Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school

Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Unit 5 : circles
Unit Outcomes
 Explain the symmetrical properties of circles.
 Use the symmetrical properties of circles to solve related
problems.
 Write angle properties of circles in their own words.
 Apply angle properties of circles to solve related
problems.
 Find perimeters and areas of segments and sectors
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

As introduction let as the following video

Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 A circle is the locus of points (set of points) in a plane each of

which is equidistant from a fixed point in the plane.

 The fixed point is called the center of the circle and the
constant distance is called its radius.
 Thus, the circle is defined by its center O and radius r.
 𝐴 = 𝜋‫ ݎ‬2 and perimeter of the circle, 𝑃 = 2𝜋‫ݎ‬.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 Observe that in a symmetrical figure the length of any

line segment or the size of any angle in one half of the
figure is equal to the length of the corresponding line
segment or the size of the corresponding angle in the
other half of the figure.
 If in figure 5.1, point 𝑃 coincides with point 𝑄 when the
figure is about line 𝐴𝐵 and if PQ intersects line 𝐴𝐵 at 𝑁,
then ∠𝑃N𝐴 coincides with ∠𝑄N𝐴 and therefore each is a
right angle with 𝑃𝑁 ≡ 𝑄𝑁.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 If 𝑃 and 𝑄 are the corresponding points for a line of

symmetry 𝐴𝐵 , the perpendicular bisector of 𝑃𝑄 is 𝐴𝐵 .
Conversely, if 𝐴𝐵 is the perpendicular bisector of PQ
then 𝑃 and 𝑄 are corresponding points for the line of
symmetry 𝐴𝐵 and we say that 𝑃 is the image of 𝑄 and 𝑄
is the image of 𝑃 in line segment 𝐴𝐵.

figure 5.1
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 If we fold a circle over any of its diameters, then the parts

of the circle on each side of the diameter will match up
and the parts of the circle on each side of the diameter
must have the same area.
 Thus, any diameter of a circle can be considered as a line
of symmetry for the circle.
 An object can have zero lines of symmetry or it can have
infinite lines of symmetry
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
Examples 1: Determine the number of lines of symmetry for
the figure 5.2.

Solution: We know that a circle has infinite lines of symmetry

but as per the given Figure 5.2, a circle has been inscribed in
a square. A square has 4 lines of symmetry.

Therefore, the given figure 5.2 has 4 lines of symmetry as

shown in figure 5.3 below
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

figure 5.1

Theorem 5.1 The line segment joining the center of a circle to

the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

Try to proof theorem 5.1 as class work .

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Proof: Given: A circle with center 𝑂 and a chord 𝑃𝑄 whose

midpoint is 𝑀 (see figure 5.4).
 We want to prove that ∠𝑂MP is a right angle.
 Draw the diameter 𝑆𝑇 through point M.
 Then, the circle is symmetric
about 𝑆𝑇 and 𝑃𝑀 ≡ 𝑄𝑀.
So 𝑆𝑇 is perpendicular bisector of 𝑃𝑄
and hence ∠𝑂MP is a right angle. Figure 5.4
Home Work Exercise 5.1 : 1&2
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Characteristics of Chord (1)

Theorem 5.2 The line segment drawn from the center of a circle
perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord
Proof: Given: A circle with center 𝑂 and 𝑂𝑁 is drawn from center 𝑂
perpendicular to the chord 𝐴𝐵 as shown in figure 5.5.
We want to prove that 𝐴𝑁 ≡𝑁𝐵 . Join 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵
1. 𝑂𝐴 ≡ 𝑂𝐵 radii of circle
2. m(∠𝐴𝑁𝑂) = 𝑚(∠𝐵𝑁𝑂) both equal to 90°
3. 𝑂𝑁 ≡ 𝑂𝑁 common side
4. ∆𝐴𝑂𝑁 ≡ ∆𝐵𝑂𝑁 by RHS-criteria of congruency
5. 𝐴𝑁 ≡ 𝐵𝑁 by step 4 Figure 5.5
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Theorem 5.3 Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center
of the circle.

Proof: Given: Chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are equal in length.

Construction: Join points 𝐴 and 𝐶 with center 𝑂 and drop
perpendiculars from 𝑂 to the chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷
(see figure 5.6).
We want to prove 𝑂𝑃 ≡ 𝑂𝑄

Figure 5.6
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Steps Statement Reason

1 𝐴𝐵 The perpendicular from the

𝐴𝑃 = ,
2
𝐶𝐷 center bisects the chord
CQ =
2
2
𝑚(∠𝐶𝑄𝑂) 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑂𝑄 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷
= m(∠𝐴𝑃𝑂)
= 90°
3
0𝐴 ≡ 𝑂𝐶 Radii of the same circle
4
𝐴𝐵 ≡ 𝐶𝐷 Given
5
𝛥OPA ≡ 𝛥OQC RHS postulate of congruency
6
𝑂𝑃 ≡ 𝑂𝑄 From statement 5
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 2: In figure 5.7, a chord of a circle of radius 5 cm is

8 cm long. Find the distance of the chord from the center.
Solution: Given: 𝐴𝐵 = 8cm and 𝑂𝐵 = 5cm
𝑂𝑀2 + 𝑀𝐵2 = 𝑂𝐵2
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐵2 − 𝑀𝐵2

= 52 − 42

= 25 − 16
= 9 𝑐𝑚 Figure 5.7
= 3cm.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Home Work Exercise 5.2

Characteristics of Chord (2)
Theorem 5.4 If the angles subtended by the chords of a circle
are equal in measure, then the length of the chords are equal.
Proof: From figure 5.8, consider ∆AOB and ∆POQ.

Figure 5.8
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Home Work Exercise 5.2

Steps Statement Reason
1
A𝑂B ≡ P𝑂Q Given
2 0𝐴 ≡ 𝑂𝐵 ≡ 𝑂𝑃 ≡ 𝑂𝑄 Radii of the same circle

3 𝛥A OB ≡ 𝛥POQ SAS postulate of

congruence
4 𝐴𝐵 ≡ 𝑃𝑄 From step 3

Theorem 5.5 Chords which are equal in length subtend equal

angles at the center of the circle.(Proof it !)
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Proof: From figure 5.9, consider ∆AOB and ∆POQ

We want to prove ∠AOB ≡ ∠POQ.

Figure 5.9
Steps Statement Reason
1
𝐴𝐵 ≡ 𝑃𝑄 Given
2
0𝐴 ≡ 𝑂𝐵 ≡ 𝑂𝑃 ≡ 𝑂𝑄 Radii of the same circle
3
𝛥AOB ≡ 𝛥POQ SSS postulate of congruence
4
𝑚(∠AOB) From step 3
= m(∠𝑃𝑂Q)
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Home Work Exercise 5.3 : 1, 2 &3

Angle Properties of Circles

Central Angles and Inscribed Angles (1)
Activity 5.2 :
[Link] the following terms: chord, diameter,
radius, tangent, secant, arc.
2. Discuss a major and minor arc.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 Chord: A line segment joining two points of a circle or a line segment

whose end points lie on the circle.
 Diameter: The largest chord through the center of a circle.
 Radius: A line segment drawn from the center to any point on the
circle.
 Tangent: any line which touches the outer part of the circle at only
one point.
 Secant: A line that intersects a circle at two points.
 A diameter is a perpendicular bisector of a chord.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 A major arc is an arc connecting two endpoints on a circle

and its measure is greater than180°or π.

Figure 5.10

 Minor arc is an arc connecting two endpoints on a circle

and its measure is less than 180° or π.
Figure 5.11
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 A major arc is usually referred to with three letters

(𝐴𝐵𝐶 )and
 A minor arc is usually referred to with only two
letters(𝐴𝐵).
 A central angle is an angle formed by two radii with vertex
at the center of the circle.

Figure 5.12
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 An inscribed angle is an angle with vertex on the circle

formed by two intersecting chords

Figure 5.13

Example1: In figure 5.14, m(∠𝐴𝑂𝐵) is a central angle

with an intercepted minor arc 𝐴𝐵 whose measure is 82°,
i.e. X = 82°.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Figure 5.14

Theorem 5.6 If an inscribed and a central angle intercept the

same arc, then the measure of an inscribed angle is half of the
measure of a central angle
Proof !
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Figure 5.16
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Case I. The diameter lies along one ray of an inscribed angle

(see figure 5.17) .
Step 1 Spot the isosceles triangle.
𝐵𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 are both radii,
so they have the same length. So, ∆𝐷𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles,
which also means that its base angles are congruent. Figure 5.17
Then, 𝑚(∠𝐵𝐶𝐷) = 𝑚(∠𝐵𝐷𝐶) = 𝑎.
Step 2. Spot the straight angle. So, 𝑚(∠𝐷𝐵𝐶) = 180° − 𝜃
Step 3. Write an equation and solve for 𝑎.
𝑎 + 𝑎 + (180° − 𝜃) = 180°
which implies 2𝑎 − 𝜃 = 0 which again implies 2𝑎 = 𝜃. Proved
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Case II. The diameter is between the rays of the inscribed

angle 𝑎 (see figure 5.18).
Step 1: Draw a diameter and using the
diameter let’s break ‘𝑎’ into 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 ,
and 𝜃 into 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 as shown in figure 5.18.
Step 2 : Use what we learned from case I to establish
two equations • 𝑎1 + 𝑎1 + (180° − 𝜃1 ) = 180°
2 𝑎1 − 𝜃1 = 0
which implies 2 𝑎1 = 𝜃1 .
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + (180° − 𝜃2 ) = 180°
which implies 𝜃2 = 2 𝑎2 .
Step 3 Add the above two equations
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 2 𝑎1 + 2 𝑎2
which implies 𝜃 = 2( 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 ) = 2𝑎.
Case III. The diameter is outside the rays of the inscribed
angle.
Step 1: Draw a diameter and using the diameter
let’s create two new angles 𝜃2 and 𝑎2 as shown in figure 5.19.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Step 2: Use what we learned from case I to establish two

equations.
• 𝑎2 + 𝑎2 + (180° − 𝜃2 ) = 180°
2𝑎2 − 𝜃2 = 0 which implies
2𝑎2 = 𝜃2
• 𝑎 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 + (180° − 𝜃2 − 𝜃) = 180° Figure 5.19
2𝑎 + 2𝑎2 − 𝜃2 − 𝜃 = 0 .
but 2𝑎2 = 𝜃2
 𝜃 = 2𝑎. We prove that 𝜃 = 2𝑎.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 1: In the figure 5.20, if 𝑂 is the center of a circle

with 𝑚(∠𝑃R𝑄) = 75° , what is the size of ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄?
Solution: 𝑚(∠𝑃𝑂𝑄) = 2 × 𝑚(∠𝑃𝑅𝑄)
= 2 × 75° = 150°.

Figure 5.20
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 2: In the figure 5.21, 𝑂 is the center of a circle.

Find the measure of ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
Solution: m(∠A𝐵C )is an inscribed angle.
1 1
So, m(∠ABC) = m(arc AC) = (74° ) = 37° .
2 2

Figure 5.21
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Home Work Exercise 5.4 No 2 : a &b.

.
Central Angles and Inscribed Angles (2)

Theorem 5.7 Inscribed angles subtended by the same arc have

the same measure
1
Proof :In Figure 5.22, m(∠𝐴P𝐵) = m(∠𝐴O𝐵)
2

(By theorem 5.6)

1
m(∠𝐴Q𝐵) = m(∠𝐴O𝐵)
2

(By theorem 5.6)

Therefore, m(∠𝐴P𝐵) = m(∠𝐴Q𝐵). Figure 5.22
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example1 : In the figure 5.23, what is the measure of angle 𝐶𝐵𝑋?

.
Solution: Given: m(∠𝐴D𝐵) = m(∠𝐴C𝐵) = 32°
and ∠𝐴C𝐵 ≡ ∠𝑋C𝐵.
So, in 𝛥𝐵𝑋𝐶 we have 𝑚(∠𝐵X𝐶) = 85°
and 𝑚(∠𝑋C𝐵) = 32°.
By angle sum theorem,
𝑚(∠𝐶B𝑋) + 𝑚(∠𝐵X𝐶) + 𝑚(∠𝐵C𝑋) = 180°. Figure 2.23
𝑚(∠𝐶𝐵𝑋) + 85° + 32° = 180°.
𝑚(∠𝐶𝐵𝑋) = 180° − 117°

= 63°.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Theorem 5.8 Angle in a semicircle (Thales' Theorem)

An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle
Proof : The given angle A𝑃B is subtended by :
a semicircle as shown in figure 5.24.
The corresponding central angle
which is subtended by arc 𝐴𝐵 is
a straight angle, that is, the central angle is 180°. Figure 2.24

Hence, by theorem 5.6,

1 1
m(∠𝐴P𝐵) = m(∠𝐴O𝐵) = × 180° = 90°
2 2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
Example1: For the given circle with center 𝑂 as shown in the

figure 5.25, find the measure of the angle x and y.

Solution: m (𝑥 ) = 70° ; because it is an inscribed
angle that subtended by arc 2(70° ) =140°
1
so m (𝑦) = × 140° = 70° .
2

m (𝑦) = 20° ; because it is an inscribed

angle that subtended by arc Figure 2.25

180° − 140°
1
= 40° ; so m (𝑦) = × 40° = 20° .
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Cyclic Quadrilateral
Definition 5.1 : A quadrilateral is said to be a cyclic
quadrilateral if there is a circle passing through all
its four vertices.
Theorem 5.9 In a cyclic quadrilateral WXYZ in
figure 5.26, the sum of either pair of opposite angles is 180° .
Proof: Given: A cyclic quadrilateral WXYZ is inscribed in
a circle with center 𝑂 as shown in figure 5.26.
Construction: Join the vertices 𝑊 and 𝑌 with center 𝑂
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 We want to show: m(∠WXY) + m(∠ WZY) = 180°.

Consider arc WXY and arc WZY
1. ∠WOY ≡ 2 (∠WZY)
(The angle subtended by same arc
is half of the angle subtended at the center) Figure 2.26
2. Reflex angle WOY ≡ 2arcWXY
(the angle subtended by same arc is half of the angle
subtended at the center)
3. m(∠WOY) + Reflex m(∠WOY) ≡ 360°(Using steps 1 and 2)
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

4. 2m(∠WZY) + 2m(∠WXY) = 360° (Using steps 1 and 2)

5. 2(m(∠WZY) + m(∠WXY)) = 360° (2 is common for left side )
6. m(∠WZY) + m(∠WXY) = 180° (divide both side by 2)
Example 1:If the measures of all four angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are given as
(4𝑦 + 2), (𝑦 + 20), (5𝑦 - 2), and 7𝑦 respectively,
find the value of 𝑦.
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Solution : The sum of all four angles of a cyclic quadrilateral

is 360°.
So, to find the value of 𝑦, we need to equate the sum of the
given four angles to 360°.
(4𝑦 + 2) + (𝑦 + 20) + (5𝑦 − 2) + 7𝑦 = 360°
17𝑦 + 20 = 360°
17𝑦 = 340°.
Therefore, 𝑦 = 20.

Home work Exercise 5.6 : 1,3,4,5,6 &7

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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Arc Lengths, Perimeters and Areas of Segments and Sectors

Definition 5.2 Arc length is the length of an arc

which is a portion of the circumference of a circle

For a circle of radius r subtended by an angle 𝜃,

the length 𝑠 of the corresponding arc is:

𝜃 𝜃
𝑠 = 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬ or 𝜋𝑑 × Figure 5.27
360° 360°

where 𝑑 is the diameter of a circle (see figure 5.27)

 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
Examples 1:Find the arc length that a central angle of 150°
subtends in a circle of radius 6 cm as shown in figure 5.28.

Figure 5.28

Solution: The length 𝑠 of the corresponding arc is

𝜃
𝑠 = 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬
360°

Given: 𝜃 = 150°, ‫ = ݎ‬6cm.

𝜃 150°
arc length= 𝑠 = 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬ = 2𝜋 × 6 × = 5𝜋 cm
360° 360°
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Length of a chord
 Let the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 be 𝑀, and the length of the chord 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝑀
be 𝑙 and 𝑚 respectively.
 Using trigonometric ratios on the right-angled triangle OAM,
𝜃
𝑚 = ‫ݎ‬sin ( )
2

𝜃
Then, 𝑙 = 2𝑚 = 2 ‫ݎ‬sin ( )
2

 In general, the length of a chord is defined as Figure 2.29

𝜃
𝑙 = 2 ‫ݎ‬sin ( ) where ‫ ݎ‬is the radius of the circle and
2

𝜃 is the angle subtended at the center by the chord Figure 5.30

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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 1 : Find the chord length 𝐴𝐵 if 𝜃 = 120° when a central angle

subtended in a circle of radius 8cm as shown in figure 5.31.
𝜃
Solution: Chord length = 2‫ ݎ‬sin ( )
2

120°
= 2 × 8cm × sin ( )
2

= 16cm × sin(60°)
3
= 16cm ×
2

= 8 3cm

Figure 5.31
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Perimeter of a segment
 A segment is part of a circle bounded in between a chord
and an arc of a circle.

Figure 5.32
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 When a segment in a circle is bounded by a chord and an

arc, the perimeter of a segment is given by:
Perimeter of segment = Length of chord + Length of arc
Example 1: Find the perimeter of the segment as shown in figure 5.33.
(Use π.)
Solution: Perimeter of segment = Length of chord + Length of arc

𝜃 𝜃
= 2‫ ݎ‬sin ( ) + 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬
2 360°

160° 160°
= 2𝜋 × 10 × + 2 × 10 × sin ( )
360° 2
4
Figure 5.33 = 20𝜋 × + 20 × sin(80°)
9
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

80
= 𝜋 + 20 × 0.985
9

80
=( 𝜋 + 19.7) m
9

Home work Exercise 5.7 : 1,2.b, 3.a & 4

Area and Perimeter of Sector
 The sector is basically a portion of a circle enclosed by two
radii and an arc. It divides the circle into two regions,
namely major and minor Sector (see figure 5.34).
Figure 3.34
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Area of a Sector
 Consider a circle of radius ‫ݎ‬, center 𝑂, and
m(∠𝑃𝑂𝑄) = 𝑥 = 𝜃 (in degrees) as shown in figure 5.35.
 The area of a sector is given by:

𝜃
𝐴𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟2 ( )
360°
Perimeter of a Sector Figure 3.35

Perimeter of sector = 2 radius + arc length.

𝜃
 Therefore, the perimeter of sector = 2‫ ݎ‬+ 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬
360°
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 1: If the angle of the sector with radius 6 cm is 210°,

then find the area and perimeter of the sector. (Use 𝜋 and figure 3.36.)
Solution: Given: ‫ = ݎ‬6 cm, 𝜃 = 210°

𝜃
𝐴𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜋 𝑟 2 ( )
360°
210° 7
= 𝜋 (6)2 ( ) = 𝜋 × 36 × = 21𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
360° 12

𝜃
𝑃𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 2‫ ݎ‬+ 2𝜋‫× ݎ‬
360°
210°
= 2 ∙ 6 + 2𝜋 ∙ 6 × = 12 + 7𝜋
360°
Thus, the perimeter of the sector is (12 + 7𝜋)cm. Figure 3.36
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Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Area of a Segment
 An arc and two radii of a circle form a sector.
 These two radii and the chord of the segment together form a triangle.
 Thus, the area of a segment of a circle is obtained by subtracting the
area of the triangle from the area of the sector.
 i.e., Area of a segment of circle
= area of the sector − area of the triangle.

𝜃 1
 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × − 𝑟 2 sin𝜃
360° 2
figure 5.37
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 1: Find the area of the shaded region as shown in the figure 5.38.

𝜃 1
Solution: Area of segment: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × − 𝑟 2 sin𝜃
360° 2
60° 1
2
𝐴 = 𝜋(4) × − (4)2 sin60°
360° 2
1 1 3
= 16 ∙ 𝜋 − ∙ 16 ∙
6 2 2
8
= 𝜋−4 3
3
8
Hence, the area is ( 𝜋 − 4 3) 𝑚2 . Figure 5.38
3
Home work Exercise 5.8 : 1.b & 2.b
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Theorems on Angles and Arcs Determined by Lines

Intersecting inside, on and outside a Circle.
Angles Formed by Chords
Theorem 5.10:If two chords intersect inside a circle, then
the measure of an angle formed between the chords is
one half the sum of the measure of the arcs intercepted by
the angle and its vertical angle
 In the circle, as shown in figure 5.39, the two chords PR
and QS intersect inside the circle at point T.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
1
 m(∠𝑃T𝑄) = [m(arc𝑃𝑄) + m(arc𝑅𝑆)] and
2
1
 m(∠𝑄T𝑅)= [m(arc𝑄𝑅) + m(arc(𝑃𝑆)]
2

Figure 5.39

Example1: In the circle shown in figure 5.40 if

m(arc𝑃𝑄) = 68° and m(arc𝑅𝑆) = 128°,
then find measure of ∠𝑅T𝑆, where 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑆 intersects at 𝑇.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Figure 5.40
1
Solution: m(∠𝑅𝑇𝑆) = [m(arc𝑃𝑄) + m(arc𝑅𝑆)]
2
1
= (68° + 128°)
2
1
= × 196°
2
= 98°
Therefore, m(∠𝑅𝑇𝑆) = 98°
Home work Exercise 5.9 : 2 &4
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Example 2 : Prove Theorem: The point of intersection

separates the chord into 2 segments. The product of the
lengths of the segments for one chord is the same as the
product for the other chord, i.e., 𝐴𝑃 . 𝑃𝐵 = 𝐶𝑃 . 𝑃𝐷
(see figure 5.41).

Figure 5.41
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

Proof: Let chord 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 of a circle intersect at a point 𝑃

in the interior of the circle. We connect the endpoints of the
chords to form ∆APC 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆DPB.
We want to prove that (𝐴𝑃)(𝑃𝐵) = (𝐷𝑃)(𝑃𝐶

Figure 5.42
 The vertical angles formed by the intersecting chords have
equal measures.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 The inscribed angles at 𝐴 and D as shown in the figure

5.42 have also equal measures because both intercept the
same arc BC.
 Therefore, ∆APC≈ ∆DPB by AA-similarity.
𝐴𝑃 𝑃𝐶
Hence, = .
𝐷𝑃 𝑃𝐵
 Therefore, (𝐴𝑃)(𝑃𝐵) = (𝐷𝑃)(𝑃𝐶).
Proved !
As class work: If the measure of 𝐷𝑃 = 12 ,𝑃𝐶 =3 , 𝐴𝑃= 9 is given
find the measurement of 𝑃𝐵 for the given figure 5.42 above .
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 By using the above theorem

(𝐴𝑃)(𝑃𝐵) = (𝐷𝑃)(𝑃𝐶).
(𝐷𝑃)(𝑃𝐶) (12)(3) (36)
PB = = 9 = =4
A𝑃 9

Angles Formed by Secants and Tangents

Theorem 5.11 The measure of the angle formed by two
secants, two tangents, or a secant and a tangent that intersect
at a point outside a circle is equal to one-half the positive
difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 In figure 5.43, we illustrate this result for the angle formed

by the intersection of two secants, 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐸.

Figure 5.43

 The minor arc intercepted by the two secants is 𝐵𝐷 and

an arc 𝐶𝐸. Hence, by the theorem of angles between
1
intersecting secants, 𝑥 = [m(arc𝐶𝐸) − m(arc𝐵𝐷)]
2
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles

 In the same way, we illustrate the result for the intersection

of two tangents 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 as shown in figure 5.44.
1
 Hence, 𝑥 = [m(arc𝐵𝐷𝐶) − m(arc𝐵𝐶)]
2

Figure 5.44
Example 1: In figure 5.45, if m(arc𝐵𝐷) = 43° and
m(arc𝐶𝐸) = 107°, then find m(∠CAE).
 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding secondary school
Grade 10 Mathematics Unit 5 : Circles
1
Solution: m(∠CAE) = (m(arc𝐶𝐸) − m(arc𝐵𝐷))
2
1
= (107° − 43°)
2

1
= (64°) = 32°
2

 Therefore, m(∠CAE) = 32° Figure 4.45

Home work Exercise 5.10 : 1,3,5 & 6

 see all unit summary and try to do critically
review Exercise !!!
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Grade 10 Ambo Ifa Boru Special boarding Secondary School Unit 5 circles