ETHICS WITH PEACE STUDIES

Framework 2. Normative Ethics

-​ Basic structure underlying a concept -​ Branch of ethics, studies how man ought to act,
-​ In ethics, Set of assumptions, concepts, and morally speaking
practices that constitute a way of viewing reality -​ Examines ethical norms, guidelines about what is
-​ Like a worldview theory right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just
-​ Evaluates standards for the rightness or wrongness
Study of morality three general subject areas of actions and determines a moral course of action
1. Meta-Ethics Deontology
-​ Branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality -​ Ethical system that bases morality on independent
-​ meaning , references and truth values of moral moral rules or duties
judgements -​ Greek work deon - duty
-​ Explains what goodness and wickedness mean and -​ Also called non consequentialism - system’s principle
how we know about them are submitted as obligatory
-​ Studying methods for choosing ethical principle and Teleology
doing normative ethics can be said to be part of this -​ Moral system that determines the moral value of
Can be classified semantically as action by their outcomes or results
Cognitivism vs Non-cognitivism -​ Greek work telos - ends
Cognitivism Virtue ethics
-​ states that moral judgements convey propositions, -​ As moral system. Places empahicis on developing
either truth bearers or either true or false good habits of character and avoiding bad
-​ Most ethical theories are cognitivist as they content character traits, or vices
right and wrong are matters of fact
-​ Famous form 3. Applied Ethics
●​ Moral realism - existence of moral facts and the -​ Examines specific and controversial moral issues.
truth (or falsify) of moral judgements are -​ Attempts to determine the ethically correct course
independent of people’s thoughts and perceptions of action in specific realms of human action
●​ Ethical Subjectivism - holds the truth (or falsify) of Bioethics
ethical propositions are dependent on the attitudes -​ Issues pertaining to life, biomedical researches,
or standards of a person. medicines, healthcare, and medical professions
Non-cognitivism Environmental Ethics
-​ Denies that moral judgements are true of false -​ Issues fconcerning nature, ecosystem, and its
Ethical sentences do not convey authentic nonhuman contents
propositions hence, neither true or false Business Ethics
●​ Emotivism - most popular form of non-cognitivist -​ Moral principles concerning business environment
theory. Submit that moral judgements are mer involves issues about corporate practices, -polices,
expressions of our emotions and feelings business behavior and conduct and relation in the
Universalism vs Realism organization
Moral universalism Sexual Ethics
-​ theories that moral facts and principles apply to -​ Issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior
everybody in all places Social Ethics
-​ Called moral objectivism -​ What is right for a society to do and how it should
Moral Relativism act as a whole
-​ Different moral facts and principles apply to diff
persons or group Virtue Ethics
Empiricism vs Rationalism vs Intuitionism -​ Moral philosophy that teaches that an action if right
Empiricism is it an action that a virtuous person would perform
-​ Meta-ethical state, moral facts are known through in the same situation
observation and experience -​ Puts emphasis on developing good habits of
Rationalism character and avoiding bad character traits or vices
-​ Moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, by Virtue - moral characteristic that an individual needs to live
reason alone and w/o r reference to experience well
Moral Intuitionism Socrates and Plato’s Moral Philosophy
-​ Moral truths are knowable by intuition by immediate Gorgios
instinctive knowledge w/o reference or evidence -​ Written by Plato
-​ Socrates indicates that pleasure and pain fail to
provide an objective standard for determining moral
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from immoral since they do nont exist apart from Thomas Aquinas - Italian philosopher and theologian who
one another while good and evil do ranks among most important thinker of medieval period
Euthyphro
-​ Socrates asks Euthyphro Whether something is good Natural Law
because the gods love it -​ Law - ordinance of reason for common goods
-​ Socrates: what is good has certain independence Four primary type of law
from the whims of the gods’ determination of 1. Eternal Law - rational plan of god, which all creation is
rightness of our actions and more ordered
2. Natural Law - accessible to human reason/ people are
Theory of Forms subjects by their nature ordering them to do good and avoid
-​ Objectively existing immaterial entities that are evil
proper object of knowledge 3. Human Law - positive law, laws created by societies to
Virtue uphold justice, ideally based on natural law principles.
-​ Regarded as knowledge and can be taught 4. Divine Law - serves to complement the other types of law.
Law of revelation, disclose through scripture
Aristotle's Ethics
(2) Aristotle's works Role of Synderisis in moral living
Eudemian Ethics Synderesis concerns knowing the principles applicable to all
Nicomachean Ethics - regarded as ethics of aristotle since actions, and conscience applies knowledge to a specific act.
beginning of christian area Our practical reason naturally comprehends that good is to
(3) general description of aristotle ethics be promoted and evil is to be avoided. By virtue of a faculty
Self-realization of moral insight or conscience that Thomas called synderesis.
Eudaimonistic - focuses on happiness
Aretaic or virtue based - focused mainly on what should do we also have natural inclinations to some specific goods.
a virtue ethics is interested basically in what we should be Aquinas enumerates three sets of these inclinations:
1.​ To survive
Concept of Aristotle Ethics 2.​ To reproduce and educate offspring
1. Aristotle’s Telos 3.​ To know the truth about god and to live peacefully in
-​ Telos - end or purpose society
-​ Aristotle believes that the essence or essential
nature of beings lay not at their cause but at their Features of Human Actions - acc to aquinas, at least three
end aspects thru which morality of an act can be determined in
-​ Everything has a purpose or end term of
2. Happiness and Virtue 1.​ Species - action refers to kind, also called the object
-​ Aristotle believes that the ultimate human goal is of the action
self-realization. 2.​ Accidents - circumstances surrounding the actions
(3) NATURES OF MAN 3.​ End - stands for the agents intention
1.​ vegetable or physical
2.​ animal or emotional Happiness, Moral Virtues and Theological Virtues - aquinas
3.​ rational or mental believes that all actions are directed towards ends and that is
3. Virtue as Habit happiness is the final emd
-​ Aristotle believed that virtue is a habit that we Two kinds of infuse virtues
develop by practicing good actions over and over 1. Moral Virtues - have as their object not god himselt
again. 2. Theological virtue - concerned directly with god
4. Virtue and the ​Golden Mean
-​ Aristotle believed that virtue is about finding the
right balance between two extremes— excess and KANT AND RIGHTS THEORY
deficiency.
5. Phronesis and Practice
Immanuel Kant
-​ The phronesis, the intellectual virtue of practical
-​ German thinker regarded by many as the most
wisdom, is that kind of moral knowledge which
significant philosopher in the modern era
guides us to what is appropriate in conjunction with
-​ Major contriburtions to ethics: The foundation of the
moral virtue.
Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical
Research
Thomas Aquinas’ Ethics
-​ Also called angelic doctor and the prince of
scholastic
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Kantian Ethics an end, never simply as means. Acknowledging the

-​ Categorically rejects that ethical judgements are person as a rational being with goals and treating
based on feelings with dignity
-​ Bases moral judgement on reason alone
-​ Reason: what seems an action ethical or otherwise Analysis of Kantian Ethics
1.1 Good Will Shortcoming
-​ When wish to determine the moral status of an -​ Kant’s view is deemed by some as a rule-bound
action, we consult reason moral philosophy that puts a premium on rules
-​ An act either accords with reason or it doesn't rather than on humans
-​ If it is, we must do it; if not, avoid -​ Lack of solution to instances when there is conflict
-​ Good will: Highest good and condition of all other of duties
goods -​ Favors the hypothetical imperative as havin moral
-​ Kant does not agree with happiness as the highest worth
good, as it can be corrupt and worthless -​ Completely remove one’s taste, emotion, liking and
-​ Good will: one that habitually wills rightly the like in the sphere of morality
-​ Good person/person of good will: person who acts Aristotle: genuinely virtuous person totally enjoys carrying
from a sense of duty as it means exhibiting good will out moral acts
even in the face of difficulty Kant: moral act involved being contrary to someone’s
Inclination -Feeling that pushes us to select a particular feelings, natural inclination, and wishes.Distress of well-doing,
option or make a particular decision sign of virtue for him
-​ Liking, tendency to do, favor or want something.
Duty/Obligation - Which we ought to do despite our
inclination or taste to do otherwise Rights Theory
1.2 Categorical Imperative -​ In law, kant proposed principles of rights
-​ Actions on maxim: agent has a reason for his Principle of right theory
action, and out of this reason, a maxim was -​ A notion that in order for a society to be efficacious,
formulated ‘’situation has such and such feature and govt must approach the making and enforcement of
it must be dealth with such and such manner’’ laws with right intentions in respect to the end goals
-​ Actions on Impulse: not done for a reason or any of the society that governs it.
principle or maxim Rights Based Ethics
-​ Broad moral theory in which principle of rights is
Maxim - General rule or principle; serves as a guide to action included
Two Classes -​ Concept: there are some rights, both positive and
Hypothetical Imperative negative, that all humans have based only on the
-​ Imperative: command of a reason fac that they are human. These can be natural or
-​ Hypothetical: entails being true only under some conventional.
conditions, and therefore not universally true or -​ Natural rights: moral while conventional created
false by humans and reflect society’s value
-​ How reason orders one to achieve one’s specific Rights Based Ethics System
ends -​ United stated founded: citizens are held to have
-​ Direct one to behave in certain manners on the certain unalienable right
condition that one seeks specified goals -​ John Locke: main supporter of the system; takes
Categorical imperatives viewpoint of what the ideal world looks like and
-​ Commands a person to act in particular ways generates a rights system based upon those ideas
regardless of what goals one looks for -​ Bail of Rights: document that characterizes the
-​ Demand action without qualification, any ifs, and type of rights that are embraced by the system
without regard to the consequences -​ Universal Declaration of Human Rights: upholds
-​ Kant; it ordains a rule that, if followed, will and manifest the value of the system
guarantee that the person behaving in accordance
with it is acting morally Legal vs Moral Rights
-​ Serves as the barometer of reason determining legal is not always moral
whether or not an action qualifications Moral is not necessarily legal in particular country
-​ Universalizability: most famous formulation; act Legal rights
only on maxim thru which you can at the same time -​ Denotes all the rights found within existing legal
will that it should become a universal law codes
-​ End-in-itself: another famous formulation; act as to -​ Enjoy recognition and protection of the law
use humanity, both in your own person and in the -​ Does not exist prior to its passing into law
person of everg other, always at the same time as -​ Limits of validity are set by the jurisdiction
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Moral rights Origin and Nature of the Theory

-​ Rights that exists prior to and independently from Jeremy Bentham
their legal counterparts -​ founded the doctrine of utilitarianism
-​ Existence and validity is not deemed to be -​ Proposed primary form of utilitarianism in
dependent upon the actions of jurists and legislators Introduction to the Principles of Moral and
Human rights Legislation
-​ cannot be reduced to, exclusively identified with -​ He took over the principle of utility from David
legal right Hume
-​ Some rights are best identified as moral rights Bentham Utilitarianism
-​ Mrsn yo apply to all human beings universally, -​ Utility: property in any object, whereby it tends to
regardless of whether or not they have attained produce benefit, adbantge, good, or happiness etc
legal recognition by all countries -​ Principle of unity: actions is right insofar as it
tends to produce greatest happiness for the greater
number; serves as the objective barometer in
evaluation human actions, state laws, legal system
UTILITARIANISM
-​ Dubbed as quantitative hedonist or quantitative
utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham - heads of ‘’philosophical radicals included -​ Utilitarianism: determines the moral value of an
james mill and his son, stuart mill. Main proponents act by calculating the sum o pleasure it caused and
John Stuart Mill - main proponents of the utilitarianism amount of pain generated
John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism -​ systematized and modified some of Bentham’s
-​ Known as consequentialists theory, subclass of Utilitarian principle
teleological moral theory -​ Most famous proponent of utilitarianism after
-​ Teleological: ethical system judges the rightness of bentham
an act in term o an external goal or purpose -​ Doctrince the subject of his philosophica treatise
Consequentialist ethics Mill Utilitarianism
-​ proposes that actions, rules, or policies should be -​ Advocated greatest happiness principles = greates
ethially measured and evaluated by their happiness of greatest number that is measure of
consequences not by intentions or motives right and wrong
-​ No kind of act which mat not be justified -​ Utilitarianism: man in terms of mere pleasure and
-​ No class of action must be ruled out in advance pain, while good or happy life is life of pleasure, it
independent of their consequence does not mean only on sensual pleasures
absolutist -​ Lower pleasure: physical pleasure; food, drink, sex
-​ some actions are intrinsically wrong and must never -​ Higher pleasure: intellectual including artistic,
be done no matter what the results are political, and spiritual pleasures
-​ Believe in natural law or in natural rights; some acts -​ Qualitative hedonist: wants qualitative distinction
are immoral no matter what their outcomes are among pleasures
-​ Denies limited identitfacation of happiness with
Utilitarianism physical pleasure and absence of pain
-​ Most influential consequentialist theory -​ Happiness and unhappiness: basis for good and
-​ Latin word utilis - useful eveil pleasure and pain: baic minimum
-​ What is useful is good and that the mora value of -​ Secondary principles: past experieences teach
actions are determined by the utility of its which kinds of actions promote happiness and do
consequences not; serves as practical rule
-​ Essentially opposed to ethical theories that
cosnsider god’s will An analysis of Utilitarianism
-​ hedonistic : identifies happiness w/ pleasure Utilitarianims negative reaction against kantian ethics
Act Utilitarianism Utillitarianism allows for exceptions to the rule
-​ Principle of utility is applied directly to every
alternative act in a situation of choice
-​ Right act defined as the one which brings about the Business’ Fascination with Utilitarianism
best result; least bad results Utilitarianism
Rule Utilitarianism -​ Most broadly understood and normally applied
-​ Principle of utility used to decide the validity of ethical theory to business
rules of conduct -​ Utilitarnism in org: teacehs decision regarding
business conduct
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-​ Good: net benefits that accrue to those partice -​ Rawls set up this with many given system of social
affection justice principlpes from which the imaginary
-​ Act utilitarianism: major school of thought in the participants would select their own society
theory, centers on the action tht has been taken -​ Average Utility: notion of justice called for
maximizing the average wealth of the people

Primary goods
JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS
-​ Rational human beings would pick things called
1.​ Wealth and nicome
John Rawls 2.​ Rights and liberties
-​ American political philosopher 3.​ Opportunities for advancement
-​ Most important political philosoper of th 20th 4.​ Self-respect​
century as she rejects utilitarianism and offers a
number of arguments against it Evaluation of Rawls Principle
-​ Utilitarian thinking cannot absolutely excluded -​ Do not allow ample tolerance for various religion
system such as slavery or racial segregation as and intensely held beliefs
there is nothing in the moral theory to dismiss it
Distributive Justice
Rawl’s justice as fairness -​ Rawls’ justice as fairness is an example of social
-​ Used elements of kantian and utilitarian philosophy justice concept of distributive justice
in describing a method for moral evaluation of -​ Concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of
social and political institutions goods in a society
-​ Justice as fairness: consist of two principles
-​ Theory of Justice: describes a society of free Distributive norms to determine weather distributive
citizens holding equal basic rights justice has occured
Norms - standard of behavior that is required, desired or
Rawls' Two principles of social justice] designated as normal within a specific good
1- The liberty Principle
Basic liberty Common type of of distributive norms
-​ Concerns political institutions ●​ Equity - outcome based on inputs
-​ Everybody has the same basic liberties which can ●​ Equality - equal share of reward/c myost
never be taken away ●​ Power - more authority, status control over group
-​ Very kantian as it provides basic universal respect ●​ Need - more resources for those in need than whose
2- Fair equality of opportunity and difference principle who already possess them, regardless input
-​ concern s social and economic institutions ●​ Responsibility - who have the most should share
-​ Society could not avoid inequalities among its their resources with those who have less
people
-​ Jobs must be open to everybody by the society Socio-economic political theories
grating fair equality of opportunity Egalitarian
-​ Set of closely related socio-economic political
The thought experiment theories without exemption promote the proposition
Social contract that all society members ought to have exactly
-​ Developed by John Locke and Jean Jacques equal amount of resources
Rousseau -​ Everybody should be given completely equals
-​ Subscribed by Thomas Jefferson in writing the quantity of basic materials
declaration of independence Capitalist. Laissez-faire Capitalist
The thought experiment -​ Distributive justice is when an indv/org performed
-​ Not real assembly of real people, negotiating over a based on self-interest for own benefit
contract -​ Rawls: pure laissez-faire capitalism is unjust as it
-​ Imagined gathering under strict conditions that tends to generate unfair distribution of wealth and
allowed parsons to deliberate, only by employing income
their reason and logic -​ Rawls: just society wqould be property-owning
-​ Participants had to pick their justice principles under democracy in which ownership of the means of
a veil of ignorance productiobn is distributed and those who worst off
-​ Only under veil of ignorance could people reach a are affluent enough to be economically independent
fair and impartial contract as true equals not
prejudiced by their place
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Socialist and financial markets through trade and the

-​ State socialist distributive justice is a system where exchange of ideas.
the govt or central authority controls the -​ British sociologist Anthony Giddens defines it as
productions of foods and services "intensification of worldwide relationships which link
-​ Former soviet union practice this state socialism distant localities in such a way that local happenings
-​ Better version is democratic socialism; also called are shaped by events occurring many miles away
welfare democracy - democratic socialist and vice versa" (as quoted in "Globalization," n.d.).
distributive justice haw a system oif social insurance
to help disadvantaged persons Various interrelated definitions However, the common theme
that runs through the definitions is the stress on the
State and Citizen Responsibility trans-nationalization of the connections taking place in the
Taxation and Inclusive Grown world today.
Taxation: means by states & govt finance their expenditure
for constituents by imposing charges on them and corporate Globalization emphasizes the increasing trans-border or
entities transnational relations, which are occurring in the
Inclusive Growth: economic growth that creates contemporary world.
opportunity for all segments of the populations and
distributes the dividends of. increased prosperity Globalization
-​ start after World War II
-​ made the FF after world war II
●​ world bank
GLOBALIZATION AND PLURALISM
●​ IMF International Monetary Fund
●​ GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Pluralism
-​ a concept used in many diverse ways Some Problems with Globalization
-​ in general terms, it is the philosophical theory that -​ Author Gail Tverberg enumerates some reasons
there is more than one basic substance or principle, why globalization is not living up to what was ideally
whether it be the constitution of the universe, of the expected of it, and is, in fact, our very major
mind and body, the sources of truth, or the basis of problem today.
morality
Twelve Reasons Why Globalization is a Huge Problem
Moral Pluralism 1.​ Globalization uses up finite resources more quickly.
-​ known as ethical pluralism and value pluralism 2.​ Globalization increases world carbon dioxide
-​ idea that there can be conflicting moral views that emissions..
are each worthy of respect. 3.​ Globalization makes it virtually impossible for
-​ implies that there are some values which may be regulators in one country to foresee the worldwide
equally correct and fundamental, and yet in conflict implications of their actions.
with each other. 4.​ Globalization acts to increase world oil prices.
-​ proposes that in many cases, such incompatible 5.​ Globalization transfers consumption of limited oil
values may be incommensurable, in the sense that supply from developed countries to developing
there is no objective ordering of them in terms of countries.
importance 6.​ Globalization transfers jobs from developed
-​ metaethical theory, rather than a theory of countries to less developed countries.
normative ethics or a set of values in itself. 7.​ Globalization transfers investment spending from
-​ Russian-British social and political theorist, developed countries to less developed countries
philosopher, and historian of idea Isaiah Berlin 8.​ With the dollar as the world's reserve currency,
(1909-1997) is credited with being the first to globalization leads to huge US balance of trade
popularize a considerable work describing the deficits and other imbalances.
theory of objective value-pluralism, taking it to the 9.​ Globalization tends to move taxation away from
attention of the academe. However, the pertinent corporations, and onto individual citizens.
idea that basic values can and, in some cases, do 10.​ Globalization sets up a currency "race to the
conflict with each other has already been prominent bottom," with each country trying to get an export
in the thought of the German sociologist and advantage by dropping the value of its currency.
philosopher Max Weber (1864-1920). 11.​ Globalization encourages dependence on other
countries for essential goods and services.
Globalization 12.​ Globalization ties countries together, so that if one
-​ defined as the world-wide integration of country collapses, the collapse is likely to ripple
government policies, cultures, social movements,
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through the system, pulling many other countries Work Ethics

with it Boomers - hardworking, idealistic and committed to harmony
Gen X- entrep, flexible, self-reliant, and comfy with tech
unfolding neoliberal globalization is that it concentrates Millennials - tech savvy appreciative of diversity, skilled in
wealth in the hands of a few, leaving the majority in the multi tasking
condition of poverty. While advocates of globalization paint a
pretty picture of a globalized world marked by the spread of Negative traits and attributes
liberal democracy, prosperity, and peace, globalization has Boomers - self-centered with sense of entitlement,,
actually caused radical inequality, a deepening of exclusions workaholics, self-motivated dont appreciate feedback
brought about by inequalities that present the world to be a Millennials = basic literacy fundamentals, v short attention
fragmented space where some benefit at the expense of spans, not loyal to org, demand immediate feedback and
others. Critics thus describe globalization as a process driven recognition and work dress is whatever feels comfy
by progressive capitalist countries to perpetuate their
economic and political domination. Individualism
Millennials
That globalization and the propagation of the laissez-faire -​ habitually painted as entitled, selfie-snapping gen
capitalism deepen the inequalities within and between -​ Millennials’ individualism: qualified as self-
nations is ethically condemnable from both the focused time in life
consequentialist and deontological standpoints. -​ More individualistic and materilistically motivated
-​ Compared to other gen, may decline (gen y) in
From the consequentialist viewpoint, the moral argument moral values
against globalization is that it fails to maximize happiness for -​ Self-esteem generation
the greatest number of people.
Secularism
From a deontological perspective, particularly in Kantian -​ Non-theistic belief system or worldview which does
ethics, globalization is condemnable on the account that not acknowledge supernatural or divine view of
exploited populations are treated as means to an end and not reality
as end in themselves. Humanism
-​ System of thought which gives emphasises to the
value of human beings and favors man’s thought
over faith or religious doctrine
-​ Originally, term refers to Renaissance cultural and
intellectual movement
Center for Generational Kinetic five gen -​ Derived from latin term UMANISTA -
●​ Gen Z, iGen, Centennials: 1996 and later teacher/scholar
●​ Gen Y, Millennials: 1977 - 1995
●​ Gen X - 1965 - 1976
●​ Baby Boomers - 1946 - 1964
QUIZZES
●​ Traditionalist, Silent Gen - 1945 before

Filinnials Q: Refers to a moral system that determines the moral value

-​ filo millennials of actions by their outcomes or results
-​ Inc used and familiarity with com, media, tech A: Teleology

Millennials Q: Branch of ethics that studies the nature of morality

-​ Part of Generation Me instead of We A: Meta-ethics
-​ Approach to social change ‘’as pragmatic idealism’’
-​ Labeled as boomerang or Peter Pan generation; as Q: Denies that moral judgements are either true or false
they tend to delay rites of passage into adulthood A: Non-cognitivism
-​ Very upbeat and more open to change
-​ Pew research center: most likely of any gen to Q: Theorizes that moral facts and principles apply to
self-identity as liberals and are also more supportive everybody in all places
of progressive domestic social agenda than older A: Moral Universalism
generation
Q: This submits that different moral acts and principles apply
to different persons or groups of individuals
A: Moral relativism
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A: Thomas Aquinas
Q: Meta-ethical stance which states that moralf acts are
known thru observation and experience Q: He equates virtue with mere knowledge of the form of the
A: Moral good
A: Plato
Q: The branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act,
morally speaking Q: A german thinker regarded by many as the most
A: Normative Ethics significant philosopher in the modern era
A: Immanuel Kant
Q: Ethical system that bases morality on independent oral
rules or duties Q: For him, feelings even serves as obstruction to our
A: Deontology discernment of right and wrong
A: Immanuel Kant
Q: This concerns ethical issues pertaining to life, biomedical
research, medicines, health care, and medical professionals Q: Refers to the feelings that pushes us to select a particular
A: Bioethics option or make a particular decision
A: Inclination
Q: It deals with what is right for a society to do and how it
should act Q: It directs one to behave in certain manners on the
A: Social ethics condition that one seeks specified goals, such as if you wish
to pass then study hards
Q: A moral philosophy that teaches that an action is right if it A: Hypothetical imperative
is an action that a virtuous person would perform in the same
situation Q: It demands actions without qualifications, without any ifs,
A: Virtue ethics and without regard to the consequences such an act may
produce.
Q: Theory that is central to plato’s philosophy A: Categorical Imperative
A: Theory of form
Q: When applied to war, this theory states that for a war to be
Q: law that refers to the rational plan of god by which all deemed morally justifiable, the intention of entering war
creation is ordered ought to be right in relation to human rights.
A: Eternal Law A: Right theory

Q: he defines virtue as “good habits bearing on activity’’ or a Q: This right is meant to apply to all human beings universally,
good faculty habit regardless of whether they have attained legal recognition by
A: Thomas Aquinas all countries everywhere.
A: Human Rights
Q: Those are firm disposition or hard to eadicate qualities
that disposes us to act in a particular manner Q: The only good which is good without qualifications for Kant
A: Habits A: Good will

Q: Law of revelation disclosed thru sacred text or scriptures Q: It is general rule on principle which serves as guides to
and the church which is also directed toward man’s eternal action
end A: Golden rule
A: Divide Law
Q: That which we should consult when we wish to determine
Q: An italian philosopher and theologian who ranks among the moral status of our actions
the most important thinkers of the medieval time A: Maxim
A: Thomas Aquinas
Q: Many consider this American political philosopher of
Q: Being virus, for him, denotes doing what is right to the 1921-2002 the most important political philosopher of the 20th
right person, at the right moment in the appropriate amount, century
in the correct manner. For the right reasons A: John Rawls
A: Aristotle
Q:. This is wrong not because it is unproductive or inefficient,
Q: One of his accomplishments in ethics is being able to but because it is unjust, for it does not consider individual
mention, as much as possible all the things that matter in rights inviolable
ethical evaluation of actions A: Slavery
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Q:It is a set of closely related socio-economic-political Q: It is a metaethical theory, rather than a theory of
theories that without exemption promote the proposition that normative ethics or a set of values
al society members ought to have exactly equal number of A: Moral Pluralism
resources.
A: Egalitarian Q: May be defined as the world-wide integration of
government policies, cultures, social movements, and
Q: Distributive justice is when people, businesses, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
corporations perform based on their individual self-interest A: Globalization
for their own benefit.
A: Laissez- faire Q: The idea that there can be conflicting moral views that are
each worthy of respect
Q: system where the government or a central authority A: Moral Pluralism
controls the production of goods and services.
A: Socialist

Q: It is a means by which the state and its citizens accomplish

their responsibilities to each other
A: Taxation

Q: This philosopher argued that rational human beings would

pick four things, which he called the "primary goods".
A: Wealth/Income, Rights/Liberties, Opportunities for
advancements, and Self-respect

Q: It has renovated the globe from a collection of separate

communities interacting infrequently into a virtually one
multi-faceted community
A: Globalization

Q: It is a philosophical theory that there is more than one

basic substance or principle, whether it be the constitution of
the universe, of the mind and body, the sources of truth, or
the basis of morality
A: Pluralism

Q: Globalization as a challenge to ethics thus requires

incorporating these
A: Business ethics

Q: Two ethics as part of companies' strategic business

programs and alliances.
A: Applied ethics

Q: A form of applied ethics that examines moral principles

concerning business environment involving issues about
corporate practices, polities, business behaviors, and the
conducts and relationships of individuals in the organizations.
A: Business Ethics

Q: The protective blanket that shields the world's population

from unsafe ultraviolet rays being discharged from the sun.
A: Ozone layer

Q: Environmental problem that involves anthropogenic

greenhouse effect that is supposedly generating global
climate change.
A: Global Warming
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