Task or revising
1. Power overlap
2. What is the main function of:
o (a) Fuel system
o (b) Brake system
o (c) Suspension system
o (d) Steering system
3. Draw a valve timing diagram using your data
1. Power Overlap
Definition:
Power overlap occurs in a 4-stroke internal combustion engine when both the intake and
exhaust valves are open at the same time near the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning
of the intake stroke.
Purpose:
Helps improve scavenging (removal of exhaust gases).
Allows a better intake of fresh air-fuel mixture.
2. Main Functions of the Following Systems:
a) Fuel System
Function:
Supplies the engine with the correct air-fuel mixture.
In petrol engines: Uses a carburetor or fuel injection system.
In diesel engines: Uses a fuel injector pump and injectors.
b) Brake System
Function:
Slows down or stops the vehicle by applying friction to the wheels.
Types: Hydraulic, disc, drum, and anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
c) Suspension System
Function:
Absorbs shocks and vibrations from the road.
Ensures ride comfort, vehicle stability, and tire contact with the road.
d) Steering System
Function:
Allows the driver to control the direction of the vehicle.
Components: Steering wheel, steering gear, tie rods, etc.
3. Valve Timing Diagram
What is it?
A valve timing diagram shows the exact moments (in degrees of crankshaft rotation) when
the intake and exhaust valves open and close during the engine cycle.
Basic 4-Stroke Engine Valve Timing:
Valve Event Typical Timing (Crank Angle)
Intake Valve Opens ~10°–20° Before TDC
Intake Valve Closes ~40°–60° After BDC
Exhaust Valve Opens ~40°–60° Before BDC
Exhaust Valve Closes ~10°–20° After TDC
(TDC = Top Dead Center, BDC = Bottom Dead Center)
Diagram (Text Representation):
Exhaust Closes
▲
|
Intake | Exhaust
Valve Open ▼ Valve Open
|-----------|-----------|
TDC BDC TDC
^ ^
Intake Closes Exhaust Opens
1. What is valve timing?
Valve timing refers to the precise timing of the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust
valves in an internal combustion engine. It is critical for ensuring that the air-fuel mixture
enters and exhaust gases leave the combustion chamber at the correct times during the
engine's cycle.
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2. How do you determine the firing order of a 4-cylinder inline engine?
The firing order of a 4-cylinder inline engine is typically determined by the manufacturer and
is designed to balance the engine and reduce vibration. A common firing order is 1-3-4-2.
This can be confirmed by consulting the engine’s service manual or checking the distributor
cap and spark plug wire arrangement.
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3. Define the following:
(i) Square engine:
A square engine is an internal combustion engine where the bore (diameter of the cylinder)
and the stroke (distance the piston travels) are equal or nearly equal. This design provides a
balance between power and efficiency.
(ii) Valve lash:
Valve lash is the small gap between the valve tip and the rocker arm or camshaft lobe in an
engine. This clearance is necessary to ensure the valve closes fully, and it must be properly
adjusted to maintain engine performance and prevent damage.
(iii) Firing order:
The firing order is the sequence in which the spark plugs ignite the air-fuel mixture in the
cylinders of an internal combustion engine. Proper firing order is essential for engine
smoothness, efficiency, and longevity.
