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Psych 324 – Class Quiz Questions

Quiz 1

1. The influence of early twentieth century German Gestalt psychology on

social psychology is evident in:
Select one:
a. Cognitive theories.
b. Theories of attraction
c. Social exchange theory.
d. The various forms of attribution theory.

2. In social psychology, a scientific hypothesis refers to:

a. A statement that can be empirically tested.
b. A statement that is drawn from prior knowledge, or which is an
assumption, or which is based on observation.
c. All three other answers are correct.
d. A prediction about causes or about relationships between variables.

3. Jane, who has just started studying the sciences, is absolutely convinced
that the scientific method is the one way to achieve true knowledge.
Jane's position is typically:
a. Anarchist.
b. Positivist.
c. Post-modernist
d. Reductionist.

4. Cognition is emphasised in modern social psychology in:

a. Attribution theory.
b. Both Psychodynamic theory and Attribution theory.
c. Discourse analysis.
d. Psychodynamic theory.

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5. Justin is a trained social psychologist whereas Bill majored in graphic arts.

In their respective career paths, we would expect it is more likely that:
a. Bill studies people in groups.
b. Justin uses the scientific method.
c. Bill is interested in numerical trends.
d. Justin is interested in monkeys.

6. An interpersonal level of explanation examines:

a. The psychological processes involved in an individual experience of the
environment.
b. The influence of social beliefs and group relations.
c. The influence of positional factors on social interactions
d. The interaction between individuals within a given environment.

7. Social psychology is distinct from other social science disciplines because

of:
a. How research is conducted.
b. All three other answers are correct.
c. What it studies.
d. The level of explanation it uses.

8. Random allocation of participants to conditions is one way to reduce:

a. Experimenter bias.
b. Confounding variables
c. Stigmatisation.
d. Socially desirable responding.
9. Which set of theories proposes that people behave based on socially
constructed group norms that influence us in specific contexts?
a. Collectivist theories.
b. Evolutionary social psychological theories.
c. Behaviourist theories.
d. Personality theories.

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10 . The term 'debriefing' refers to:

a. The remuneration that the assistant gets paid for helping the
experimenter.
b. Participants being given a full explanation of what the experiment was
about.
c. The harmful effects of the research being dissipated by offering a reward.
d. Participants being told why they cannot talk to others after the research.

11. The idea of a social group having a mind:

a. Was thought to be a form of super-mentality which could enfold a group
of people.
b. All three other answers are correct.
c. Was derived from the nineteenth century work of the folk psychologists.
d. Was an old explanatory notion dealing with the origins of behavioural
uniformity in groups that fell into disfavour in the twentieth century.

12. You are interested in the effects of visual feedback on how people
respond when they meet a stranger. Half of your participants see a
videotape of their own facial reactions when they meet a stranger; the
other half does not see a videotape. You then ask all participants how
positively they felt about their encounter with the stranger. The
independent variable in your investigation is:
a. You as the researcher.
b. Visual feedback.
c. The stranger.
d. None of the other three answers; this is a correlational rather than an
experimental study.

13. Inspired by the early behaviourist John Watson, Floyd Allport argued that
social psychology would only flourish if:
a. The discipline became less reductionist.
b. Individual level analyses were emphasised.
c. The discipline became an experimental science.
d. New methods were adopted by social psychologists.

14. Social psychologists also focus on:

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a. People's intentions and goals.

b. Both feelings and thoughts, and intentions and goals of people.
c. People's feelings and thoughts.
d. The origins of people.

15. What distinguishes sociology from social psychology is:

a. Sociology's neglect of theory.
b. Their relative level of objectivity.
c. Sociology's emphasis on the group as a whole, rather than the individual.
d. Social psychology's emphasis on external validity

16. A main difference between ‘general’ and ‘social’ psychology is:

a. Social psychology is largely concerned with face-to-face interaction
between individuals or groups, whereas general psychology focuses on
people’s reactions to stimuli that do not have to be social.
b. General psychology investigates group behaviour only, and social
psychology is only interested in how individuals interact in different
societies and cultures.
c. The investigative methods they use to test hypotheses and make
conclusions about theories.
d. General psychology is largely concerned with face-to-face interaction
between individuals or groups, whereas social psychology focuses on
people’s reactions to stimuli that do not have to be social.

17. Which of the following describes Triplett’s dynamogenic theory

explaining the superior performance of cyclists in the presence of
others?
a. Solitary cyclists did poorly because they worried about whether they were
going fast enough, which exhausted their brain and muscles, numbing
them and inhibiting motor performance.
b. In a race, a follower might be hypnotised by the wheels of the cyclist in
front and so rode automatically, leaving more energy for a later,
controlled burst.
c. The presence of another person racing aroused a ‘competitive instinct’—
the sight of movement in another suggested more speed, inspired greater
effort, and released a level of nervous energy that an isolated rider could
not achieve alone.

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d. Friends of the cyclists usually rode as pacers and no doubt encouraged

the cyclists to keep up their spirits.

18. Social psychology deals with how people are affected by other people:
a. All three other answers are correct.
b. Who are physically present.
c. Whose presence is implied.
d. Who are imagined to be present.

19. Which of the following was NOT the basis of an early and famous
experiment in social psychology?
a. Group pressure (by Asch).
b. Norm formation (by Sherif).
c. Social identity (by Tajfel).
d. Cognitive dissonance (by Festinger and Carlsmith).).

20. The use of the scientific method in social psychology implies that:
a. An experiment is conducted in a laboratory setting.
b. Research predictions are derived from theory.
c. Researchers blind themselves to intuitive approaches.
d. Qualitative methods are rigorously avoided and downgraded.

Quiz 2

1. The most important difference between the ‘cognitive miser’ model and
the ‘motivated tactician’ model is:
a. The role of motivation
b. The role of thought.
c. The role of behaviour.
d. The role of structure.

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2. According to Forgas' affect-infusion model:

a. People recall information more readily if it is congruent with their present
mood.
b. None of the other three answers are correct.
c. Moods modify the way we see ourselves to a greater degree for central
rather than peripheral traits.
d. People recall information more readily if it is NOT congruent with their
present mood.

3. The property of a stimulus to make it stand out relative to other stimuli is

called:
a. Accessibility
b. Attention-seeking.
c. Vividness.
d. Salience

4. Which of the following does NOT describe vivid stimuli? Stimuli that are:
a. Dull in relation to other surrounding stimuli.
b. Close to you in time and place.
c. Concrete and image-provoking.
d. Emotionally interesting.

5. The best definition of a schema is that it is:

a. A cognitive structure specific to a social group and is widely shared.
b. A collection of instances that have a family resemblance.
c. A cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type
of stimulus.
d. A cognitive representation of the typical or ideal defining features of a
category.

6. What is Margaret Wetherell’s (2012) recent concern with regard to the

contemporary social psychology of affect and emotion?
a. It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes
associated with complex emotions.
b. It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes
associated with simple or basic emotions.
c. It is too tied to the study of personality.
d. It is too tied to the study of animals.

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7. By the 1960s, psychologists had begun to take a fresh interest in

cognition. This development continued with which revolution that
encouraged and enabled psychologists to model or simulate highly
complex human cognitive processes?
a. The social revolution.
b. The American revolution.
c. The sexual revolution.
d. The computer revolution.

8. We may be more reliant on schematic processing to make a quick

decision or form a quick impression when:
a. Both under performance pressure and increased anxiety or distraction.
b. We are under performance pressure, e.g., if there is a time pressure to
make a decision.
c. The costs of being wrong are high.
d. We are under increased levels of anxiety, or we are distracted.

9. Following Asch (1946), which model do people use to form first

impressions of others?
a. A cognitive model.
b. A behavioural model.
c. A configural model.
d. A tangential model.

10.Reliance on person schemas, often unconsciously activated, to make

judgements is referred to as:
a. Subliminal assessment.
b. Clinical judgement.
c. Discrimination.
d. Categorising.

11.Categories of stimuli that are accessible are those that are:

a. Recently learned.
b. All three other answers are correct.
c. Used in everyday life.

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d. In line with what we want or need.

12.You met Sarah in your very first Introduction to Psychology lecture.

Throughout the semester, you have discovered that Sarah is intelligent,
humorous, generous, and really social. However, you have also noticed
she is quite lazy and bossy. Using your knowledge of cognitive algebra,
you have worked out that your final impression of Sarah as a potential
friend is quite high at +3.60. However, your final impression of Sarah as a
partner for an assignment is -1.70. This is an example of:
A. Averaging.
B. Stereotyping.
C. Weighted averaging.
D. Summation.

13.Heidi is an exchange student from Sweden. Her host family told her to
avoid the central city park 'because last week a weird-looking man was
seen hanging around there'. Heidi, in her final year majoring in
psychology, reasons that this advice is an instance of the:
a. Fundamental attribution error.
b. Self-serving bias.
c. Availability heuristic.
d. Representativeness heuristic.

14.What is the major difference between the terms ‘thought’ and ‘cognition’
as used by social psychologists?
a. Cognition is the internal language and symbols we use; thought refers to
largely automatic mental processing.
b. Cognition is often conscious or at least we are often aware of it, whereas
we are unaware of thought, and it takes effort to notice it.
c. Thought is often conscious or at least we are often aware of it, whereas
we are unaware of cognition, and it takes effort to notice cognition.
d. There are no differences; the terms are always used interchangeably.

15.Lauren does not consider herself to be very artistic or creative. When she
meets Ben in her Introduction to Psychology class, and finds out he plays
guitar, she may infer that he is extremely artistic. What cognitive heuristic
is Lauren most likely to be using?

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A. Prejudice.
B. Representativeness.
C. Anchoring.
D. Availability.

16.Stimuli that share a family resemblance are:

a. Stereotypes.
b. Prototypes.
c. Categories.
d. A family tree.

17.If you knew that only one per cent of inventors actually have a handsome
income you would have an example of:
a. The illusory correlation.
b. Base-rate information.
c. Representativeness.
d. Regression to the mean.

18.According to Rothbart (1981), bookkeeping is:

a. Forbidden by the Gambling Act.
b. A schema associated with 'librarian'.
c. A subset of auditing.
d. A process at work when a schema undergoes change.

19.Hiram Bluster has been the Human Resources manager at his company
for a long time now. 'It is easy to sum up applicants in the first interview'
he says. 'I just look 'em in the eye. If they look back at me they're
trustworthy. If they look away, they're not!' Hiram's views of people are
an example of:
a. Weighted averaging.
b. The primacy effect.
c. Negativity bias.
d. An implicit personality theory.

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20.Let us say that you plan to be a nurse. You might picture yourself with a
white coat, comfortable shoes, and a little badge on your lapel. These
ideas contribute to your knowledge structure of being a 'nurse', and
constitute an instance of a(n):
a. Schema.
b. Attribution.
c. Fuzzy set.
d. Value.

Quiz 3

1. The ultimate attribution error refers to attributions made for:

a. Ingroup behaviour only.
b. Both ingroup and outgroup behaviour.
c. Neither ingroup nor outgroup behaviour.
d. Outgroup behaviour only.

2. Ian has just heard how a friend's younger sister is really beautiful. He
traces the origin of the account through the entire rugby team and finds
that the (fourteenth!) version he has just been given, as compared with
the original version, is:
a. More detailed.
b. Prejudiced by machismo:
c. More complex and less distorted.
d. Shorter and selectively exaggerated.

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3. According to Weiner, what three performance dimensions do we consider

in making an achievement attribution?
a. Locus, susceptibility, and cautiousness.
b. Locus, stability, and controllability.
c. Experience, teamwork, and fitness.
d. Controllability, stability, and teamwork.

4. John thinks that the reason house prices have gone up so much is
'because of all the immigrants'. John is:
a. Not a psychologist.
b. Using a self-serving bias.
c. Attempting group polarisation.
d. Making an intergroup attribution.

5. An example of the false consensus effect would be when a:

a. Novice tennis player sees a wonderful sporting future after just serving an
ace when playing against the coach.
b. Teacher gives an inflated grade to a favourite student.
c. Child blames you (in your innocence) for spilling drink on their painting.
d. City mayor wants more skyscrapers on the main street, arguing that this is
what the citizens want.

6. A dispositional attribution is:

a. The process of assigning the cause of general behaviour to a greater
power, such as those explained through religion.
b. The process of assigning the cause of our feelings to other people’s
behaviour.
c. The process of assigning the cause of our own or others’ behaviour to
internal factors.
d. The process of assigning the cause of our own or others’ behaviour to
external or environmental factors.

7. Katie thinks the new tutor is not only competent, but gorgeous! Her
friends think the same. According to the covariation model of attribution,
Katie's judgement:
a. Is highly distinctive.
b. Is highly consistent.

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c. Has high consensus.

d. Is low in hedonic relevance.

8. Arthur never goes to church, and therefore knows that he is not

interested in religion. This is an example of the logic underlying:
a. Self-perception theory.
b. Emotional lability.
c. Cognitive dissonance.
d. Belief in a just world.

9. Which of the following is NOT a major theory of attribution?

a. Schachter's theory of emotional lability.
b. Heider's theory of naïve psychology.
c. Rogers' protection motivation theory.
d. Bem's theory of self-perception.

10.With respect to how attributions are made, a cognitive miser is a person

who:
a. Usually has a poorly formed self-concept.
b. Has a well-concealed locus of control.
c. Habitually uses cognitive heuristics.
d. Is mistrustful of the motives of others.

11.The fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the false
consensus effect are types of:
a. Experimenter effects.
b. Dispositional traits.
c. Biases in attribution.
d. Attributional styles.

12.According to the actor-observer effect, observers tend to attribute the

actor's actions to ________factors.
a. Dispositional.

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b. Uncontrollable.
c. External.
d. Situational.

13.The theory that deals with how people construct causal explanations is:
a. Cognition theory.
b. Categorisation theory.
c. Causal identity theory.
d. Attribution theory.

14.Hugo claims 'I am an A grade student! The only reason I get Cs is because
the lecturer is boring.' You smile at Hugo's:
a. Self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. Ultimate attribution error.
c. Differential forgetting.
d. Self-serving bias.

15.Rotter's locus of control scale was designed to assess people's:

a. Knowledge of heuristics used in political messages.
b. Level of defensive car-driving skills in difficult road conditions.
c. Beliefs about the origins of rewards and punishments they receive.
d. Manipulative strategies in interpersonal encounters.

16.People make a(n) ________ attribution for a person's behaviour when the
behaviour is consistent, distinctive, and when consensus is high.
a. Personal.
b. None, they discount.
c. Internal.
d. External.

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17.Jemima knew little about photography but enrolled in a beginner's course

to see what it was all about. She was praised for her first effort, but
thought this was just a bit of luck, making an ________ attribution. When
she continued to be praised for her later work, she concluded that
anyone could be a really good photographer. This time her attribution was
________:
A. External-unstable; external-stable.
B. Internal-unstable; external-stable.
C. External-stable; internal-unstable.
D. Internal-stable; internal-unstable.

18.An ethnocentric intergroup attribution is:

a. An external attribution on a grand scale.
b. Both an ingroup-serving bias and an extension of the self-serving bias.
c. An ingroup-serving bias.
d. An extension of the self-serving bias.

19.Making attributions in the formation stage of a close relationship is

important (Harvey, 1987) because it:
a. Helps partners to communicate.
b. Introduces ambiguity.
c. It both introduces ambiguity and helps partners to make sense of the
relationship.
d. Helps partners to make sense of the relationship.

20.According to Heider (1958), an example of a situational factor is:

a. A noisy environment.
b. The sound of someone's voice.
c. A personality trait.
d. An inborn disposition.

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Quiz 4

1. Which of these refers to self-concept in a relatively collective sense?

a. Looking-glass self.
b. Ideal self.
c. Personal identity.
d. Social identity.

2. The most plausible account of the origins of individualist and collectivist

cultures and their associated self-conceptions is probably in terms of:
a. Cultural naivety.
b. Grandiose ideals of Western cultures.
c. Differing religious practices.
d. Economic activity.

3. Studies of African American children carried out before and after the
Second World War showed that:
a. African American children were more positive towards White children
than African American children.
b. African American children had lower self-esteem than White children.
c. All three other answers are correct.
d. White children were more positive towards White children than African
American children.

4. Studies suggest that people in Western cultures conceptualise the self as

_________ while people in Eastern cultures tend to conceptualise the self
as ___________:
a. Independent; interdependent.
b. Materialistic; cultural.

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c. Ingroup; outgroup.
d. None of the other three answers are correct.

5. Self and identity are:

a. Components of behaviour.
b. Operational definitions.
c. Cognitive constructs influencing how we perceive socially and interact
with others.
d. Mental fictions.

6. The theory that distinguishes between three kinds of self-schemas is:

a. Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model.
b. Festinger's social comparison theory.
c. Bem's self-perception theory.
d. Higgins' self-discrepancy theory.

7. According to terror management theory:

a. People need to pull themselves together in this complex world.
b. Self-esteem is a defence against inevitable death.
c. Natural disasters create the greatest of all fears.
d. Most terrorists manage fear very well.

8. Which of the following is NOT a major motive that influences self-

construction?
a. Self-discrepancy.
b. Self-verification.
c. Self-assessment.
d. Self-enhancement.

9. According to Sedikides (1993), which self-motive is the strongest?

a. Self-assessment.
b. Self-affirmation.
c. Self-verification.
d. Self-enhancement.

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10.Jenny loves knitting and most of her friends now own a beautifully knitted
jumper. But now she is selling her jumpers through a craft shop and,
although she makes quite a lot of money for each jumper, she can't seem
to get motivated anymore. 'Ha!' you say, 'social psychology tells us that
she would have loved knitting earlier because _________'.
A. Of the over justification effect.
B. She was basking in reflected glory back then.
C. Of a change in her personality.
D. She hadn't got bored at that time.

11.In seeking self-conceptual coherence, people:

a. Habitually turn to psychotherapy.
b. Often attempt to keep a variety of selves in perspective.
c. Usually develop affective bipolar disorder.
d. Often become schizophrenic.

12.Industrialisation stimulated the emergence of the individual self by:

a. Viewing individuals as units of production with portable identities.
b. Increasing the marriage rate.
c. Providing people with regular employment.
d. Giving people machines to work with.

13.Identity requires _________ for it to persist and serve a useful function,

which is why we pursue _____________:
a. Social competency; impressive self-description.
b. Social competency; expressive self-presentation.
c. Social validation; expressive self-presentation.
d. Social validation; impressive self-description.

14.Although the need to have a distinctive and integrated sense of self is

probably universal, it has been suggested that _____________ means
something quite different in individualist and collectivist cultures.
a. Self-distinctiveness.
b. The search for positive self-esteem.

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c. Self-instruction.
d. The search for happiness.

15.While on holiday at a popular resort, Peter almost bumps into a middle-

aged couple looking at the local map mounted on a street sideboard.
'Tourists', he mumbles as he weaves past them. At the very least, his
reaction:
a. Reflects Peter's naïve approach to judging others.
b. Is based on previous experience.
c. Indicates how we use categories that come easily to mind.
d. Is obviously wrong.
16.The tendency to overestimate our good points is referred to as:
a. The metacontrast principle.
b. The self-excelling effect.
c. Self-verification.
d. The above-average effect.

17.According to self-discrepancy theory, 'self-guides':

a. Refer to prevention goals that people strive to avoid.
b. Can represent both the ideal self as well as the 'ought' self. self.
c. Are associated with promotional goals that people strive for.
d. All three other answers are correct.

18.Manipulating others to have a good impression of you by name-dropping

is:
a. A feature of social comparison theory.
b. Accounted for by self-enhancement theory.
c. Defined as 'impression management'.
d. Referred to as basking in reflecting glory (“BIRGing”).

19.Which of the strategies below is NOT associated with the psychology of

impression management?
a. Expressive self-presentation.
b. Impressive self-description.
c. Strategic self-presentation.
d. Self-monitoring.

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20.Trying to get others to regard you as a morally respectable individual is

called:
a. Ingratiation.
b. Supplication.
c. Exemplification.
d. Intimidation.

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MCQ’s Per Chapter

Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology

62 Questions

1. After the 1970’s social psychology was significantly influenced by:

a. The study of genetics
b. Cognitive psychology
c. Social anthropology
d. Developmental psychology

2. A prediction about causes or about relationships between variables is a(n):

a. Assumption
b. Empirical speculation
c. Observation
d. Scientific hypothesis

3. One problem with defining social psychology solely in terms of the topics
it studies is that:
a. The does not properly differentiate it from other disciplines.
b. It’s too closely related to sociology.
c. It covers the study of too large a range of topics.
d. There is no problem; social psychology is always defined solely in terms of
the topics social psychologist’s study.

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4. A main difference between ‘general’ and ‘social’ psychology is:

a. Generally psychology investigates group behaviour only, and social
psychology is only interested in how individuals interact in different
societies and cultures.
b. Social psychology is largely concerned with face-to-face interaction
between individuals or groups, whereas general psychology focuses on
people’s reactions to stimuli that do not have to be social.
c. General psychology is largely concerned with face-to-face interaction
between individuals or groups, whereas social psychology focuses on
people’s reactions to stimuli that do not have to be social.
d. The investigative methods they use to test hypotheses and mare
conclusions about theories.

5. Social psychology deals with how people are affected by other people
A) who are physically present
B) who are imagined to be present
C) whose presence is implied
D) all of the above

6. Social psychologists are scientifically innovative when they

A) construct a theory based on background knowledge, experience, or
observation
B) force data to 'fit' a theory
C) carefully plan a crucial experiment
D) achieve a blinding breakthrough following a long period of frustration

7. A crucial aspect of the scientific method is that it:

A) produces data that are logically derived
B) tests a theory by how it corresponds with fact
C) is based on a history of continuous development
D) leads to results that are published in a reputable source

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8. The use of the scientific method in social psychology implies that.

A) an experiment is conducted in a laboratory setting
B) researchers blind themselves to intuitive approaches
C) qualitative methods are rigorously avoided and downgraded
D) research predictions are derived from theory.

9. Cognitive psychology's influence on social psychology is evident in the area

of
A) cognitive ethology
B) sociolinguistics
C) social cognition
D) cognitive dissonance.

10.The choice of an appropriate investigative method is NOT determined by.

A) the nature of the hypothesis under investigation
B) the gender of the participants
C) the resources available for doing the research (e.g., time, money,
research participants)
D) the ethics of the method.

11.Social psychologists study behaviour because

A) it is more interesting than studying people's thoughts and feelings
B) they want to be more integrated with behavioural psychology
C) behaviour can be observed and measured
D) you can tell everything about a person based on their behaviour.

12.Replication is an important feature of the scientific method because.

A) it guards against confirmation bias
B) it guards against fraud
C) it guards against the possibility that a finding is tied to the particular
testing circumstances
D) all of the above

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13.In social psychology scientific hypothesis refers to

A) a statement that is drawn from prior knowledge, or which is an assumption,
or which is based on observation
B) a statement that can be empirically tested
C) a prediction about causes or about relationships between variables
D) all of the above

14.Social psychology is distinct from other social science disciplines because

of:
A) what it studies
B) how research is conducted
C) the level of explanation it uses
D) all of the above
15.The main difference between social psychology and other scientific
disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, and biology, is:
A) the former studies human social behaviour while the others study non-
organic phenomena and chemical and biological processes
B) physics, chemistry and biology use the scientific method to study
phenomena whereas social psychology does not
C) physics, chemistry and biology discover facts about phenomena,
whereas social psychology only proves or disproves hypotheses
D) Both A and C

16.As a discipline, social psychology is closely related to:

A) anthropology
B) individual psychology
C) sociology
D) it intersects all of the above

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17.Social psychology is social because it:

A) incorporates evolutionary social psychology
B) deals with how people are affected by other people
C) is a branch of general psychology
D) is based on group dynamics.

18.Social psychologists also focus on

A) people's feelings and thoughts
B) people's intentions and goals
C) the origins of people
D) A and B

19.What distinguishes sociology from social psychology is

A) social psychology's emphasis on external validity
B) sociology's neglect of theory
C) sociology's emphasis on the group as a whole, rather than the individual
D) their relative level of objectivity

20.Justin is a trained social psychologist whereas Bill majored in graphic arts.

In their respective career paths, we would expect it is more likely that.
A) Bill studies people in groups
B) Bill is interested in numerical trends
C) Justin uses the scientific method
D) Justin is interested in monkeys

21.One way to avoid confounding results in an experiment is to

A) ensure the hypotheses are phrased as testable predictions
B) test all participants in rooms with blue walls, regardless of their
condition
C) ensure all conditions are identical except for the independent variable
of interest

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D) only ever test a maximum of six participants at a time, to allow ease of

recording data.

22.To test a scientific hypothesis, researchers

A) test it empirically
B) propose an imaginary outcome
C) wait until it has stood the test of time
D) construct a different hypothesis

23.A confounding variable in a research design is

A) an unintended independent variable that covaries with an intended
independent variable
B) dependent on using a lie detector
C) high on internal validity
D) a bonus because it is unexpected.

24.You are interested in the effects of visual feedback on how people respond
when they meet a stranger. Half of your participants see a videotape of
their own facial reactions when they meet a stranger; the other half does
not see a videotape. You then ask all participants how positively they felt
about their encounter with the stranger. The independent variable in your
investigation is:
A) the stranger
B) visual feedback
C) you as the researcher
D) none of the above; this is a correlational rather than an experimental study

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25.Non-experimental methods include.

A) archival research, surveys, and case studies
B) the repeated measures method and field experiments
C) the two-factor analysis of variance
D) both A and C

26.The independent variable in an experiment refers to the variable that is

A) held constant
B) manipulated
C) out of control
D) the same for all participants.

27.Wanda tries to outsmart the testing instrument during a social psychology

experiment. To her surprise, her 'lie' is detected. The experiment is
probably
A) equipped with a lie detector
B) based on a demand characteristic
C) high on internal validity
D) low on experimental realism.

28.Laboratory experiments should always be high on

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

29.Evaluation apprehension, demand characteristics and social desirability

refer to
A) responses by a participant that can bias an experimental result
B) modern fields of experimental research
C) responses that are triggered by the way a confederate behaves
D) variables that intervene between stimulus and response.

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30.Most mainstream social psychological knowledge is derived from.

A) the statistical analysis of quantitative data
B) common sense
C) research carried out prior to 1950
D) cognitive psychology.

31.An experimental manipulation is

A) sure to enrage radical activists
B) a form of unethical deception
C) necessary to determine a causal relationship between variables
D) what an experimenter does when a result is rigged.

32.Random allocation of participants to conditions is one way to reduce.

A) confounding variables
B) experimenter bias
C) socially desirable responding
D) stigmatisation.

33.Because she is intrigued by carrying out ________,Rebecca positioned

herself at some traffic lights. She then either stared or did not stare into
the eyes of drivers who were waiting for a green light. She then measured
whether her staring affected the speed at which they took off.
A) surveys
B) archival research
C) case studies
D) field experiments.

34.In social psychology, a dependent variable in an experiment

A) is a dimension that the experimenter suggests may vary by
manipulating an independent variable
B) is something someone brings into an experiment

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C) can be one of a wide variety of behaviours

D) both A and C

35.A one-factor experimental research design can be based on

A) two levels of one independent variable
B) several levels of one independent variable
C) one level of two independent variables
D) both A and B

36.t tests have been commonly employed in psychological research to

A) estimate the size of a difference between the means of two groups of
scores
B) determine the correlation coefficient for the scores in each group
C) determine the significance of a difference between the means of group
scores
D) prove a hypothesis

37.Laboratory experiments are designed so as to

A) control for confounding variables
B) establish external validity
C) be as close as possible to a real-life experience
D) justify keeping rats and pigeons in the department.

38.At a broad level, research in social psychology can be said to use two types
of methods.
A) correlational and multivariate
B) discursive and narrative
C) quantitative and statistical
D) experimental and non-experimental

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39.The double-blind procedure is used in experiments to.

A) reduce the experimenter's bias.
B) make the results externally valid.
C) reduce social desirability.
D) confound everyone except the experimenter.

40.The term 'debriefing' refers to:

A) participants being given a full explanation of what the experiment was about
B) participants being told why they cannot talk to others after the research
C) the harmful effects of the research being dissipated by offering a reward
D) the remuneration that the assistant gets paid for helping the experimenter

41.Jane, who has just started studying the sciences, is absolutely convinced
that the scientific method is the one way to achieve true knowledge.
Jane’s position is typically.
A) anarchist
B) reductionist
C) post-modernist
D) positivist

42.Discourse analysis
A) is a form of qualitative analysis
B) treats data as text
C) is a method used by some critics of conventional social psychology
D) all of the above

43.Furnishing a general perspective on social psychology, evolutionary theory

and general relativity theory can be best described as
A) general theories
B) meta-theories

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C) short-range mini-theories
D) grand theories

44.An interpersonal level of explanation examines

A) the interaction between individuals within a given environment
B) the influence of positional factors on social interactions
C) the psychological processes involved in an individual experience of the
environment
D) the influence of social beliefs and group relations.

45.Which of the following describes Triplett's dynamogenic theory explaining

the superior performance of cyclists in the presence of others?
A) Solitary cyclists did poorly because they worried about whether they were
going fast enough, which exhausted their brain and muscles, numbing them and
inhibiting motor performance
B) Friends of the cyclists usually rode as pacers and no doubt encouraged the
cyclists to keep up their spirits
C) In a race, a follower might be hypnotised by the wheels of the cyclist in front
and so rode automatically, leaving more energy for a later, controlled burst
D) the presence of another person racing aroused a 'competitive instinct'-the
sight of movement in another suggested more speed, inspired greater effort,
and released a level of nervous energy that an isolated rider could not achieve
alone

46.Behaviourism has been the basis for the formulation of

A) social exchange theory
B) the reinforcement-affect model and drive theory
C) social identity theory
D) both A and B

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47.Inspired by the early behaviourist John Watson, Floyd Allport argued that
social psychology would only flourish if
A) the discipline became less reductionist
B) individual level analyses were emphasised
C) the discipline became an experimental science
D) new methods were adopted by social psychologists.

48.The most important ethical principles guiding human research, in

descending order of importance, are.
A) 1. informed consent; 2. respect for privacy; 3. use of deception
B) 1. use of deception; 2. informed consent; 3. respect for privacy
C) there is no agreed basis for ranking ethical principles
D) 1. respect for privacy; 2. informed consent; 3. Debriefing

49.A nineteenth-century experiment undertaken by Triplett was the

forerunner to later work dealing with
A) social facilitation
B) social identity theory
C) the group mind
D) gender stereotyping.

50.The requirement for scientific terms to be defined so that they can be

measured is termed.
A) reductionism
B) positivism
C) operationalism
D) instrumentalism

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51.Informed consent
A) means that deception in research is no longer possible
B) only applies to studies in a laboratory
C) ensures that people are not manipulated or coerced to participate in a
study
D) is not an important issue addressed in human research ethics.

52.More than a century ago, LeBon thought that crowds would sometimes
behave badly because people were being controlled by
A) a ruthless leader
B) the proletariat
C) a group mind
D) proto-fascists

53.The general idea that we are biological entities, and that psychology
happens in the brain has given rise to
A) evolutionary social psychology
B) social neuroscience
C) collectivist theories
D) behaviourism.

54.The influence of early twentieth century German Gestalt psychology on

social psychology is evident in
A) cognitive theories
B) the various forms of attribution theory
C) social exchange theory
D) theories of attraction

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55.Kurt Lewin often considered the 'father' of experimental social psychology,

A) observed that cyclists who were paced or in a race rode faster than
when they rode alone
B) discovered the Id
C) founded a research centre for group dynamics
D) formulated the influential theory of cognitive dissonance.

56.For his master’s research, John is collecting evidence that emotional

experiences can be explained purely by physiological factors. His approach
is:
A) reductionist
B) post-modern
C) evolutionary
D) positivistic

57.The right to privacy, informed consent, and the use of deception

A) are principles that distinguish social psychology from other social
sciences
B) are principles that have recently been relaxed in conducting human
research
C) have been in operation since the early beginnings of social psychology
D) are three of several ethical principles that are now well established to
guide psychological research.

58.The idea of a social group having a mind

A) was an old explanatory notion dealing with the origins of behavioural
uniformity in groups that fell into disfavour in the twentieth century
B) was thought to be a form of super-mentality which could enfold a group of
people
C) was derived from the nineteenth century work of the folk psychologists
D) all of the above

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59.Which set of theories proposes that people behave based on socially

constructed group norms that influence us in specific contexts?
A) Personality theories
B) Collectivist theories
C) Behaviourist theories
D) Evolutionary social psychological theories.

60.Cognition is emphasised in modern social psychology in:

A) discourse analysis
B) psychodynamic theory
C) attribution theory
D) both B and C

61.Because Australia and New Zealand are recent immigrant countries that
strive to practise multiculturalism, what issues might be important areas
of research that may be somewhat different to other countries? Issues to
do with
A) ethnicity
B) culture
C) prejudice
D) all of the above

62.Which of the following was NOT the basis of an early and famous
experiment in social psychology?
A) Cognitive dissonance (by Festinger and Carlsmith)
B) Social identity (by Tajfel)
C) Group pressure (by Asch)
D) Norm formation (by Sherif)

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Chapter 2: Social Cognition & Social Thinking

78 Questions

1. Who is often referred to as the father of experimental social psychology?

A) Wundt
B) Lewin
C) Chomsky
D) Skinner?

2. In the early 20ᵗʰ century, because psychologists felt that theories should
be based on publicly observable and replicable data, there was a shift
away from studying internal (cognitive)events towards studying external,
publicly observable events. What was the term classifying this change in
emphasis?
A) Group psychology
B) Evolutionary social psychology
C) Behaviourism
D) Social cognition

3. Following Asch (1946),which model do people use to form first

impressions of others?
A) A cognitive model
B) A configural model
C) A behavioural model
D) A tangential model.

4. By the 1960s,psychologists had begun to take a fresh interest in cognition.

This development continued with which revolution that encouraged and
enabled psychologists to model or simulate highly complex human
cognitive processes?
A) The computer revolution

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B) The sexual revolution

C) The social revolution
D) The American revolution.

5. The most important difference between the 'cognitive miser' model and
the 'motivated tactician' model is:
A) the role of thought
B) the role of motivation
C) the role of behaviour
D) the role of structure

6. The recency effect refers to.

A) a tendency to like a person you have recently met
B) long-term memory loss
C) later information more strongly influencing an impression
D) a market research technique that assesses the quality of recently purchased
items

7. Social cognition is a field of social psychology dealing with how:

A) attitudes need to be cognitively consistent
B) genes influence our thinking
C) we construct a self-image
D) thought processes are linked to social contexts and social behaviour.

8. 'Cognitive misers' are people who:

A) do not make much effort when they make judgements
B) think that everyone is after their possessions
C) have great difficulty in relating emotionally to others
D) are short on brain power

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9. Asch (1946)found that some traits (central traits)perceived in others

strongly affect how we decide if other traits also apply. For example, we
are more likely to judge Mary as 'generous' if we also believe that she is
A) 'warm'
B) 'cold'
C) 'polite'
D) both A and B

10.Mental processes and structures, often automatic, that influence and are
influenced by social behaviour are collectively known as:
A) social cognition
B) social construction
C) social identity theory
D) evolutionary social psychology.

11.What is the major difference between the terms 'thought' and 'cognition'
as used by social psychologists?
A) There are no differences; the terms are always used interchangeably
B) Thought is often conscious or at least we are often aware of it, whereas we
are unaware of cognition, and it takes effort to notice it
C) Cognition is the internal language and symbols we use; thought refers to
largely automatic mental processing
D) Cognition is often conscious or at least we are often aware of it, whereas we
are unaware of thought, and it takes effort to notice it

12.An advance in a particular field coincided with renewed interest in the

study of general cognition. Which field?
A) The manipulation and transfer of information
B) Organisational psychology
C) The experimental analysis of behaviour
D) Assessing individual differences

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13.What characterises 'naïve scientists' is that they:

A) are generally of average rather than superior intelligence
B) fail to understand that their inventions can make money
C) are often isolated from the real world
D) use cause-effect interpretations of events around them

14.Kurt Lewin was one of the early psychologists who stressed:

A) evolutionary principles in human mate selection
B) the human tendency to use mental shortcuts
C) the fundamental importance of how people perceive their social world
D) the use of schemas as the basis of cognition.

15.'Motivated tactician’, ‘cognitive consistency' and 'naïve scientist' are

concepts that provide evidence of
A) the emphasis on cognition in social psychology
B) a researcher's ulterior motives when conducting experiments
C) the validity of equity theory
D) an inability of humans to conduct 'objective' science.

16.Hiram Bluster has been the Human Resources manager at his company
for a long time now. ‘It is easy to sum up applicants in the first interview'
he says. ‘I just look 'em in the eye. If they look back at me, they're
trustworthy. If they look away, they're not!' Hiram's views of people are
an example of

A) an implicit personality theory

B) weighted averaging
C) negativity bias
D) the primacy effect

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17.In addition to self-observation, which other method did Wilhelm Wundt

use to study thinking processes?
A) Reaction times
B) Stimulus-response connections
C) Introspection
D) Looking-glass self.

18.Which concept has NOT played a role in the development of modern

social cognition?
A) Group mind
B) Attribution
C) Cognitive miser
D) Motivated tactician

19.Which model of social cognition noted the powerful effect that first
impressions have on the way we judge people?
A) The 'first come, first served' model
B) Asch's configural model
C) Bem's self-perception model
D) The recency effect model

20.The model in which people are motivated to reduce perceived

discrepancies between their various cognitions, because such
discrepancies are aversive or unpleasant, is called.
A) cognitive balance
B) cognitive harmony
C) cognitive similarity
D) cognitive consistency.

21.In social psychology, a prototype is:

A) a script
B) a self-schema

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C) the first impression you form about someone

D) none of the above

22.Who was the most influential person of the 20th century? Europeans may
refer to Hitler, Indians to Gandhi and Americans to Kennedy. These are
different responses, so that the category 'influential person' is a(n)
A) stereotype
B) prototype
C) exemplar
D) fuzzy set.

23.Ted's uncle says that students hang out in cafes and pubs and party a lot.
Ted's uncle's views are:
A) role schemas
B) prototypes
C) stereotypes
D) both A and C

24.The best definition of a schema is that it is

A) a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or
type of stimulus
B) a cognitive representation of the typical or ideal defining features of a
category
C) a collection of instances that have a family resemblance
D) a cognitive structure specific to a social group and is widely shared.

25.Stimuli that share a family resemblance are

A) categories
B) stereotypes
C) a family tree
D) prototypes

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26.Prototypes of social groups (e.g., teachers)that are shared by members of

a social group (e.g., students)can be considered:
A) social attitudes
B) social stereotypes
C) group think
D) social beliefs.

27.People use schemas to process information. Schemas function to

A) interpret new information
B) encode old information
C) fill in gaps in what we know
D) all of the above

28.Alyson, Cara, and Hilda agree that Prince Harry is the perfect male. They:
A) are using a prototype
B) are creating a stereotype
C) have clarified a fuzzy set
D) need counselling

29.Your friend claims that guys in rock bands 'snort drugs, stub out cigarettes
on the carpet and steal people's knickers’. Your studies suggest that these
descriptions are:
A) associative networks
B) stereotypes
C) content-free schemas
D) all of the above

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30.Prue describes Penny as sloppy, lazy, and arrogant. After reading about
impression formation in social psychology you reach a conclusion about
Prue's cognitive algebra.
A) There is not enough information to draw a conclusion in this example
B) She has used averaging
C) She has used summation
D) She has used weighted averaging

31.When you started your degree perhaps you were confident of graduating
because you are hardworking, at least as intelligent as the average
student and otherwise a determined person. Such traits are aspects of
your
A) self-schema
B) genes
C) ideal self
D) ego

32.Before meeting the new member coming to your seminar group, your
friend tells you that the new member ,Sue, left school at the age of 14 to
work in a factory, and later entered university as a mature student. Then,
another member of your group remarks that Sue usually scores A+s in her
work. You are uneasy because you don't know what to make of this. But
we know the two kinds of information are:
A) stereotype inconsistent
B) unreliable
C) subjective
D) prejudiced

33.Which kind of information about another person really attracts our

attention? Information that is:
A) distinctive
B) unusual

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C) negative
D) all of the above

34.Let us say that you plan to be a nurse. You might picture yourself with a
white coat, comfortable shoes, and a little badge on your lapel. These
ideas contribute to your knowledge structure of being a 'nurse', and
constitute an instance of a(n)
A) fuzzy set
B) schema
C) attribution
D) value

35. Stephanie is a firm believer in 'not judging a book by its cover'. In her
Introduction to Psychology class, Stephanie has been partnered up with
Chris for a group assignment. When she looks across the room to see her
new partner, Stephanie finds Chris very physically attractive. Based on her
first impressions, Stephanie is likely to judge Chris as
A) intelligent, interesting, capable and a good worker
B) dumb, incompetent, unreliable and boring
C) average, mediocre and middle of the range
D) nothing yet, she cannot make a judgement based solely on his looks

36.You undertake your personal assessment of Alexandra on a likeability

scale ranging from +3 (favourable)to -3 (unfavourable).You rate her as
somewhat lazy (-2),but very funny (+3). Overall, you rate her +0.5.Your
impression is based on
A) summation
B) averaging
C) a central trait
D) a prototype.

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37.Cognitive representations of instances in a category are:

A) extremes of a fuzzy set
B) schemata
C) prototypes
D) stereotypes.

38.When we perform mental calculations using summation, averaging and

weighted averaging, we are actually using
A) coordinate geometry
B) cluster analysis
C) cognitive algebra
D) trigonometry.

39.Your brother is having a bachelor's party.Your knowledge about what goes

on is based on:
A) an event schema
B) men's 'girlie' magazines
C) a script
D) both A and C

40.You met Sarah in your very first Introduction to Psychology lecture.

Throughout the semester, you have discovered that Sarah is intelligent,
humorous, generous, and really social. However, you have also noticed
she is quite lazy and bossy. Using your knowledge of cognitive algebra,
you have worked out that your final impression of Sarah as a potential
friend is quite high at +3.60.However,your final impression of Sarah as a
partner for an assignment is -1.70.This is an example of
A) averaging
B) stereotyping
C) summation
D) weighted averaging.

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41.Schemas become more complex as

A) more instances are encountered
B) we continue to study social psychology
C) information overload is reduced
D) fewer instances relate to it

42.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Schemas become less abstract, and more tied to concrete instances, as
more instances are encountered.
B) Schemas become richer and more complex as more instances are
encountered.
C) With increasing complexity, schemas also become more tightly
organised.
D) Schemas become more resilient and better able to incorporate, rather
than disregard, exceptions that might threaten the schema's validity.

43.We may be more reliant on schematic processing to make a quick

decision or form a quick impression when:
A) we are under performance pressure, e.g., if there is a time pressure to make
a decision
B) we are under increased levels of anxiety, or we are distracted
C) the costs of being wrong are high
D) both A and B

44.When categorising stimuli, the accentuation effect is enhanced when:

A) the categorisation has importance, relevance, or value to the person
B) it is easy to categorise the stimuli based on differing attributes
C) the categorisation is based on easily observable, physical characteristics
D) the categorisation is not important or relevant to the person

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45.Which of the following does NOT describe vivid stimuli? Stimuli that are:
A) emotionally interesting
B) concrete and image-provoking
C) close to you in time and place
D) dull in relation to other surrounding stimuli

46.With regard to the study of schemas, a racist:

A) categorises everyone they meet as either 'black' or 'white'
B) is someone who does not like anyone who is not 'white'
C) tends to use racial schemas less than someone who is not a racist
D) tends to use racial schemas more than someone who is not a racist

47.Which of the following is NOT one-way Rothbart (1981)suggested

schemas can change?
A) Subtyping
B) Bookkeeping
C) Prototyping
D) Conversion

48.You attend your well-to-do cousin's party. Your cousin quickly whispers to
you about Nick's career background. Then you are introduced to Nick.
Your reading of social psychology tells you that, in 'pigeonholing' him, you
are more likely to use a subtype rather than a subordinate or
superordinate category. Thus ,you are most likely to label him as a
A) chauvinist pig
B) human resources manager with additional expertise in patents
C) 'Nick-ish' kind of guy
D) corporate executive

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49.Joy has just unexpectedly scored a ticket to Mozart's 'The Magic Flute'
performed at the Vienna State Opera-a very posh affair! However, it is
now 7.30pm following a hot summer's day of serious sightseeing, and Joy
is dressed in T-shirt and shorts. The event starts at 8pm,so Joy has no
time to get changed. To others in the audience, Joy is:
A) a socially salient stimulus
B) a subversive
C) a prototype
D) an outcast

50.Use the accentuation principle to solve this: Suppose that John thinks that
people's weight is an important human attribute, and he categorises
people as either 'fat' or 'slim’. Consequently
A) slim people who weigh a bit more than other people in the slim category will
be judged by John as slimmer than they really are
B) fat people who weigh a bit more than other people in the fat category will be
judged by John as fatter than they really are
C) slim people will appear even slimmer when there are fat people near them
D) John is more likely to recall people who are really fat or really slim

51.Categories of stimuli that are accessible are those that are:

A) recently learned
B) used in everyday life
C) in line with what we want or need
D) all of the above

52.In terms of our general impression of someone, we are more likely to

recall information that is inconsistent, rather than consistent, with our
impression. Why is this?

A) Because inconsistent information attracts attention and generates more

cognition and thought, strengthening memory retrieval routes

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B) Because inconsistent information attracts attention and generates more

cognition and thought, weakening memory retrieval routes
C) Because we don't want to believe that our original impressions about
someone are wrong
D) Because cognitively it is easier to attend to information that is consistent with
our original schema

53.Widely shared generalisations about members of a social group are:

A) exemplars
B) stereotypes
C) prototypes
D) commontypes

54.Prototypes and schemas are:

A) types of responses people make to threat
B) principles central to organisational psychology
C) dependent on each other
D) often used interchangeably by social psychologists

55.According to Rothbart (1981),bookkeeping is:

A) a process at work when a schema undergoes change
B) a subset of auditing
C) forbidden by the Gaming Act
D) a schema associated with 'librarian'

56.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A) Negative stereotypes become more hostile during times of intergroup
conflict.
B) Once formed, stereotypes change very slowly.
C) Stereotypes are acquired through contact with members of outgroups.
D) Stereotypes make sense of intergroup relations.

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57.The property of a stimulus to make it stand out relative to other stimuli is

called:
A) vividness
B) salience
C) accessibility
D) attention-seeking

58.The main difference between prototypes and schemas is:

A) schemas are relatively vague and unorganised, whereas prototypes are highly
organised
B) there is no difference; they are always used interchangeably
C) prototypes are relatively vague and unorganised, whereas schemas are highly
organised
D) prototypes are structured, whereas schemas are fuzzy representations of a
category

59.Accessible categories can easily be:

A) changed
B) forgotten
C) primed automatically
D) repressed

60.You are having Sunday brunch with your friend at a quiet, family-friendly
cafe when suddenly three cross-dressers enter and perform an aria
usually sung by three famous tenors. Excited, you and your friend
continue to discuss this event after the three artists have left because
you:
A) have discovered what a 'prototype' means
B) have just experienced an accentuation effect
C) have just perceived stimuli that are vivid
D) want to get similar outfits for the upcoming dress-up ball

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61.One major critique of social cognition is that it is too:

A) scientific
B) reductionist
C) social
D) sociological

62.Heidi is an exchange student from Sweden .Her host family told her to
avoid the central city park 'because last week a weird-looking man was
seen hanging around there'. Heidi, in her final year majoring in
psychology, reasons that this advice is an instance of the

A) representativeness heuristic
B) fundamental attribution error
C) availability heuristic
D) self-serving bias

63.What is Margaret Wetherell's (2012)recent concern with regard to the

contemporary social psychology of affect and emotion?

A) It is too tied to the study of animals

B) It is too tied to the study of personality
C) It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes
associated with complex emotions
D) It is too tied to the exploration of cognitive and neurological processes
associated with simple or basic emotions

64.Softly-spoken Dorothy is doing something very uncharacteristic in a public

car park-assertively she tells someone who has just unpacked a shopping
trolley to return it to 'its proper place'. you, as a close friend, are likely to

A) pay close attention to what is going on

B) attribute it to stress in Dorothy's private life

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C) remember that Dorothy can be as assertive as yourself

D) forget about it at present, but store it up to think about it later

65.That people tend to recall current mood-congruent information more

readily than current mood-incongruent information suggests that:
A) affect influences social memory
B) affect has no relation with social memory
C) people who are angry tend to have poorer memory
D) people who are happier tend to have better memory

66.If you knew that only one per cent of inventors actually have a handsome
income you would have an example of
A) representativeness
B) the illusory correlation
C) regression to the mean
D) base-rate information

67.You are relaxing at the beach when a young guy races noisily past you into
the water .He is tanned, skinny with frizzy blond hair. You shrug your
shoulders and ,using the ________ heuristic ,you just 'know' that he is an
immature 'surfie'.
A) anchoring
B) regression
C) representativeness
D) availability

68.Better recall of inconsistent information does not occur when:

A) we already have a well-established impression
B) we are making a complex judgement
C) we have time afterwards to think about our impression
D) all of the above

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69.When people assume that a relationship exists between two variables,

the phenomenon where they tend to overestimate the degree of
correlation or see a correlation where none actually exists is called:
A) illusory correlation
B) illusion correlation
C) heuristic correlation
D) associative correlation

70.According to Forgas' affect-infusion model

A) moods modify the way we see ourselves to a greater degree for central rather
than peripheral traits
B) people recall information more readily if it is NOT congruent with their
present mood
C) people recall information more readily if it is congruent with their present
mood
D) none of the above

71.According to Tracey, the living standard in Europe has improved since the
establishment of the EU. She says she knows this because she has been
reading about the EU in the local paper. Which heuristic bias is she likely
to be using?
A) Regression
B) Representativeness
C) Anchoring
D) Availability

72.Lauren does not consider herself to be very artistic or creative. When she
meets Ben in her Introduction to Psychology class, and finds out he plays
guitar, she may infer that he is extremely artistic. What cognitive heuristic
is Lauren most likely to be using?
A) Anchoring
B) Availability

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C) Representativeness
D) Prejudice

73.Sally assumes two unusually tall boys at her school are brothers. Her
social inference may be flawed due to
A) base-rate information
B) paired distinctiveness
C) availability heuristic
D) regression.

74.What is the difference between memory-based judgements and forming

impressions of people on-line?

A) When forming impressions of people on-line, people rely on the internet to

gather information, whereas to make memory-based judgements people must
draw on their own memory
B) Memory-based judgements are more accurate than the impressions we form
of people on-line
C) Impressions we form of people on-line are more accurate than memory-
based judgements
D) When forming impressions of people on-line, people rely disproportionately
on incoming data, whereas to make memory-based judgements people must
draw on memory

75.Reliance on person schemas, often unconsciously activated, to make

judgements is referred to as:
A) discrimination
B) clinical judgement
C) categorising
D) subliminal assessment.

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76.How is our memory about people organised? Fiske and Taylor (1991)say
that it is by
A) person and group
B) language and ethnicity
C) race and ability
D) gender and age.

77.When people feel there is a demand on them, they appraise their

resources for dealing with the demand. If perceived resources are
inadequate to meet the demand, people.
A) experience a feeling of threat that motivates approach behaviours
(fight)
B) experience a feeling of challenge that motivates avoidance behaviours
(flight)
C) experience a feeling of challenge that motivates approach behaviours
(fight)
D) experience a feeling of threat that motivates avoidance behaviours
(flight)

78.The other day you stumbled across a new cafe near university where you
had the best coffee. You tell your friends immediately that you have found
'the most amazing cafe'. You go back there the next day, but the coffee
isn't as good. Your friends also tell you that they have visited the cafe
since you told them about it, and the coffee was average. The next week
you decide to give the cafe another go, and the coffee is better but still
not as good as the first time you went. This is an example of
A) base-rate information
B) clinical judgement
C) regression
D) false comparison

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Chapter 3: Attribution and Social Explanation

66 Questions

1. Katie thinks the new tutor is not only competent, but gorgeous! Her
friends think the same. According to the covariation model of attribution,
Katie's judgement:
A) is low in hedonic relevance
B) is highly consistent
C) has high consensus
D) is highly distinctive

2. Which of the following is NOT a major theory of attribution?

A) Bem's theory of self-perception
B) Rogers' protection motivation theory
C) Heider's theory of naïve psychology
D) Schachter's theory of emotional lability

3. According to Schachter's theory of emotional lability, an emotion is based

on the label that people give it. Consequently, we should be able to
A) go to sleep and wake up feeling just great
B) forget that the world is a very cruel place
C) feel contented rather than depressed by attributing arousal to an
external rather than an internal cause
D) easily convert a strong emotion into a mild one:

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4. People make a(n)________ attribution for a person's behaviour when the

behaviour is consistent, distinctive and when consensus is high.
A) internal
B) none, they discount
C) personal
D) external.

5. Ulrike has just bought the latest style of jeans. If we made a

correspondent inference, we would think that Ulrike's choice was due to:
A) the style of the jeans
B) a group norm
C) nothing that we could be sure about
D) her personality.

6. Which of the following types of information is NOT used when making a

causal attribution according to the covariation model of attribution?
A) Consistency
B) Consensus
C) Distinctiveness
D) Discreteness

7. According to Heider (1958),an example of a dispositional factor is:

A) a transient emotion
B) a group norm
C) ability
D) none of the above

8. The term 'naïve scientist' as coined by Heider refers to

A) a therapist who thinks people usually tell the truth
B) an ordinary person who thinks like an intuitive scientist
C) someone poorly trained in scientific methods
D) a first-year student in the physical sciences.

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9. The term 'external attribution' is also termed ________ in Heider's

theory.
A) personalism
B) correspondent attribution
C) dispositional attribution
D) situational attribution.

10.Which of the following is NOT an attribution theory?

A) Schachter's theory of emotional lability
B) Turner and Hogg's self-categorisation theory
C) Kelley's covariation model
D) Jones and Davis' theory of correspondent inference.

11.In making a correspondent inference, when we attribute someone's

behaviour to internal causes, we check that the behaviour:
A) could not be explained as being socially desirable
B) affected us directly
C) was chosen freely
D) all of the above

12.People usually make causal attributions by deciding if someone's

behaviour is the result of ________ factors versus ________ factors:
A) objective; subjective
B) genetic; learned
C) group; intergroup
D) personal; environmental

13.According to Heider (1958),an example of a situational factor is:

A) a personality trait
B) the sound of someone's voice
C) a noisy environment
D) an inborn disposition.

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14.The theory that deals with how people construct causal explanations is:
A) causal identity theory
B) attribution theory
C) cognition theory
D) categorisation theory.

15.A dispositional attribution is

A) the process of assigning the cause of our own or others' behaviour to
external or environmental factors
B) the process of assigning the cause of general behaviour to a greater
power, such as those explained through religion
C) the process of assigning the cause of our feelings to other people's
behaviour
D) the process of assigning the cause of our own or others' behaviour to
internal factors.

16.Elaine has just screamed, smacking her daughter's fingers because the
adventurous one-year-old has just poked a metal fork into a power outlet.
Because consistency information is low, you would probably not think of
Elaine as a violent person. This refers to:
A) the discounting principle
B) Elaine's level of correspondent inference
C) her daughter's degree of personalism
D) a consensus effect.

17.A statistical technique, analysis of variance ,is an analogy for which model
of attribution?
A) Schachter's theory of emotional lability
B) Jones and Davis' theory of correspondent inference
C) Kelley's covariation model
D) Heider's theory of naïve psychology.

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18.Using what you know about non-common effects and outcome bias,
consider the following example: Josh has to choose between behaviour A
and behaviour B. Behaviour A produces only terror and behaviour B
produces only joy. Can we tell anything about Josh's disposition based on
his chosen behaviour?
A) No, Josh's choice will not tell us anything about his disposition, because
the behaviours have few non-common effects
B) Yes, Josh's choice will tell us something about his disposition, because
the behaviours have absolutely no non-common effects
C) Yes, Josh's choice will tell us something about his disposition, because
the behaviours have few non-common effects
D) No, Josh's choice will not tell us anything about his disposition,
because the behaviours have many non-common effects

19.Heider and Simmel's (1994)ingenious experiment in which people who

were asked to describe the movement of abstract geometric figures
described them as if they were humans with intentions to act in certain
ways demonstrates that:
A) humans tend to look for causes and reasons for behaviour, and use
causal language to comment or explain phenomena
B) humans think everything has human properties, even inanimate
objects
C) humans view themselves as geometric shapes
D) humans can project their own personalities onto inanimate objects,
including geometric figures

20.Theories of attribution
A) are based on criminal psychology
B) cannot be falsified
C) are theories of causal inference
D) are forms of cognitive heuristics

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21.Self-perception theory implies that we:

A) infer what and how we are by observing what we do
B) believe that people usually 'get what's coming to them'
C) take careful note of what others think
D) have a good sense of what is ideal.

22.A general tendency for people to attribute behaviour to stable underlying

personality dispositions refers to:
A) correspondence bias
B) self-enhancing bias
C) attentional bias
D) actor-observer effect.

23.People who view aversive events as being caused by internal, stable,

global factors have a:
A) positive attributional style
B) depressive attributional style
C) sleepy attributional style
D) suppressive attributional style.

24.According to Weiner's attribution theory, which of the following is

required to make an internal attribution for being successful?
A) Whether an action is stable or unstable
B) Whether an action is controllable or uncontrollable
C) Whether any accompanying emotion is labile or not labile
D) Both A and B

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25.'Other people are always fully responsible for what they do', says Mary.
Mary's philosophy is an example of the
A) ultimate attribution error
B) fundamental attribution error
C) self-serving bias
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

26.Individuals who are fatalistic and do not believe that they have much
control over what happens to them are prone to:
A) negative self-perception
B) multiple accidents
C) an external attributional style
D) disaster.

27.The fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the false
consensus effect are types of
A) attributional styles
B) dispositional traits
C) biases in attribution
D) experimenter effects.

28.With respect to how attributions are made, a cognitive miser is a person

who:
A) usually has a poorly formed self-concept
B) habitually uses cognitive heuristics
C) has a well-concealed locus of control
D) is mistrustful of the motives of others

29.In a close relationship, attributions by both partners become more

frequent when:
A) the relationship enters the maintenance phase
B) there is a power imbalance

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C) the relationship is dissolving

D) both partners are satisfied.

30.Internal and stable attributions for positive behaviours are most common
in a close relationship when:
A) both partners are in paid jobs
B) the relationship is satisfying
C) the relationship is problematic
D) there is a power imbalance.

31.Jemima knew little about photography but enrolled in a beginner's course

to see what it was all about. She was praised for her first effort, but
thought this was just a bit of luck, making an ________ attribution. When
she continued to be praised for her later work, she concluded that
anyone could be a really good photographer. This time her attribution was
________.
A) internal-stable; internal-unstable
B) external-unstable; external-stable
C) internal-unstable; external-stable
D) external-stable; internal-unstable.

32.According to Schachter, a person's state of depression can be turned into

a feeling of wellbeing. This is:
A) because people's emotions depend on how they label them
B) a result of cognitive inconsistency
C) clearly wrong
D) a result of temporary drug treatment with subsequent psychotherapy.

33.Havila knows that she does not suit the colour green because she does
not have anything of that colour in her wardrobe. This illustrates the ideas
associated with the theory of:
A) emotional lability
B) belief in a just world

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C) self-perception
D) the naïve scientist.

34.Rotter's locus of control scale was designed to assess people's:

A) level of defensive car-driving skills in difficult road conditions
B) manipulative strategies in interpersonal encounters
C) beliefs about the origins of rewards and punishments they receive
D) knowledge of heuristics used in political messages.

35.'The economy' as an explanation for someone being made redundant is

what type of explanation on which dimension of the attributional style
questionnaire (ASQ):
A) stable, on the stable/unstable dimension
B) internal, on the internal/external dimension
C) specific, on the global/specific dimension
D) global, on the global/specific dimension.

36.Tom thinks he has just failed an exam. However, he reasons that the class
results will be scaled up as the lecturer asked very difficult questions.
What kind of attribution has Tom just made?
A) An external-stable one
B) An internal-stable one
C) An external-unstable one
D) An internal-unstable one

37.Arthur never goes to church ,and therefore knows that he is not

interested in religion. This is an example of the logic underlying:
A) belief in a just world
B) emotional lability
C) cognitive dissonance
D) self-perception theory.

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38.By deciding that something is due to 'luck' a person makes a(n):

A) external-unstable attribution
B) stable-controllable attribution
C) external-stable attribution
D) internal-unstable attribution
39. According to Weiner, what three performance dimensions do we consider in
making an achievement attribution?
A) Locus, susceptibility, and cautiousness
B) Locus, stability, and controllability
C) Controllability, stability, and teamwork
D) Experience, teamwork, and fitness

40. Making attributions in the formation stage of a close relationship is

important (Harvey,1987)because it:
A) helps partners to communicate
B) introduces ambiguity
C) helps partners to make sense of the relationship
D) both A and C

41. Hugo claims 'I am an A grade student! The only reason I get Cs is
because the lecturer is boring.' You smile wryly at Hugo's:
A) ultimate attribution error
B) self-serving bias
C) differential forgetting
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

42. Which of the following is NOT a self-serving bias?

A) Self-protection
B) Self-enhancement
C) Self-satisfaction
D) Self-handicapping

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43. 'He gave those blokes the finger, no wonder he was beaten
unconscious'. This statement is an example of
A) belief in a just world
B) self-handicapping
C) a self-serving bias
D) a gang norm.

44. As described by Pettigrew (1979),the ultimate attribution error occurs

when an internal cause is offered for ________ actions, and an
external cause is offered for ________ actions.
A) negative ingroup; positive ingroup
B) positive outgroup; negative outgroup
C) negative outgroup; positive outgroup
D) positive ingroup; negative ingroup.

45. According to the actor-observer effect, observers tend to attribute the

actor's actions to ________factors:
A) dispositional
B) external
C) uncontrollable
D) situational.

46. The ultimate attribution error refers to attributions made for

A) ingroup behaviour only
B) both ingroup and outgroup behaviour
C) neither ingroup nor outgroup behaviour
D) outgroup behaviour only.

47. When we underestimate the role of context in explaining someone

else's behaviour we
A) make the ultimate attribution error
B) show the actor-observer effect

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C) demonstrate the illusory correlation

D) make the fundamental attribution error

48. Who is responsible for violence in Palestine? Benjamin blames the

Palestinians, but Hanif blames the Israelis. Benjamin and Hanif are:
A) following the tit-for-tat rule
B) showing the actor-observer effect
C) establishing an illusory correlation
D) making an ethnocentric intergroup attribution.

49. According to the actor-observer effect, actors tend to attribute their

actions to ________ factors.
A) situational
B) internal
C) unstable
D) dispositional.

50. The term 'self-handicapping' refers to:

A) consciously sabotaging yourself by not performing up to your
potential
B) underperforming to gain sympathy and affection
C) a form of mental 'self-mutilation'
D) seeking some cause other than yourself to account for an
anticipated failure.

51. Intergroup attributions include attributions for performance that are

consistent with
A) sex stereotypes only
B) both sex and racial stereotypes
C) racial stereotypes only
D) neither sex nor racial stereotypes.

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52. John thinks that the reason house prices have gone up so much is
'because of all the immigrants'. John is:
A) not a psychologist
B) attempting group polarisation
C) using a self-serving bias
D) making an intergroup attribution.

53. An example of the false consensus effect would be when a:

A) teacher gives an inflated grade to a favourite student
B) novice tennis player sees a wonderful sporting future after just
serving an ace when playing against their coach
C) city mayor wants more skyscrapers on the main street, arguing that
this is what the citizens want
D) child blames you (in your innocence) for spilling drink on their
painting.

54. An example of a group-enhancing bias is:

A) group production blocking
B) the primordial urges of the id
C) the ultimate attribution error
D) the fundamental attribution error.

55. She had popped a party pill and she was really rocking, so of course
the guy took advantage of her!' This explanation is a straightforward
case of:
A) 'boys being boys'
B) an external attribution
C) belief in a just world
D) 'girls being silly'.

56. The actor-observer effect is a(n)

A) form of self-perception
B) test of acting ability

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C) extension of the fundamental attribution error

D) individual differences measure.

57. Bill writes in the student newspaper 'The main library needs a total
cleanout; there are far too many books and journals. I'm sure you all
agree!' Bill is probably a victim of:
A) the stimulus overload effect
B) the false consensus effect
C) regression-to-the-mean bias
D) the availability heuristic.

58. The false consensus effect is stronger:

A) among younger people than older people
B) for beliefs that we care about
C) among males than females
D) for beliefs that we're unsure about.

59. Self-enhancing, self-protecting and self-handicapping actions are:

A) quite unrelated
B) characteristics of a neurotic personality
C) very rare events
D) self-serving biases.

60. Alex has been pigging out and doesn't feel particularly fit. He now has
doubts about qualifying in rowing at the upcoming nationals. Just
before the event he tells his mate that he hasn't been feeling
focussed recently. Alex's comments are a case of:
A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) belief in a just world
C) self-other bias
D) self-handicapping.

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61. Elaborated explanations of unfamiliar and complex phenomena that

transform them into the familiar and simple and are shared among
group members are referred to as
A) scripts
B) the collective conscious
C) stereotypes
D) social representations.

62. Intercultural misunderstandings about the way that people from

different groups behave occur quite frequently. This is likely to occur
when people from different cultures:
A) have more holistic or less holistic world views
B) attribute different causes for the same action
C) have different theories of causality
D) all of the above

63. The assumption that the outcomes of behaviour were intended by

the person who chose the behaviour is known as
A) outcome bias
B) illusion of control
C) false consensus effect
D) ethnocentrism.

64. Ian has just heard how a mate's younger sister is drop-dead beautiful.
He traces the origin of the account through the entire rugby team and
finds that the (fourteenth!)version he has just been given, as
compared with the original version, is:
A) prejudiced by machismo
B) shorter and selectively exaggerated
C) more complex and less distorted
D) more detailed.

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65. The idea that al-Qaeda are behind almost every world catastrophe
you can think of is an example of
A) a complex socio-historical explanation
B) deductive reasoning
C) latter-day rationalism
D) a conspiracy theory.

66. An ethnocentric intergroup attribution is:

A) an ingroup-serving bias
B) an extension of the self-serving bias
C) an external attribution on a grand scale
D) both A and B

Chapter 4: Self & Identity

82 Questions
1. Liz is acutely and objectively self-aware. Therefore she:
A) becomes easily deindividuated
B) compares herself how she is with how she would like to be
C) has no illusions about who she is
D) constantly compares herself with 'similar others.'

2. Self and identity are:

A) components of behaviour
B) mental fictions
C) operational definitions
D) cognitive constructs influencing how we perceive socially and interact
with others.

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3. With regard to self and identity, Freud's psychoanalytic theory:

A) argued that the self was only a conscious construct
B) did not even mention the self
C) argued that the self could only be accessed through the unconscious
D) allowed the self to dominate the Id.

4. Having a reduced level of self-awareness

A) is a consequence of success
B) is a key component in deindividuation
C) can make a person feel good
D) leads to an intensification of emotions.

5. The idea that we form a concept of ourselves from how we think others
see us is:
A) based on the legend of Narcissus
B) called the 'looking-glass self'
C) derived from Freudian psychology
D) known as self-monitoring.

6. When Allport (1924)famously argued that the psychology of groups is

really essentially psychology of individuals:
A) it was difficult for the study of the collective self to thrive
B) the study of the collective self-became one of the major topics in
psychology
C) other disciplines that focussed on collectivises were incorporated into
psychology
D) other social phenomena such as language, religion, customs, and myth
became incorporated into the study of the self.

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7. Major historical processes, such as secularisation and industrialisation,

were:
A) factors that created a group mind
B) factors that led to the emergence of the individual self
C) nineteenth-century developments in European urban society
D) factors that set back the development of self-regulated psychological
systems.

8. According to the theory of ________,people trade symbols through

words and non-verbal cues:
A) Fechnerian psychophysics
B) symbolic interactionism
C) homo symbolicus
D) operant behaviourism.

9. People normally overestimate their good points, overestimate their

control over events, and are unrealistically optimistic. Sedikides and
Gregg (2003)call this:
A) the looking-glass self
B) the self-enhancing triad
C) symbolic interactionism
D) the psychodynamic self

10.Industrialisation stimulated the emergence of the individual self by:

A) viewing individuals as units of production with portable identities
B) increasing the marriage rate
C) providing people with regular employment
D) giving people machines to work with

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11.The theory of symbolic interactionism maintains that:

A) individuals interact with other group members often when they are not
there
B) people exchange symbols through both words and non-verbal cues
C) close interactions with others are symbolic, not real
D) groups establish their unique symbols to interact with other groups.

12.People with high public self-awareness:

A) worry about their public image
B) are concerned with outgroup politics
C) like to be in the spotlight
D) have a high level of community responsibility.

13.Sherif's (1936)research on how norms emerge from interaction and are

internalised to influence behaviour draws directly from:
A) Freud's psychoanalytic theories of the self
B) the idea that there is an individual self that is grounded in group life
C) 16th century industrialisation
D) the idea that there is a collective self that is grounded in group life

14.The expression the 'looking-glass self' refers to a concept of self that is:
A) learned through observation
B) narcissistic
C) developed through introspection
D) based on our idea of the way others see us.

15.Modern empirical studies of self-awareness demonstrate that:

A) the Id is all washed up
B) we mostly dream about ourselves
C) the ego developed shortly before the Id
D) none of the above

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16.What did Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979)and Tice (1992)find out about
the idea of the 'looking-glass self'?
A) People do not tend to see themselves as others see them, but instead
as they think others see them
B) It should not have been termed 'the looking-glass self' but 'the mirror-
image self'
C) They confirmed that people always see themselves as others see them
D) Nothing, Shrauger and Schoeneman (1979) and Tice (1992) did not do
research into the idea of the 'looking-glass self'

17.The concepts of self and identity:

A) allow humans to predict what others think
B) allow humans to predict what others do
C) provide humans with guidelines about how they should behave
D) all of the above

18.Historical evidence indicates that in medieval society one's identity:

A) was determined by the social order
B) did not exist
C) was under the control of an absolute monarch
D) fluctuated cyclically from time to time.

19.Is the self an individual or a collective phenomenon? Those who advocate

an individual self, have tended to prevail because:
A) of considerable empirical evidence for the individualistic stance
B) they are critical of sociological theorising
C) they have mostly conceptualised groups as made up of individuals
D) all of the above

20.In Freudian theory the self was viewed as:

A) a quantifiable concept
B) accessible only through cognitive-behavioural therapy

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C) accessible only through procedures such as hypnosis and psychotherapy

D) having developed from the Superego

21.According to Festinger people learn about themselves by

A) comparing themselves with others
B) putting their past behind them
C) playing up their strengths rather than their weaknesses
D) ignoring the comments of others and looking to the future.

22.According to self-discrepancy theory, there are three kinds of:

A) actual-schemas
B) ought-schemas
C) self-schemas
D) ideal-schemas.

23.When people use strategies to match their behaviour to an 'ought' or an

'ideal' standard, they engage in:
A) Downward social comparison
B) self-regulation
C) self-discrepancy
D) framing

24.Tara feels insecure. You advise her to refrain from comparing herself with
people who she thinks are 'superior' .Your advice is a key point in:
A) Higgins' self-discrepancy theory
B) Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model
C) Festinger's social comparison theory
D) Bem's self-perception theory.

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25.BIRGing is:
A) the use of name-dropping to get others to think well of you
B) saying what you think-a kind of psychological burping
C) an acronym for Bringing In Research Grants
D) a key part of the GRIT method of conflict resolution.

26.When Tom says that 'information about the self is stored in context-
specific nodes':
A) he is talking nonsense
B) the topic in question is the ideal self
C) you agree but point out that Skinner said it first
D) Tom's framework relates to self-schemas.

27.According to self-discrepancy theory, how we think we should be refers

to:
A) the 'ought' self
B) the actual self
C) the superego self
D) the ideal self.

28.The theory that distinguishes between three kinds of self-schemas is:

A) Festinger's social comparison theory
B) Higgins' self-discrepancy theory
C) Bem's self-perception theory
D) Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model.

29.Bem's self-perception theory maintains that people construct an

impression of their own personality by
A) deciding that their locus of control is external
B) separating their actual self from their ideal and 'ought' selves
C) attributing their behaviour internally
D) averaging out all of their social comparisons.

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30.Jenny loves knitting and most of her friends now own a beautifully knitted
jumper. But now she is selling her jumpers through a craft shop and,
although she makes quite a lot of money for each jumper, she can't seem
to get motivated anymore. 'Ha!' you say, 'social psychology tells us that
she would have loved knitting earlier because _________'.
A) of a change in her personality
B) she was BIRGing back then
C) she hadn't got bored at that time
D) of the overjustification effect.

31.According to Higgins (1987),self-discrepancies are revealed through:

A) introspection
B) comparison of actual with ideal self
C) comparison of actual with 'ought' self
D) both B and C

32. Even though May has had no pay rise ,no promotion, and can't see either
happening in the near future, she has been working overtime, even
skipping tea and lunch breaks. According to the overjustification effect,
she will most likely:
A) enjoy the job less
B) become less efficient
C) avoid future challenges in her job
D) none of the above

33.Festinger's theory of social comparison implies that people:

A) learn from their errors by asking others what they think
B) compare the qualities of various groups before choosing one to join
C) check their perceptions and attitudes against others who are similar to
them
D) counteract potential criticism by undermining their 'enemies.’

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34.Mary's view is that we gain self-knowledge by making self-attributions.

She has clearly been influenced by ________ theory.
A) self-perception
B) social comparison
C) self-discrepancy
D) 'looking-glass'.

35.Regulatory focus theory:

A) is the theory that our sense of self is regulated between our 'good'
days and our 'bad' days
B) is the theory that we infer our own attitudes from our own behaviour
C) differentiates between a promotion focus and a prevention focus when
constructing a sense of self
D) defines our sense of self as being closely connected to how we think
others see us.

36.Millie is a member of a youth group. She is proud of this and feels she is a
better person as a result. She is a living example of
A) self-perception theory
B) the self-evaluation maintenance model
C) the overjustification effect
D) how self-categorisation theory works.
37.According to self-discrepancy theory, 'self-guides'
A) can represent both the ideal self as well as the 'ought' self
B) refer to prevention goals that people strive to avoid
C) are associated with promotional goals that people strive for
D) all of the above

38.People are self-schematic on dimensions.

A) that are important to them
B) on which they think they are extreme
C) on which they are certain the opposite does not hold
D) all of the above

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39.According to the overjustification effect, performance on a task may be

improved by
A) yelling at someone until they complete the task
B) setting performance goals and rewarding for good performance
C) appealing to a person's ideal self
D) giving many rewards for completing the task.

40.Why are self-schemas that are more integrated, rather than rigidly
compartmentalised, preferable?
A) If some self-schemas are very negative and some are very positive,
events may cause extreme mood swings according to whether a positive
or negative self-schema is primed
B) With integrated self-schemas, context effects on mood will be more
extreme
C) Compartmentalised self-schemas lead to greater context effects on
mood
D) Both A and C

41.In seeking self-conceptual coherence, people:

A) often become schizophrenic
B) usually develop affective bipolar disorder
C) habitually turn to psychotherapy
D) often attempt to keep a variety of selves in perspective.

42.Sandra has just received a bad result in her language paper. After telling
her parents, she points to her achievement in a recent swimming
competition. Steele (1988)calls this strategy:
A) self-affirmation
B) achievement motivation
C) BIRGing
D) self-verification.

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43.Which of the following is NOT related to social identity theory?

A) Prejudice and stereotyping
B) Intergroup relations
C) Social categorisation and social comparison
D) Groupthink.

44.At a girls' summer camp Maria has just been assigned to a group called
the 'Rosebuds’, one of six separate groups that will interact from time to
time at the camp. It is likely that if she needs to make a decision about
allocating rewards, she will.
A) want all other children to be Rosebuds
B) not care what group any girl might be in
C) wilt and go limp, as a Rosebud would
D) discriminate against children who are not Rosebuds.

45.According to the metacontrast principle ,category prototypes are used to

accentuate ________ within groups and ________ between groups.
A) ingroup norms; outgroup norms
B) similarities; differences
C) mean scores; standard deviations
D) none of the above

46.Rosa has settled shortly after her arrival from the Philippines. When
interacting with the neighbours she is likely to:
A) make earnest attempts to have them view her Philippine identity in a
positive light
B) accentuate her foreign accent
C) act to confirm her neighbours' expectations based on stereotypes to
please them
D) make an attempt to pass as a local

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47.According to Brewer and Gardner (1996),part of our self-concept consists

of dyadic relationships that assimilate our self to significant others .This
part is called the
A) collective self
B) social self
C) relational self
D) individual self.

48.One way to maintain a reasonably integrated picture of who we are is to

apply:
A) Freud's psychodynamic theory
B) the actor-observer effect
C) the overjustification effect
D) to take self-help classes.

49.Which of the following is NOT a major motive that influences self-

construction?
A) Self-assessment
B) Self-enhancement
C) Self-discrepancy
D) Self-verification

50.Which motive is a simple desire to have accurate and valid information

about oneself?
A) Self-enhancement
B) Self-affirmation
C) Self-righteousness
D) Self-assessment

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51.While on holiday at a popular resort, Peter almost bumps into a middle-

aged couple looking at the local map mounted on a street sideboard.
'Tourists', he mumbles as he weaves past them. At the very least, his
reaction.
A) indicates how we use categories that come easily to mind
B) is obviously wrong
C) reflects Peter's naïve approach to judging others
D) is based on previous experience.

52.Ulrike from Austria meets Manuel from Ecuador. She can't wait to go on a
date with him-he will be a wonderful Salsa dancer, romantic, and eat
exotic food. He is very excited-she will be an incredible skier, drink
schnapps, and listen to Mozart's music. Their great expectations are
based on:
A) astrology
B) self-categorisation
C) prototypes
D) wishful thinking.

53.The class of identity that defines the self in terms of group memberships
is.
A) group identity
B) personal identity
C) social identity
D) individual identity.

54.The minimal group paradigm:

A) identified participants as either individuals or categorised as group members
B) deals with the smallest possible group-the dyad
C) refers to relationships between very small groups
D) both B and C

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55.With reference to self-concept, which of the following is NOT correct?

People:
A) with a highly fragmented self, e.g., through amnesia, can have trouble
in functioning effectively
B) need a degree of self-conceptual integration and coherence
C) use a variety of strategies to construct a coherent sense of self
D) none of the above is incorrect

56.Manipulating others to have a good impression of you by name-dropping

is:
A) accounted for by self-enhancement theory
B) referred to as BIRGing
C) how 'impression management' is defined
D) a feature of social comparison theory.

57.Brewer (2001)has described 'relational social identities.’ These define:

A) the real me in terms of my close relatives
B) unique aspects of the person
C) self through particular others in a group setting
D) properties of a membership group.

58.In Fazio, Effrein and Falender's (1981)study, researchers asked loaded

questions of people about themselves. They found that participants:
A) make invalid self-descriptions
B) answer questions differently depending on the time of day
C) describe themselves differently in different situations
D) cover up with questions of this type.

59.Which of these refers to self-concept in a relatively collective sense?

A) Ideal self
B) Personal identity
C) Looking-glass self
D) Social identity

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60.'Personal identity' refers to the self in terms of

A) unique interpersonal relationships
B) the relational self
C) unique attributes
D) both A and C

61.According to Sedikides (1993),which self-motive was the weakest?

A) Self-verification
B) Self-affirmation
C) Self-assessment
D) Self-enhancement.

62.According to Sedikides (1993),self-enhancement, self-verification, and

self-assessment are powerful types of
A) illusions of self-control
B) self-motives
C) self-serving biases
D) egocentric strategies.

63.When compared with people with high trait self-esteem, those with low
trait self-esteem:
A) have more complex selves
B) come from rural areas
C) show confusion in their self-concept
D) are usually younger.

64.According to terror management theory

A) people need to pull themselves together in this complex world
B) most terrorists manage fear very well
C) self-esteem is a defence against inevitable death
D) natural disasters create the greatest of all fears.

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65.Studies of African American children carried out before and after the
Second World War showed that:
A) African American children had lower self-esteem than White children
B) African American children were more positive towards White children
than African American children
C) White children were more positive towards White children than African
American children
D) All of the above

66.Which of the strategies below is NOT associated with the psychology of

impression management?
A) Strategic self-presentation
B) Expressive self-presentation
C) Impressive self-description
D) Self-monitoring

67.According to Sedikides (1993),which self-motive was the strongest?

A) Self-verification
B) Self-affirmation
C) Self-assessment
D) Self-enhancement.

68.Greenberg and colleagues’ suggestion that people pursue self-esteem to

overcome their fear of death is part of their:
A) pursuit of happiness
B) gloomy self-theory.
C) terror management theory
D) terrain management theory.

69.Wally is a salesperson in a large kitchen utensil shop. He wants everyone

to praise his work-including the boss, co-workers, and customers. But he
can't stand criticism. Wally's ways of responding are:
A) techniques for manipulating the perceptions of others
B) ways of dealing with problems at home

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C) strategies for ensuring that his self-concept remains positive

D) sure signs that he needs a holiday.

70.The tendency to overestimate our good points is referred to as:

A) self-verification
B) the metacontrast principle
C) the self-excelling effect
D) the above-average effect.

71.What did Baumeister, Smart and Boden (1996)find about the relation
between self-esteem and violence?
A) Violence was associated with high self-esteem
B) Violence and self-esteem were not related
C) Violence was associated with low self-esteem
D) None of the above

72.Greenberg and colleagues suggested that one reason why people pursue
self-esteem is to:
A) avoid social rejection
B) overcome their fear of death
C) succeed in their careers
D) protect the ego from the superego.

73.Leary and colleagues suggest that people pursue self-esteem because:

A) it helps us succeed in our careers, which define who we are
B) we are fearful of our inevitable mortality
C) there are associated health risks if we don't
D) it is a good indication of our social acceptance and belonging.

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74.Identity requires _________ for it to persist and serve a useful function,

which is why we pursue _____________.
A) social validation; impressive self-description
B) social validation; expressive self-presentation
C) social competency; impressive self-description
D) social competency; expressive self-presentation.

75.Which of the following is not a major threat to a person's self-esteem?

A) Failing in what you try to achieve
B) Experiencing several stressing events
C) Having a number of relatively discrete selves
D) Being aware of important inconsistencies or discrepancies about
yourself.

76.Studies suggest that people in Western cultures conceptualise the self as

_________ while people in Eastern cultures tend to conceptualise the self
as ___________.
A) ingroup; outgroup
B) materialistic; cultural
C) independent; interdependent
D) none of the above

77.Trying to get others to regard you as a morally respectable individual is

called:
A) exemplification
B) ingratiation
C) intimidation
D) supplication.

78.The need for positive self-esteem

A) is found only in very special people
B) has been tracked across cultures
C) is an impossible dream
D) leads to depression.

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79.A friend describes you as 'unusual' to a new member of the bowling club.
You would be maintaining a positive self-image if you.
A) hoped that no one else would find out
B) worried yourself sick and vowed not to be 'unusual' in the future
C) defined 'unusual' as a cool thing to be
D) restored equity by telling the new member that your friend was 'a
handful.’

80.In the context of disadvantaged groups, which strategy can young people
employ to maintain positive self-esteem? They can
A) congregate in specifically designated areas (ghettos)
B) assimilate
C) keep to themselves
D) identify ethnic characteristics that they perceive in a positive way.

81.Although the need to have a distinctive and integrated sense of self is

probably universal, it has been suggested that _____________ means
something quite different in individualist and collectivist cultures.
A) the search for happiness
B) self-instruction
C) the search for positive self-esteem
D) self-distinctiveness.

82.The most plausible account of the origins of individualist and collectivist

cultures and their associated self-conceptions is probably in terms of
A) economic activity
B) cultural naivety
C) grandiose ideals of Western cultures
D) differing religious practices.

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