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ICS 91.140.30
SANS 1238:2005
ISBN 0-626-15419-7 Edition 2

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Air-conditioning ductwork

Published by Standards South Africa

1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001
tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12
[Link]
© Standards South Africa

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Abstract
Covers the material, constructional and dimensional requirements for steel and aluminium ductwork
(together with fittings and dampers) of rectangular and circular cross-sections, for use in air-
conditioning systems that operate at low, medium and high pressures.

Keywords
air-conditioning systems, air-distribution systems, aluminium, building services, construction,
dimensions, ducts (building services), fire tests, specifications, steels.

Acknowledgement
Standards South Africa wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from publications of
the Heating and Ventilating Contractors' Association (Duct Work Group), London, UK.

Foreword

This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA TC 5120.23, Air-
conditioning, refrigeration and ventilation, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa
in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This edition cancels and replaces the first edition (SABS 1238:1979).

Annexes A and B are for information only.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Contents
Page

Abstract

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Foreword

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................. 3

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................... 3

3 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 3

4 Material requirements .......................................................................................................... 4

5 General requirements........................................................................................................... 5

6 Rectangular ductwork........................................................................................................... 9

7 Circular ductwork....................................................................................................... ............ 16

8 Corrosion protection........................................................................................... ................... 18

9 Sampling and compliance with the standard ........................................................................ 19

10 Inspection and methods of test............................................................................................. 19

10.1 Inspection ................................................................................................................... 19

10.2 Surface fire index of adhesives, sealants and membranes ......................................... 19

Figures 1-59 ............................................................................................................................. 20-44

Annex A (normative) Notes to purchasers........................................................................... 45

Annex B (informative) Turning vane spacing selection chart................................................. 46

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Air-conditioning ductwork

1 Scope
This standard covers the material, constructional and dimensional requirements for steel ductwork
(together with fittings and dampers) of rectangular and circular cross-sections, for use in
air-conditioning systems that operate at low, medium, and high pressures.

2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference to a
standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions
of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards
can be obtained from Standards South Africa.

ISO 630, Structural steels – Plates, wide flats, bars, sections and profiles.

SANS 135/ISO 1456 (SABS ISO 1456), Metal coatings – Electrodeposited coatings of nickel plus
chromium and of copper plus nickel plus chromium.

SANS 193, Fire dampers.

SANS 3575/ISO 3575 (SABS ISO 3575), Continuous hot-dip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet of
commercial, lock-forming and drawing qualities.

SANS 10173, The installation, testing and balancing of air-conditioning ductwork.

SANS 10177-3 (SABS 0177-3), Fire testing of materials, components, and elements used in
buildings – Part 3: Surface fire index of finishing materials.

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply:

3.1
acceptable
acceptable to the authority administering this standard, or to the parties concluding the purchase
contract, as relevant

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

3.2
average velocity
quotient of volumetric flow rate (in cubic metres per second) divided by the internal cross-sectional
area of the duct (in square metres)

3.3
high-pressure system
air duct system or part of a system intended to convey air at average velocities not exceeding
40 m/s and at static pressures between +2 500 Pa and -750 Pa

3.4
low-pressure system
air duct system or part of a system intended to convey air at average velocities not exceeding
10 m/s and at static pressures between +500 Pa and -500 Pa

3.5
material thickness
nominal thickness of the material excluding any coatings

3.6
medium pressure system
air duct system or part of a system intended to convey air at average velocities not exceeding
20 m/s and at static pressures between +1 500 Pa and -500 Pa

3.7
sealant
sealing compound or material used to restrict or prevent air leakage in duct joints

3.8
size
<duct or fitting> nominal internal diameter (in millimetres) of a duct or fitting of circular cross-section
and the nominal internal dimensions (width and height, in millimetres) of a duct or fitting of
rectangular cross-section

4 Material requirements
4.1 Sealing membranes
When sealing membrane material is tested in accordance with 10.2.2, the indexes for surface
spread of flame, heat contribution, and smoke production shall not exceed 0,6 and the fire index
shall not exceed 0,5.

4.2 Adhesive
When the adhesive used for affixing internal insulation is tested in accordance with 10.2.2, the
indexes for surface spread of flame, heat contribution, and smoke production shall not exceed 0,6
and the fire index shall not exceed 0,5.

NOTE The provision of samples of the adhesive(s) required for assessment of compliance with this
requirement requires special agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

5 General requirements
5.1 Type and material of system

5.1.1 Ductwork shall be of mild steel, aluminium, or stainless steel, and these materials shall be
suitable for use in a low, medium, or high-pressure system, as specified by the purchaser (see
annex A).

5.1.2 Mill galvanized mild steel sheet shall have a carbon content not exceeding 0,14 % and shall
be suitable for lock forming during production.

5.1.3 Mild steel sections shall comply with the requirements for any one of the grades and qualities
of ISO 630, other than Fe33 or Fe310.

5.2 Galvanized steel ductwork

Galvanized steel ductwork shall not be fitted with any copper or copper alloy parts unless the
junctions between ductwork and such parts are so insulated that electrolytic interaction is
prevented.

5.3 Access openings, doors, and covers

5.3.1 Ductwork shall be provided with access openings and the location, dimensions, and number
of access openings shall be such as to allow for the following:

a) access for personnel and the equipment needed for the maintenance and replacement of plant
items;

b) access to items for routine maintenance, lubrication, and adjustment purposes for which entry by
personnel into the ducting is not required or is not practicable;

c) inspection of items (such as dampers) concealed in ductwork;

d) hand access to permit proper jointing of ductwork sections in awkward locations;

e) equipment access for insertion of pitot tubes and other test equipment.

5.3.2 Doors shall have a height of 750 mm to 1 350 mm and a width of 500 mm to 600 mm.

The number of latches and, when relevant, hinges shall be as shown in table 1 appropriate to the
door size.

Table 1 ― Details of personnel access doors

1 2 3 4 5
Door size Hinged doors Unhinged doors
Height Width Number of Number of Number of
mm mm hinges latches latches
750 to 1 000 500 to 600 3 2 3
1 001 to 1 350 500 to 600 4 2 4

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

5.3.3 Access openings shall be fit for purpose and shall be furnished with at least two latches, one
on each side of the opening, for securing the cover.

5.3.4 The joints between each door or cover and the frame of the corresponding access opening
shall be furnished with a sealing gasket, of acceptable material and design, that is so fitted as to
prevent it from loosening or becoming permanently distorted during repeated opening and closing of
the door or cover.

5.3.5 Doors and covers and their corresponding access openings shall be rigidly framed and
adequately reinforced to prevent distortion during use.

5.3.6 Covers shall be so designed as to be easily removed and replaced, and each cover shall
have at least one handle to facilitate its removal.

5.3.7 Covers may be secured by means of self-tapping screws for situations of infrequent use.

5.3.8 Door hinges, latches, and other fittings shall be of brass, electroplated steel, or other
acceptable material. Electroplated coatings shall comply with the relevant requirements of
SANS 135 for moderate service conditions.

5.3.9 The doors and covers of insulated ducts (see 5.7) shall be of double wall construction and of
thickness at least 25 mm, and the space between the walls shall be filled entirely with the same
insulating material as that used for the ductwork.

5.3.10 The design of doors shall be such that a person cannot be trapped inside the duct. Each
door latch shall have an operating handle on both sides of the door, and each door shall be capable
of being opened with reasonable ease from the inside and the outside.

5.4 Fire dampers

Fire dampers shall comply with the applicable requirements of SANS 193.

5.5 Flexible joints

5.5.1 Flexible joints shall be provided for the suction and delivery connections of fans, air handling
units, for expansion joints inside buildings, and at such other positions as are specified by the
design engineer or purchaser (see annex A).

5.5.2 The material used for flexible joints shall be acceptable and such that it will be capable of
resisting the effects of the temperature, pressure, and mechanical stress to which it could be
subjected during its normal working life.

5.5.3 When the material is tested in accordance with 10.2.2 the indexes for surface spread of
flame, heat contribution, and smoke production shall not exceed 0,6 and the fire index shall not
exceed 0,5.

5.5.4 Where the fan situated inside an air handling unit is provided with an internal anti-vibration
mounting and flexible connections, no additional flexible connections are required (see annex A).

5.5.5 The design of each flexible joint shall be such that any pressure drop across the joint does
not increase the pressure drop of the section of ductwork where it is fitted.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

5.5.6 The flexible joint shall be made as short as practical and shall not exceed 200 mm in length.

5.5.7 The material of a flexible joint, when fitted, shall be free from folds and shall not be under
tension (see 5.5.2).

5.5.8 Flexible joint material shall be fastened to metal ductwork as follows:

a) In the case of a low-pressure system, in accordance with figure 1 or 2; and

b) in the case of a medium pressure system, in accordance with figure 2.

Other acceptable methods of fastening may be used provided that the joints produced have a
strength and efficiency at least equal to those of the joints specified above.

5.6 Sealants

5.6.1 A sealant that is adequately cured shall be applied to each longitudinal and transverse joint
in ductwork for use in medium pressure and high-pressure systems.

5.6.2 Sealant contact surfaces shall have been thoroughly cleaned before application of the
sealant.

5.6.3 Sealants shall be applied in accordance with the sealant manufacturer's recommendations.
NOTE Ductwork should not be pressurized before sealants have been completely cured.

5.6.4 When a properly cured sealant is tested in accordance with 10.2.2, the indexes for surface
spread of flame, heat contribution, and smoke production shall not exceed 0,6 and the fire index
shall not exceed 0,5.

5.7 Internal insulation

5.7.1 All ductwork, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser (see annex A), shall be acceptably
internally insulated.

NOTE External insulation on ductwork is covered in SANS 10173.

5.7.2 The thickness, maximum thermal conductivity, density and, if required by the purchaser (see
annex A), sound absorption coefficient of the insulation material, shall be as agreed upon between
the supplier and the purchaser (see annex A).

5.7.3 All portions of the ductwork that are intended to be insulated shall be completely lined with
the insulating material.

5.7.4 All joints in insulating material shall be neatly butted and sealed and, except where portions
of ductwork are not intended to be insulated, there shall be no interruptions or gaps.

5.7.5 Insulating material shall be cut and fitted to ensure tight joints, as shown in figure 3.

5.7.6 Flexible insulating material shall have been so cut as to ensure compressed longitudinal
joints, and these joints shall be covered with sealing membranes.

5.7.7 Transverse joints in insulating material shall be formed as follows:

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

a) Each transverse joint in insulating material at a duct joint shall have a metal nosing on the
upstream and downstream edges of the joint, as shown in figure 4.

b) Each transverse joint in insulating material other than at the joints referred to in (a) above shall
be covered with a sealing membrane.

5.7.8 The insulating material shall initially be fixed to the ductwork by means of an adhesive
(see 4.2) that is applied over the entire surface to which the insulation is to be fixed.

5.7.9 Mechanical fasteners shall be used in conjunction with the adhesive (see 5.7.8) for fixing
insulating material, and the fastener spacing shall be as shown in figure 3 and figure 5 for rigid and
flexible insulating materials respectively.

5.7.10 Each mechanical fastener shall have a head or a retaining washer of thickness at least
0,25 mm and a surface contact area corresponding with at least 25 mm diameter. Heads and
retaining washers of mechanical fasteners shall have no sharp edges.

5.7.11 The length of fasteners shall be such that they compress the insulating material sufficiently
to hold it firmly in place and fitted in accordance with the manufacturers' guidelines.

The thickness of the compressed material shall be at least 85 % of the original thickness.

5.7.12 Impact applied pins shall be of a type that is suitable only for application by means of
mechanical tools that are designed specially for this purpose.

5.7.13 Fasteners in ductwork for medium pressure and high-pressure systems shall not protrude
above the insulating material.

5.7.14 Insulating material that was torn or ruptured during application shall have been repaired in
an acceptable manner by means of a sealing membrane (see 4.1) and adhesive (see 4.2).

5.8 Electric heaters

5.8.1 Electric heaters may have open or enclosed heating elements and shall be of one of the
following constructions:

a) a flange type heater that is so designed that, when fitted, it forms a section of the duct and the
inside dimensions match the inside dimensions of the duct;

b) a slip-in type heater that is so constructed that the entire heater frame, excluding the terminal
box, can be inserted in an opening in one side of the duct without the removal of any duct
section.

5.8.2 Under conditions of minimum airflow, open coil elements shall be such that they operate at a
temperature not exceeding 700 °C, i.e. without significant red glow.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

5.8.3 Where a heater is installed (or is intended to be installed) in an internally insulated duct, the
duct insulating material shall be protected, for a distance of 300 mm upstream and 600 mm
downstream of the heater, by a liner of heat resistant insulating board of acceptable thickness
fastened to the inside of the insulating material.

5.8.4 If so required (see annex A), safety precautions regarding heater banks should be given
consideration.

6 Rectangular ductwork
6.1 Longitudinal seams
Longitudinal seams shall be of one of the types shown in table 2 appropriate to the duct material
and the pressure in the system.

Table 2 ― Types of longitudinal seams

1 2 3
Duct Low-pressure Medium and high-
material ductwork pressure ductwork
Mild steel sheet Figures 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 Figure 6 or 8

6.2 Material thicknesses, transverse joints, and duct stiffening

6.2.1 Low-pressure rectangular ductwork

Low-pressure rectangular ductwork shall comply with the relevant requirements given in
columns 3 to 9 of table 3, appropriate to the length of the longer side of the duct cross-section given
in column 2.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Table 3 ― Low-pressure ductwork details

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Maximum Maximum
Type of Slide-on
Longest Semi Minimum spacing spacing
intermediate flanges
Category side perimeter thickness between between Joint type
stiffener and
joint stiffener
joint stiffener

"S" slip & Drive Sheet

1 < 750 < 1 150 0,6 2 400 2 400 –
slipd stiffener a
Sheet
2 < 750 > 1 150 0,6 2 400 2 400 Slip-on flange stiffener a 25
Joint stiffenerb
Shee t
2 400 1 500 Slip-on flange 25
3 751 to 1 350 – 0,8 stiffener a
1 500 N/A Slip-on flange 25
Stiffenerc
4 1 351 to 2 100 – 1 1 500 1 500 Slip-on flange Stiffene r c 35
Angle mild
Mild steel
steel flange or
5 > 2 100 – 1,2 1 500 1 500 Stiffener c angle
slip-on flange
40×40×5
and tie rods
NOTE For hangers refer to SANS 10173.
a
Sheet stiffener – Either cross breaking, beading or pleating of longest side to be applied on all ducting where duct dimension is over
550 mm.
b
Joint stiffener – Refer to figures 9, 14 and 16 if required.
c
Stiffener – Inverted V strip or equal stiffener fixed on duct side to prevent panels vibrating and sagging. (Tie rods where necessary to
prevent drumming, vibration and sagging.)
d
See figures 11, 12 and 13

6.2.2 Medium pressure rectangular ductwork

[Link] Medium pressure rectangular ductwork shall comply with the relevant requirements given in
columns 3 to 10 of table 4 appropriate to the length of the longer side of the duct cross-section
given in column 2.

[Link] Tie rods, when required, shall be of diameter at least 8 mm and shall be situated on the
duct centre line, one at each transverse joint and stiffener, as shown in figure 18. Each tie rod shall
be secured to the standing part of the angle section or joint, as shown in figure 19.

[Link] Transverse stiffeners, when required on all four sides of the duct, shall be tied together at
each corner by riveting, bolting, or welding, as shown in figures 19 and 20, and when required on
only two sides, shall be tied together at the ends by either tie rods or angle sections, as shown in
figure 21.

10

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Table 4 ― Medium pressure rectangular ductwork details

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Spacing Angle section for
joints or stiffeners or joints Slip-on
stiffeners flanges
Dimension
Longer Transverse with for
Semi Sheet H
Category side of joints, beading, joints
perimeter thickness Figures 15
duct figure No. pleating Without tie With tie without
and 16
or cross rods rods tie
breaking rods
max.
1 < 750 < 1 150 0,8 15 and 17 1 200 25 × 25 × 3 – 25 25
25 × 25 × 3
2 < 750 > 1 150 0,8 15 and 17 1 200 32 × 32 × 3 40 35
1 tie rod
751 to 25 × 25 × 3
3 – 1 15 and 17 600 40 × 40 × 3 40 35
1 350 1 tie rod
1 351 to 40 × 40 × 3
4 – 1,2 17 600 50 × 50 × 5 40 35
2 100 1 tie rod
40 × 40 × 3
5 > 2 100 – 1,2 17 600 50 × 50 × 6 – –
2 tie rods
NOTE 1 For joint and stiffener arrangements refer to figures 15, 16, 18 and 19.
NOTE 2 For sheet stiffeners; either cross breaking, beading or pleating is acceptable.
NOTE 3 For hangers, refer to SANS 10173.

6.2.3 High-pressure rectangular ductwork

[Link] High-pressure rectangular ductwork shall comply with the relevant requirements given in
columns 3 to 8 of table 5, appropriate to the length of the longer side of the duct cross-section given
in column 2.

[Link] Transverse joints in high-pressure rectangular ductwork shall be of the angle flanged type
shown in figure 17.

[Link] Tie rods, when required, shall be of diameter at least 8 mm and shall be situated on the
duct centre line, one at each transverse joint and stiffener, as shown in figure 18. Each tie rod shall
be secured to the standing part of the angle section or joint by welding, as shown in figure 19.

11

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Table 5 ― High-pressure rectangular ductwork details

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Spacing Angles section for
joints or stiffeners or joints Slip-on
Longer Sheet stiffeners with flanges for
Semi peri- beading,
Category side of thick- joints
meter pleating or
duct ness Without tie without tie
cross With tie rods
rods rods
breaking
max.
1 < 750 < 1 150 0,8 1 200 25 × 25 × 3 – 35
40 × 40 × 3
2 < 750 > 1 150 1 600 40 × 40 × 3 35
1 tie rod
751 to 40 × 40 × 4
3 – 1 600 50 × 50 × 6 –
1 350 1 tie rod
1 351 to 40 × 40 × 4
4 – 1,2 600 – –
2100 2 tie rods
50 × 50 × 5
5 > 2 100 – 1,2 600 – –
2 tie rods
NOTE 1 For joint and stiffener arrangements refer to figure 17.
NOTE 2 For sheet stiffeners; either cross breaking, beading or pleating is acceptable.
NOTE 3 For hangers refer to SANS 10173.

6.3 Changes in size and shape of duct

6.3.1 Changes in the cross-sectional area of a duct that are necessitated by branch connections
shall be so made that the cross-sectional area is reduced downstream of an outlet branch and
increased upstream of an inlet branch (see figures 22 and 23). Duct sizing shall be in accordance
with standard sizing methods.

6.3.2 Any change made in the shape of a duct shall not be accompanied by a significant change in
the cross-sectional area or a longitudinal change in direction taper exceeding 22,5° in any internal
surface other than at a bend or branch.

6.3.3 When a reduction in the cross-sectional area and shape of duct is necessary (e.g. because
of an obstruction), the reduction shall not exceed 20 % and any longitudinal change in direction of
an internal surface shall not exceed the values given in figure 24.

6.4 Fittings

6.4.1 General

[Link] Each fitting shall comply with the applicable requirements given in 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3.

[Link] The designer, purchaser and manufacturer shall take note of the relevant pressure drops of
ductwork and fittings for optimal duct system pressure, energy usage and manufacturing costs.

12

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

6.4.2 Radiused bends and turning vanes

[Link] Except as allowed in terms of [Link], long radiused bends shall be constructed with a
throat radius equal to 0,75 times the width (see figure 25). A medium radius bend shall have an
inside throat radius equal to 0,5 times the duct width.

[Link] Short radius bends may be manufactured without turning vanes where the inside throat
radius is not less than 0,33 times the duct width.

[Link] Where the design engineer decides for whatever reason that compliance with the above
clauses is not practicable, and that bends are required with a short throat radius, then such bends
shall be fitted with turning vanes (see figure 26).

[Link] Turning vanes shall comply with the following requirements:

a) Turning vanes for low, medium and high-pressure ductwork shall be of the same metal and
thickness as those of the bend and shall be fixed to the flat side of the bend by means of spot
welding, bolts, or mechanically closed rivets, or by other acceptable means.

b) The leading and trailing edges of turning vanes shall be reinforced by a fold of at least 10 mm
which is crimped back on itself.

c) In addition to the requirements above, turning vanes shall be supported on the leading and
trailing edges by means of tie rods as shown in table 6.

d) Turning vanes on the flat sides of radiused bends shall be arranged in a radial pattern, and the
spacing, measured along the centre line of the bend, shall be the appropriate value for joints and
stiffeners given in tables 3, 4, or 5, as applicable.

NOTE See annex B for turning vane spacing selection chart.

Table 6 ― Requirements for turning vanes

1 2 3 4 5
Width or depth
Number of turning Number of tie Rod diameter Figure
of duct
vanes on width rods on depth mm reference
mm
Up to 300 0 0 – –
301 to 600 1 1 6 27
601 to 1 000 2 2 8 28
1 001 to 1 600 3 3 8 29
>1 601 3 4 8 29

6.4.3 Square bends and turning vanes

[Link] Each square bend shall have metallic or non-metallic turning vanes, the thickness, strength,
and durability of which shall be at least equal to those of the material of the bend.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

[Link] For low-pressure ductwork the turning vanes

a) shall be of the single-skin type with a maximum spacing of 60 mm,

b) shall extend over the full 90° of the bend, the vane radius being equal to 2,5 times the spacing
(see figure 30), and

c) shall be securely fastened at each end to internal runners attached to the duct by welds, bolts, or
mechanically closed rivets that are spaced at intervals not exceeding 150 mm.

[Link] For medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork the turning vanes shall be of the double-
skin aerofoil type constructed and spaced as shown in figure 31, and shall be securely fastened at
each end as in [Link](c).

[Link] The maximum distance between vane supports (see figure 32) shall be 750 mm. Where
runners for intermediate vane supports are required, these runners shall be rigidly fixed to the duct
walls at each end.

6.4.4 Branches

[Link] Branches for low-pressure ductwork shall be connected to the main duct by means of joints
of one of the types shown in figures 6, 7, 8, and 9.

[Link] Branches for medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork shall be connected to the main
duct by continuous welding or by a bolted flange, as in figure 33.

[Link] Constructional details for branch ducts shall be as shown in the applicable of figures
34 and 35.

[Link] Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier (see annex A), a
straight T-branch, i.e. without the 45° portion as shown in figures 34 and 35, is not acceptable.

[Link] Branch ducts shall comply with the applicable requirement of 6.3.1.

6.4.5 "T" pieces (twin bends)

Radiused twin bends shall be as shown in figure 36 and square twin bends shall be as shown in
figure 37. Twin bends shall comply with the relevant requirements for radiused or square bends
given in 6.4.2 or 6.4.3 and with the applicable requirement of 6.3.1.

6.5 Volume dampers

6.5.1 General requirements

[Link] The inside cross-sectional area of the casing of a volume damper shall be equal to that of
the ductwork, and the casing shall conform to the same standards of airtightness as apply to the
rest of the ductwork system and be such that it allows the blades to close completely.

[Link] Each damper assembly shall be of rigid construction and, if intended for the isolation of a
section of ducting, acceptably airtight when the blades are closed.

[Link] Each damper assembly shall be designed and constructed to prevent distortion, jamming,
and vibration during operation.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

[Link] Each hand-controlled damper shall be provided (on the outside of the duct) with a locking
device that also clearly indicates the position of the blade(s).

[Link] Spindles shall be carried in non-ferrous metal or nylon bushes or in ball bearings.

[Link] Dampers for medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork shall be positioned in areas of
relatively low velocity.

[Link] There shall be at least one regulating damper in each branch duct serving four or more air
terminal points, and the number of additional regulating dampers and the position of each shall be
as specified by the purchaser. The positioning of dampers shall, where practicable, be as shown in
figures 38 and 39.

6.5.2 Single blade dampers

[Link] The width and length of each single blade damper shall not exceed 200 mm and 1 000 mm
respectively.

[Link] A single blade damper shall not be used in arrangements other than those shown in
figures 38 and 39.

[Link] The overall dimensions of the blade of a regulating damper shall be such that, when
assembled in a duct, the clearance between the damper and the duct is suitable for the purpose for
which it was designed and the clearance shall be agreed upon between the supplier and the
purchaser (see annex A).

[Link] Each damper shall have an acceptable stop that is integral with or is securely fixed to the
casing and that prevents the damper blade from being moved past the fully closed position.

6.5.3 Multiple blade dampers

[Link] Multiple blade dampers shall be used for all damper applications not covered in 6.5.2 and
shall

a) be of the opposed blade type shown in figure 40 unless the damper is required solely for isolation
of one portion of a system from another, in which case it may be of the parallel blade type shown
in figure 41,

NOTE Multiple blade dampers of an acceptable type other than those shown in figures 40 and 41 may be
used provided that they are of the same strength and durability as those specified.

b) be contained in separate purpose-made demountable flanged casings of rigid construction, and

c) incorporate stops, in the form of angles mounted on the inside of the casing, for both the top and
bottom blades.

[Link] The length of individual damper blades shall not exceed 1 200 mm. Spans greater than
1 200 mm shall be covered by the use of multiple frame units.

[Link] The height of individual damper blades shall not exceed 225 mm and, in order to reduce
penetrations through the casing to a minimum, the blades shall be connected internally by means of
a linkage system and have only one external operating shaft.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

7 Circular ductwork
7.1 Longitudinal seams and metal thickness

7.1.1 Longitudinal seams

Longitudinal seams shall be of one of the following types:

a) spiral wound (for use in steel and aluminium ductwork (see figure 42)); or

b) lock-formed longitudinal seams (for use in steel ductwork (see figure 44)).

The recommended lengths for circular ducts are 1,2 m, 3,0 m, or 6,0 m. The decision depends on
site handling and transport convenience.

7.1.2 Metal thickness

The minimum thickness of the metal shall be the value given in table 7 for the operating pressure of
low-pressure and high-pressure ductwork appropriate for the size of the duct and for lock-formed
longitudinal seam or spiral wound seam.

Table 7 ― Minimum metal thickness for round/circular ductwork and fittings

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Low-pressure duct Medium/high-pressure duct Low-pressure duct
(max. 500 Pa + static (max. 2500 Pa + static (max. 500 Pa - static
Duct diameter pressure) pressure) pressure)
Spiral Lock type Spiral Lock type Spiral Lock type
Up to 350 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,6
351 to 660 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,6 0,8
661 to 900 0,6 0,6 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8
901 to 1 250 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,0 1,2
1 251 to 1 600 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,0 1,2
1 601 to 2 100 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,6 1,2 1,6
NOTE 1 Low-pressure ductwork maximum velocity 10 m/s.
NOTE 2 High-pressure ductwork maximum velocity 40 m/s.

7.2 Transverse joints and duct stiffening

7.2.1 Transverse joints shall be of one of the types shown in figures 45 to 48 (inclusive).

7.2.2 Duct stiffening in the form of angle sections shall be applied as specified in table 8 for low-
pressure ductwork with lock-formed longitudinal seams as shown in columns 2 and 3 of table 8.
Stiffening for spiral wound seam ducting shall be a spirally wound bead on the larger sizes as
shown in columns 4 and 5 of table 9 (medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork).

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

7.2.3 Duct stiffeners for medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork shall also be of lock-formed
longitudinal seams as shown in columns 2 and 3 of table 9. Spacing between stiffeners shall be as
indicated in table 8 for low-pressure circular ductwork. No stiffening bead is required for low-
pressure spiral wound circular ductwork as indicated in columns 4 and 5 of table 8.

NOTE Certain types of duct-forming machinery automatically form the stiffening bead (referred to in column 5
of table 8).

7.2.4 Angle section rings used in transverse joints of the type in figure 46 shall be deemed to be
acceptable stiffeners.

Table 8 ― Duct stiffening for low-pressure circular ductwork

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5
Lock-formed Spiral wound seam
a
Duct diameter Spacing between Angle Spacing between
ab
stiffeners section stiffeners Stiffening bead
max. min. max.
Up to 200 Unlimited None Unlimited None
201 to 450 Unlimited None Unlimited None
451 to 800 1 200 25 × 25 × 3 N/A None
801 to 1 200 1 200 30 × 30 × 3 N/A None
1 201 to 1 600 1 200 30 × 30 × 3 N/A None
a
Where a rolled-in bead is included in a spiral wound duct the diameter rating above may be increased by 25 %.
b
Where bead is part of manufacturing process.

Table 9 ― Joints and duct stiffening for medium pressure

and high-pressure circular ductwork

Dimensions in millimetres
1 2 3 4 5
Lock-formed Spiral wound seam
Duct diameter Spacing between Angle Spacing between
Stiffening bead or
stiffeners section stiffeners
angle stiffener
max. min. max.
Up to 200 Unlimited 25 × 25 × 3 Unlimited None
201 to 500 Unlimited 25 × 25 × 3 N/A Spiral bead
501 to 1 000 1 800 30 × 30 × 3 N/A Spiral bead
1 001 to 1 200 1 800 30 × 30 × 3 N/A Spiral bead
1 201 to 1 600 1 800 30 × 30 × 3 N/A Spiral bead
1 601 to 2 000 1 200 40 × 40 × 4 N/A Spiral bead

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

7.3 Fittings for circular ductwork

7.3.1 Stiffening for circular ductwork fittings shall comply with the relevant requirements of 7.2.2.

7.3.2 The metal thickness of metal for fittings shall not be less than that shown for straight ducting
nor the minimum which would be suitable for fabrication.

7.3.3 The throat radius of each pressed long radius bend shall be equal to at least the nominal
internal diameter “d” of the duct. A medium radius bend shall have a throat radius ½d (see
figure 49).

7.3.4 Segmented bends for 90°, 60°, 45°, and 30° shall be constructed as individual fittings as
shown in figures 50, 51, 52 and 53. Seams may be welded, lapped and spot welded, standing lock
seams or flat lock seams.

7.3.5 Changes in the cross-sectional area of a duct near inlet and outlet branches shall comply
with the requirements of 6.3.1.

7.3.6 The maximum included angle for concentric tapers (change in size fittings) shall be 15° and
in eccentric tapers as in figures 54 and 55.

7.3.7 Branches off a main duct shall be square, angled or conical as shown in figures 56, 57,
and 58.

7.3.8 Offsets in ductwork shall be a maximum of 30° with mitred or segmented bends (see
figure 59).

7.4 Volume dampers

7.4.1 The requirements of 6.5.1 shall apply.

7.4.2 The diameter of the blade of a regulating damper may be slightly smaller than the inside
diameter of the duct.

7.4.3 Each damper shall incorporate a stop that is integral with or is securely fixed to the easing
and is so positioned as to prevent the damper blade from moving past the fully closed position.

8 Corrosion protection
8.1 Protection against mildly corrosive conditions
Mild steel sheeting shall be galvanized in accordance with SANS 3575 with a coating of commercial
or light class, as specified by the purchaser.

8.2 Protection against natural severely corrosive conditions

All metal surfaces that are not inherently corrosion resistant shall have been thoroughly degreased
and cleaned and shall have had applied to them a satisfactory protective paint system. Unless
otherwise specified by the purchaser (see annex A), such a system shall consist of one coat of a
two-pack metal etch primer that has been allowed to dry for at least 24 h, followed by two coats of
an acceptable paint of one of the following types:

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

a) two-pack epoxy enamel;

b) pure vinyl resin-based chemical resisting paint; and

c) two-pack polyurethane-based chemical resisting paint.

Unless other limits are specified (see annex A), the total dry film thickness of the paint-primer
system shall be at least 85 µm.

8.3 Protection against severe chemically corrosive conditions1)

The treatment to be applied to metal surfaces that are not inherently corrosion resistant shall be as
agreed between the supplier and the purchaser (see annex A).

9 Sampling and compliance with the standard

NOTE This section applies to the sampling for inspection and testing before acceptance or rejection of single
lots (consignments) in cases where no information about the implementation of quality control or testing during
manufacture is available to help in assessing the quality of the lot. It is also used as the procedure for
adjudicating in cases of dispute.

Because it is not always practicable to submit a sample from ductwork and fittings manufactured for
a particular system, the sampling procedure to be adopted and the criteria of compliance shall be as
agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser (see annex A).

NOTE It is recommended that such an agreement should include acceptance of the results of tests carried
out on a group sample from each group of items of ductwork and fittings in the consignment, as proof of
compliance of the corresponding ductwork and fittings in the consignment, provided that such test results are
accompanied by satisfactory certification that the materials used in the ductwork and fittings in the
consignment are not inferior to those used in the group sample.

10 Inspection and methods of test

10.1 Inspection
Inspect the ductwork and fittings for compliance with all the requirements of the standard, and the
relevant material standards.

10.2 Surface fire index of adhesives, sealants and membranes

10.2.1 Test specimens

Prepare a duplicate set of test specimens as follows:

Using the procedure and curing time recommended by the manufacturer of the adhesive/sealant,
apply the adhesive/sealant to an asbestos board of width 350 mm and length 2 440 mm and allow
the adhesive/sealant to cure.

10.2.2 Procedure

Use SANS 10177-3 and check for compliance with 4.1, 4.2, 5.5.3 and 5.6.4.

1) In atmospheres where corrosive chemical pollutants are abundant.

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 1 ― Fastening of flexible material to metal ductwork

(for low-pressure ductwork only)

Figure 2 ― Fastening of flexible material to metal ductwork

(for low-pressure and medium pressure rectangular ductwork)

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Spacing of mechanical fasteners
Duct system mm
A B C D E F
Low-pressure 75 400 400 400 400 400
Medium pressure 75 400 400 400 400 400
High-pressure 75 300 300 300 300 300

Figure 3 ― Fastening of rigid internal insulating material

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

For rigid insulating material

For flexible insulating material

Figure 4 ― Metal nosing for transverse joints in insulating material

(at duct joints only)

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Figure 5 ― Fastening of flexible internal insulating material

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

NOTE 1 Not to be used on ducts of width exceeding 800 mm.

NOTE 2 For low-pressure rectangular steel ductwork only.

Figure 6 ― Pittsburgh lock

Figure 7 ― Button punch snap lock

NOTE For low-pressure rectangular ductwork only.

Figure 8 ― Grooved seam Figure 9 ― Double seam

NOTE 1 For low-pressure ductwork only.

NOTE 2 Not to be used on ducts in which the longer
cross-sectional dimension exceeds 600 mm.
NOTE For low-pressure rectangular
ductwork only.

Figure 10 ― Riveted or welded lap seam Figure 11 ― Drive slip

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

NOTE 1 For low-pressure ductwork only.

NOTE 2 Not to be used on ducts in which the side is NOTE 1 For low-pressure ductwork only.
longer than 600 mm. NOTE 2 Not to be used on ducts in which the longer
NOTE 3 0,8 mm sheet metal. cross-sectional dimension exceeds 1 000 mm.
NOTE 3 0,8 mm sheet metal.
Figure 12 ― Plain "S" slip
Figure 13 ― Hemmed "S" slip

NOTE 1 For low-pressure ductwork only.

NOTE 2 Used only on ducts in which the longer NOTE 1 For low-pressure ductwork in which the longer
cross-sectional dimension is between 601 mm cross-sectional dimension is between 801 mm
and 1 000 mm. and 2 000 mm.
NOTE 3 0,8 mm sheet metal. NOTE 2 For all medium pressure and high-pressure
NOTE 4 Bar reinforcement may be added. ductwork.

Figure 15 ― Flanged joint

Figure 14 ― Bar slip

NOTE 1 For low-pressure and medium pressure ductwork NOTE 1 For medium pressure and high-pressure
only. ductwork.
NOTE 2 Used only on ducts in which the longer NOTE 2 Flange sizes as per tables 4 and 5.
cross-sectional dimension is between 601 mm NOTE 3 Duct ends bent up 10 mm.
and 1 000 mm. NOTE 4 Bolts at 150 mm centres.
NOTE 3 Corner angle clip required for sealing.
NOTE 4 0,8 mm sheet metal.
NOTE 4 Angle reinforcement may be added.

Figure 16 ― Reinforced drive slip Figure 17 ― Angle flanged joint

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Edition 2

Figure 18 ― Tie rod positioning

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Edition 2

Figure 19 ― Method of attaching tie rod to stiffening angle

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 21 ― Transverse stiffeners

Figure 20 ― Transverse stiffeners on all four sides
on two sides only

Figure 22 ― Contraction after branch connection

Figure 23 ― Expansion after branch connection

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 24 ― Expansions and contractions

Figure 25 ― Radius bend without turning vanes Figure 26 ― Turning vane fastening for bends with
100 mm throat bending radius

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 27 ― One turning vane for bends with Figure 28 ― Two turning vanes for bends with 100 mm
100 mm throat bending radius throat bending radius.

Figure 29 ― Turning vane for bends with 100 mm throat

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SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 30 ― Guide vanes for low-pressure ductwork

Figure 31 ― Aerofoil type guide vanes for square bends

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Figure 32 ― Guide vanes for square bends

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SANS 1238:2005
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NOTE For medium pressure and high-pressure ductwork only.

Figure 33 ― Bolted flange branch

Figure 34 ― Branch for branch ducts up to 400 mm wide

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SANS 1238:2005
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Figure 35 ― Branch for branch ducts over 400 mm wide

Figure 36 ― Radiused twin bend

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Figure 37 ― Square twin bend

Figure 38 ― Damper positioning ― Supply

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Figure 39 ― Damper positioning ― Extract

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Figure 40 ― Multiple blade damper ― Opposed blade operation

Figure 41 ― Multiple blade damper ― Parallel blade operation

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Figure 42 ― Spiral wound seam

NOTE Not for aluminium ductwork.

Figure 43 ― Butt welded seam

Figure 44 ― Lock-formed seam

NOTE For use on hand-rolled cirular ductwork.

38

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 45 ― Slip joint

Figure 46 ― Angle section flanged joint

39

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 47 ― Socket and spigot joint

Figure 48 ― Draw band joint

40

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

NOTE A medium radius pressed bend to have throat radius of 0,5 d

Figure 49 ― Long radius pressed bends, θ = 90°, 60°, 45°, or 30°

NOTE May also be a four-segmented bend

Figure 50 ― Five-segmented bends

41

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 51 ― 60-degree segmented bend

Figure 52 ― 45-degree segmented bend

Figure 53 ― 30-degree segmented bend

Figure 54 ― Concentric taper

42

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 55 ― Eccentric taper

Figure 56 ― Square branch

Figure 57 ― Angled branch

43

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Figure 58 ― Conical branch

Figure 59 ― Offset duct

44

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Annex A
(normative)

Notes to purchasers
The following requirements shall be specified in tender invitations and in each order or contract:

a) the material for ductwork and the type of system (low-pressure, medium pressure, or high-
pressure) for which the ductwork is required (see 5.1.1);

b) points at which additional flexible joints are required (see 5.5.1 and 5.5.4);

c) the quality and fitment of duct insulating material, if other than as specified (see 5.7.1);

d) the thickness, maximum thermal conductivity, density and (when relevant), sound absorption
coefficient of the insulation material (see 5.7.2);

e) when relevant, the extent of insulation required, if any (see 5.7.2);

f) if required, that safety precautions regarding heater banks should be given consideration and
agreed to (see 5.8.4);

g) if required, that a straight T-branch be used (see [Link]);

h) when relevant, the dimensions of the clearance between the regulating damper and the duct (see
[Link]);

i) the protective paint system and its thickness, if other than as specified (see 8.2);

j) when relevant, the anti-corrosion treatment (see 8.2 and 8.3); and

k) which sampling procedure shall be adopted and the criteria of compliance with the standard (see
clause 9).

45

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
The standard must reside on an internal network or intranet and may only be used for reference purposes in compliance with SABS
copyright rules. The standard or parts thereof may not be distributed in any form without permission from the SABS.

SANS 1238:2005
Edition 2

Annex B
(informative)

Figure B.1 ― Turning vane spacing selection chart

Example:

Duct width 650 mm with inside radius 100 mm.

Outside radius 750 mm.

From table 6 – requires two turning vanes.

Draw a line from 100 mm inside radius to 750 mm outside radius.
From lines 1 of 2 and 2 of 2 the respective vane radii are 190 mm and 375 mm.

© Standards South Africa

46

© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.