HOW FRAME OF REFRENCE

Mnemonic:"MFR RULE "

Motion in a straight line
Mnemonic: "SPLIT SPEED"

S Speed→Scalar (Magnitude only)

TO M
P Position→Changes w.r.t time

Motion
Motion is relative
L Length of path→Distance
F Frame matters I Instantaneous speed→speed at a
moment
USE THIS GUIDE R Reference point required KEY CONCEPT:
-Rest and motion are T Time interval matters
R Exam Tip:

in a
Rest and motion are relative
relative S Scalar vs. vector confusion

U Use coordinate system -A passenger inside a P Path-dependent (distance) vs. path-

Distance≥Displacement
→Always
moving train is at independent (displacement)
L Length & time measured -Use positive(+) and

⁠Highlighted text shows important points rest w.r.t. train but E Equal only for straight-line motion

Plane
negative(-) signs for

E
⭐ marks high-focus topics
E Equation of motion applied
Earth is commonly taken as moving w.r.t. ground. direction in calculations
reference D Displacement → Vector (direction matters)

📝 indicates exam tips COMMON ERROR

Common Errors
COMMON ERRORS:
Mixing speed(scalar) and
Quick Study ⚠️ shows common errors - Confusing absolute and velocity(vector)

💡 gives quick tips

relative motion.

G u i d e - Forgetting that motion

depends on observer’s frame.
Ignoring direction in
displacement calculations
P A D H L E A K S H A Y P A D H L E A K S H A Y P A D H L E A K S H A Y P A D H L E A K S H A Y

DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Mnemonics:“SUVAT”
Mnemonic: “VAPID DVS” Mnemonic: "VIP RULE" Mnemonics:“X-V-A CONNECTION”
S s = ut + ½at² (Displacement

V VELOCITY=”dx/dt” (Differentiation of
Position V Velocity → Rate of change of
displacement U
equation)

u = Initial velocity
X t Graph → Slope = Velocity

V
t Graph → C
A
Curves indicate acceleration

D I V
Acceleration=”dv/dt” Distance = Area under v-t
Instantaneous = Limiting case v = u + at (Velocity-time relation)
(Differentiation of velocity ) graph Slope = Acceleration, O Origin intersection → Initial conditions
of average
P D A
a = Acceleration (constant in this
Exam Tips:
Area = Displacement
N Non-uniform motion → Varying slopes

P
Displacement from

A
Position=”∫vdt”(Integration of Velocity)
integration Position-time graph → Slope case)
N Negative slope → Deceleration

I Instantaneous = Derivative concept

V Velocity from slope of x-t
gives velocity
R Retardation = Negative acceleration
T v² = u² + 2as (Velocity-position
- Always check given t Graph → Area = Velocity
change E Exam focus topic!
graph quantities before
U Uniform vs. Non-uniform cases relation)
C
S
Constant slope in v-t graph = Uniform
Slope interpretation selecting an equation. acceleration
Common Error: important L Linear motion formulas used
- Choose correct signs (+ T Trapezium/triangle methods for area
calculation
- Forgetting E Equation of motion derived from
graphs
Common Error: or -) based on direction
differentiation rules for
motion equations.
KEY CONCEPT: - Mixing up equations of Common Error: Key Concept
-Derivative=Rate of Must show in Exam: Quick Tip: motion.
- Confusing
Change(gives slope) -Stepwise measurement - Incorrectly applying signs to
-Incorrectly interpreting the
meaning of slopes and areas. :
- Straight-line graph in
v-t = Constant
differentiation and -Integration=Area under curve
• Least count formula aur
explanation - Confusing acceleration-time
integration applications. instruments acceleration acceleration.
(gives total change
-Correct use of least count ke working principle yaad rakho graph with velocity-time - Curved x-t graph =
graph. Non-uniform motion.
P A D H L E A K S H A Y P A D H L E A K S H A Y
P A D H L E A K S H A Y P A D H L E A K S H A Y
 QUICK REVISION CHECKLIST
Before Exam:
✅ Scalars vs Vectors
✅ Vector addition & subtraction rules
✅ Resolution of vectors
✅ Projectile motion formulae
✅ Uniform circular motion equations
Scoring Tips : High Focus Area
1. Draw vector diagrams neatly
1. Projectile Motion (5 marks)
2. Label projectile motion
2. Vector Addition & Resolution (5
equations correctly
3. Practice unit vector-based marks)
questions 3. Uniform Circular Motion (4
4. Memorize circular motion marks)
formulas 4. Scalar vs Vector Difference (4
marks)

P A D H L E A K S H A Y