is layout of keyboard, include new page in ms word is ctrl
+enter, in word for going in specific location we use hyperlink (ctrl k), light
pen is optical input device, disk access time is seek time + latency
time ,printer is connected by parallel port and USB port, data is stored in
Dir, , the network connecting in several computers all over the world is
internet, code of IBM is EBCDIC extended binary coded decimal interchange
code, ASCII American standard code for information interchange, father of c
language is dennis Ritchie, first computer network of world Arpa net
advanced research project agency network, in topology network component
are connected by one cable is bus topology, Pakistani virus brain virus also
boot sector, pager is example of simplex, bing is search engine introduced by
Microsoft, Ray Tomlinson introduced internet email, compuserve provider to
offer email facility, freeware means their source code is not available, first
graphical user interface is designed by Xerox corporation, a HUB do
 broadcasting, BIOS is stored in ROM, , in MS excel to enter current date ctrl; ,
current time crtl shift; , now function current date and time, today function
returns current date
 48 bits in Ethernet or physical address, uses bus topology. telnet is a protocol
 A cluster is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single
system and enable high availability and load balancing, to connect the LAN in
single protocol bridge connects, spoofing is trust worthy entity in order to
steal sensitive information, FDDI fiber distributed data interface is a ring
network that uses LAN also used for VoIP communication , directory organizes
web in categories, HTML introduces by tim burners lee also called father of
web, NEFT national electronics funds transfer, unauthorized access of
information from a wireless device through a Bluetooth connection is
bluesnarfing, UNIVAC is universal automatic computer, Alan Kay invented
object oriented programming OOP,
 MOUSE manually operated user selection equipment, transport protocol is
used for carrying VoIP packet TCP transmission control protocol, mouse was
built by Douglas engelbart
 Kilobyte= 1KB = 1024 bytes
 Mega byte=1MB=1024KB
 Giga byte 1GB=1024MB
 Tera byte = 1TB =1024GB
 Peta byte= 1PB= 1024TB
 Hexa byte= 1EB= 1024 PB
 Zetta byte=1ZB= 1024EB
 Yotta byte, brono byte, geop byte
 Full form of RSA encryption technique is riverst, Shamir, adleman
 Father of personal computer Edward Robert. There is no start button in
window 8, laser printer are high end printers, APK android package book,
 Software as a service is type of cloud computing service, first neural network
computer SNARC, 601 error code identifies floppy drive problems, 3D printing
is called as additive manufacturing, drum printer and dot matrix printer are
line printer, an internet leased line is also known as Ethernet leased line,
dedicated line, data circuit or private line, major signaling protocol in VIOP is
SIP session initiation protocol, OLED organic light emitting diode, first
graphical web browser is Mosaic, in MS excel ctrl 4 is used for text underline,
file extension of word pad doc is .rtf, VIRUS stands for vital information
resources under siege, .IP address belongs to different class { class A 1.0.0.1
to 255.255.254, class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254, class D
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255, class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254]
 [ F1 displays the help screen over almost all programs, F2 this key allows you
to change the name of specific file or folder, F3 launches a search function for
a currently active application, F5 refreshes or reloads the page or doc
window, F7 used to check spelling or grammer check, F12 this key opens the
save as dialog box]
 You can rename the file and directories using REN command
 Shortcut key to indent the paragraph Microsoft word ctrl M if want to remove
ctrl shift M, to insert page number in word key is shift alt p , alt shift T to
insert time , shift alt D , to break page ctrl enter, to insert a column break in
word ctrl shift enter, to open mailing tab alt M , to select word from left ctrl
left arrow
 Hybrid comp are used in ECG and dialysis , hard disk is coated on both sides
is magnetic metallic oxide, INX mnemonic increment extended register, John
von Neumann developed the theory behind the architecture of modern
computer , in excel a range is identified by the cell in the upper left corner
and cell in the lower right corner separated by colon,
 Shortcut key to show font dialog box ctrl d, ctrl shift f, ctrl shift p, key you can
press to create a copyright symbol alt ctrl c , docx is document extended,
RTC is real time clock, act in india focuses on data protection and data
privacy is IT act 2000, LTE stands for long term evolution, program which is
permanent as hardware and stored in ROM is firmware, full form of CSS
cascading style sheet, repititon of data in DBMS is called redundancy,while
working in mail BCC stands for blind carbon copy, open source is software
which has its source code freely available for use, viewing, modification,
redistribution, in each and every system in the network are connected
together then such a topology are known as mesh topology, a program
which helps create written doc and lets you go back and make necessary
corrections is word processor, firewall is used in communication network
system is unauthorized attack, port connects special types of music
instruments to sound card is MIDI, in UDP user datagram protocol, in
powerpoint header and footer button are found in insert tab in text group,
transputer is the chip which has more than one processor chip, A bit refers to
smallest unit of data , JAR stands for java archive, OLAP applications are
widely used by data mining tech, star or multidimentional, tunneling is a
solution to the problem where the source and destination hosts are on the
same type of network, but there is a different network in between also known
as port forwarding , the deice on a laptop that take mouse place is touch or
track pad, modulation is the process of sending a file from one computer to
another computer , Bitmap images are made up of pixels, to open a new file
in Corel DRAW ctrl N, basic unit of execution in operating system is thread,
data privacy and data protection act is IT act 2000, LTE stands for long term
evolution, the programs which are as permanent as hardware and stores in
ROM is firmware, WPAN is wireless personal area network, RSA rivest Shamir
adleman is used for secure email communication, A Winchester another term
for hard drive disk, internet like networks within a enterprise known as
intranet. Ray Tomlinson introduced internet email, A filter is a program that
designed to examine each input or output request for certain qualifying
criteria and then process or forward it , A Trojan horse is a type of malicious
code, page cache is disk cache, a supercomputer is a number crunchier,
brain is a first widespread computer virus for MS DOS, line printer are drum
printer, band and chain, social engineering is the tact of manipulating,
influencing a victim in order to gain control over a computer system or to
steal personal information, to open task manager key is ctrl+shift+ ESC, A
spider that is used by search the internet for doc using their web addresses,
ENIAC was first fully electronic general purpose computer, a dedicated server
is a type of web hosting in which a client has the exclusive use of entire
server, name of application similar to MS office is libre, open ,neo office ,
screen tips are small windows that display descriptive text when you rest the
pointer on a command. Enhanced screen tips are larger windows that display
more descripted text than a screen tip, BMP is graphical file extension,
location.reload is used to refresh a web page in java script, ALTER is used to
modify a table in SQL used to add, delete or modify columns in table, when
you link one table to another table foreign key used, syntax refers to the
rules that defines the structure of a language , RAID stands for redundant
array of independent disks, extension name of notepad and wordpad are .txt
and rtf, cache and main memory will lose their contents when power is off
they are volatile is a computer storage that only maintains its data while the
device is powered, Hotmail is web based email service, malicious hacker is
black hat hacker, a keylogger is software program that records key strokes, a
liveware is a human being who writes program, operate and maintain
computer, Pandora is a operating system, guessing a weak password is
example of brute force attack, storage capacity are frequently measured in
MIPS,fu full form of DDL is data definition language, guided media which are
those twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fibre optic cable, lotus 123
spreadsheet designed Mitchell kapor, idea of storage in program concept of
howard aiken, japnese and chinese font supports by ASCII, relational
database is type of database management system, VDA is virtual desktop
access, in windows ME stand for millennium edition, the electronic path that
connects one part of computer to another is BUS, the advanced research
projects agency network ARPANET was the first wide area packet switched
network with distributed control and one of the first computer network to
implement TCP/IP, webmail interface allows you to access your email from
anywhere, c# language is used to develop a game, CMOS batteries are small
and are attached directly to motherboard, when a computer is switched on,
the booting process performs power on self test worm virus uses computer
hosts to reproduce itself, the mini toolbar appear automatically when you
select text in an office suite program such as word excel or ppt, % and / uses
in excel are percentage and division, cookies are small pieces of text sent to
your browser by website you visit, fetch decode execute sequence instruction
of program in memory the CPU goes through, protocol is a set of rules
computers use to talk to each other, HDMI port is used to connect audio and
video multimedia devices like video camera , each platter has the same
number of tracks and track location that cuts across all platters is called
cylinder, EBCDIC extended binary collected intercharge code maximum
possible characters set size is 256, DTP desktop publishing is the use of
personal computers to design books and booklets that are intended to be
printed by inkjet or printers, compression is the type of software created a
smaller file that is faster to transfer over the internet, text editor is a tool
allows a user to create and revise doc in computer they are application
software, whole disk encryption encrypts the entire disk including swap files
system files, freeware means that their source code is not available, Xerox
corporation designed first graphical user interface, the first version of Unix
was developed by ken Thompson, window 95 was first operating system
developed by Microsoft, ALT + F ley is used to open file menu of current
program, ctrl +k are used insert a hyperlink, mother of computer is Ada
Lovelace, first gen based on vacuum tubes, second basedon transistor , third
based on integrated circuit , fourth based on VLSI microprocessor, fifth based
on ULSI technology, an IPv6 address is 128 bits in length and consist of eight,
16 bit fields with ech field bounded by colon, secondary storage is not a
component of CPU ALU, registers and control units are, OCR is tech that
recognizes text within a digital image, cyber terrorism is a violent act using
internet which either threatens any tech user to loss of life or harms anyone
in order to accomplish political gain, C++, java are object oriented type of
programming language, 601 error code identifies a floppy drive problem, 512
bytes for hard disk drives and 2048 bytes for CD ROMs and DVD ROMs,
leased line is also known as dedicated line and data circuit line, the SIP
session initiation protocol is a signaling protocol that enables the voice over
internet protocol by defining the messages sent between endpoints and
managing the actual element of a call, Motorola company first handed phone,
shift + F10 is the short cut key for display the context menu in Microsoft
powerpoint, chart found in MS EXCEL 2019 in insert option, , the IMEI stands
for international mobile equipment identity 15 digit number unique to each
other , shortcut key in excel to underline text is ctrl + 4, word processing,
spreadsheet and photo editing are application software, smishing similar to
phishing involves criminals sending text messages , subschema refers to an
application programmer’s view of data item types and record types, batch
processing is the method computers use to complete high volume, data jobs
certain data processing tasks are backup, filtering and sorting, the first
practical form of random access memory was william’s tube, in excel when
we type text that is too long to fit the cell, the text overlap the next cell and
we do not want it to overlap the next cell we use wrap text, page down
spacebar down arrow are shortcut key used to perform animation for
advance to the next slide in Microsoft power point , a workstation refers to an
individual computer or group of computer used by single user to perform
work, the printer used in conjunction with computers and uses dry ink powder
is laser printer, first android operating system was Alpha, data BUS Carries
the data between processor and other component the data bus is
 bidirectional, control bus carries control signals from the processor to other
components also carries the clock’s pulses unidirectional, address bus carries
memory addresses from the processor to other such as primary storage and
i/o devices, ALT + F4 is used for close the currently active program, Ctrl + W
shortcut key to close currently opened doc in MS word, maximum number
each of four parts of an IP address can have is 255, MINI ports connects
special type of music instruments to sound cards, while studying DBMS we
may came across term SQL s stands for structured A LAN typically connects
personal comp within a very limited geographical area usually a single
building, working of Bluetooth device depend on master/slave single master
device connected to up to 7 different slave devices , Bluetooth networks
referred as piconets, thermal printers are also known as inkless printers , RSS
feed type of web tech provides news that can automatically download right to
your desktop, ctrl + D to open font dialog box in word, correcting errors in a
program is debugging, pharming is when you are rerouted from your
requested internet site to another undesired site, when the comp is , already
ON then the process to restart is called warm booting, cold booting is when
the comp is started after having been switched off, a central comp
surrounded by one or more satellite comp is called star network, keyloggers
are software program that track activities or key pressed on keyboard, ctrl +
F will open find and replace dialog box used to find specific data in your
worksheet, ctrl +H also open the find and replace dialog box, the printer
used in ATM is thermal printer , John Mc Carthy defined term AI in year 1956,
a comp stores data in binary form, Bluetooth is an example of personal area
network

 MS WORD .doc, MSEXCEL .xls, MSPOWERPOINT ,ppt, MSacess ,accdb,

MSOUTLOOK ,pst.
 Supercomputers are focused to execute few programs as fast as possible
while mainframe uses its power to execute as many programs concurrently.
Computer is free from tiresome and boardoom. We call it Diligence,
Mainframe computers uses the 8-bit code called EBCDIC, A dumb terminal
has a keyboard and screen, a special purpose computer? ABC invented by
Attanasoff and Clifford, storage devices can store maximum amount of data
hard disk, Computing Tabulating Recording Co. s computer giant IBM was
earlier known by different name which was changes in 1924. What was that
name, 2. If in a computer, 16 bits are used to specify address in a RAM, the
number of addresses will be 65,536, The terminal device that functions as a
cash register, computer terminal, and OCR reader is the: POS terminal,
Mnemonic a memory trick is used in which of the following language
assembly language, most popular first generation computer? A) IBM 1650,
 Each set of Napier’s bones consisted of 11 rods. BCD is A) Binary Coded
Decimal, Epson, 1981 world’s first laptop computer introduced in the market
and by whom, The Second Generation (1955 – 1965)
 GMOSIS, the first operating system (OS) was developed in the early 1950s.
For the IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating system.
John Napier invented Logarithm in A) 1614
 Firmware is program which is permanent and stayed in ROM like hardware,
relational database is the most widely used, newest database object oriented
database well suited for multimedia application, FAT is file system used by
operating system to identify the physical location of files on hard drives , high
resolution monitor will have high dpi, device on one network can connect to
the device on another network via gateway, speed of printer unit is dpi,
twisted pair wire is telephone wire
 GUI is based on window, icons, menus
 Operating system hides the function of hardware from user
 Operating system functions are memory management ,processor
management, device management, file management.
 Windows, macOS, and Linux are all examples of multitasking operating
systems. They allow users to run multiple applications simultaneously and
efficiently switch between them.
 The open-source operating system allows the use of code that is freely
distributed and available to anyone and for commercial purposes
 Some basic examples of the open-source operating systems are Linux,
Open Solaris, Free RTOS, Open BDS, Free BSD, Minix, fedora,
reactOS, solus, chrome os
 Slowest internet connection is dial up., prolog is language used in AI.
 NIC is used to connect personal computer to network.
 System software include linkers, debuggers, loaders, compilers.
 Drop Cap in MS – Word It lets you begin a paragraph with a large dropped
Initial capital letter, digital camera is input device, important recent object-
oriented languages are Java, developed by Sun Microsystems, as well as C#
and Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET), C++ supports object-oriented programming,
Both HDDs and SSDs provide ample storage capacity largest
 Transpose displays row data in a column or column data in a row
 Firmware is a program that has been physically etched onto a chip.
 The horizontal and vertical lines on a worksheet, gridlines, The memory
resident portion of the operating system is called the Kernel.
 Social media apps: Facebook is a social media and social networking service
owned by American technology conglomerate Meta. Created in 2004 by Mark
Zuckerberg, Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 , In April 2020,
Facebook began rolling out a new feature called Messenger Rooms, a video chat
feature that allows users to chat with up to 50 people at a time, On July 29, 2011,
Facebook announced its Bug Bounty Program that paid security researchers a minimum
of $500
 YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google. Accessible
worldwide,[note 1] YouTube was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad
Hurley, and Jawed Karim, three former employees of PayPal. As of January 2024,
YouTube has more than 2.7 billion monthly users, October 2006, YouTube was
purchased by Google for $1.65 billion.
 WhatsApp, free messaging application owned by Meta, WhatsApp was
founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum, China has fully blocked use of
the app since 2017., It is most popular in India, with 487 million users,
followed by Brazil, with 118.5 million users, In March, WhatsApp partnered with
the World Health Organization and UNICEF to provide messaging hotlines for people to
get information on the 2019–2020 coronavirus, In August 2022, WhatsApp launched an
integration with JioMart, available only to users in India
 Email has existed in some form since the 1970s, when programmer Ray
Tomlinson created a way to transmit messages between computer systems
on the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET, The sender’s
mail server, also called a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), initiates a Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP) connection, The ‘Cc’ (carbon copy) field allows the
sender to send a copy of the email to additional recipients., The ‘Bcc’ (blind
carbon copy) field allows the sender to send a copy of the email to
additional recipients. The recipients marked in the ‘To’ field cannot see the
email address(es) listed in the ‘Bcc’ field.
 Another survey uncovered that around 56 per cent of internet users consumed news via
social media platforms., To address extreme levels of data scraping and system
manipulation, social media Major Twitter applied the following temporary limits.
Verified accounts are limited to reading 6000 posts per day, Unverified accounts to 600
posts per day, Major social media company Twitter said it would let users buy
subscriptions to Twitter Blue to get a blue checkmark and access special feature, Koo
partners with India Post Payments Bank to drive financial inclusion in remote citie
 Twitter founded 2006
 The latest version of Ms Word is 2021. developed by Microsoft in
1983. It is the default tab of Ms Word and it is generally divided into
five groups, i.e., Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Style and Editing. It is the
second tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It contains various
items that you may want to insert into a Microsoft word. It is the third
tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. It is used for freehand drawing
in Ms Word. It provides different types of pens. It is the sixth tab
present in the menu bar or ribbon. The references tab lets you add
references to a document, then create a bibliography at the end of the
text. Mailing tab is where you would create labels, print them on
envelopes, do mail merge, The review tab contains, commenting,
language, translation, spell check, word count tools, It is good for
quickly locating and editing comments. The mail merge facility enables
as to print a large number of letters/documents with more or less
similar text, The word wrap feature place the text going beyond the
right margin to the next without pressing enter key. (In word
processors, the word wrapping is the fitting of text within the margins.)
A feature that asks questions and then creates an item, such as a form
or Web page,according to your answers is called as a wizard