Tenth Edition

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

7
CHAPTER

STATICS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
David F. Mazurek EG-231
Lecture Notes:
Statics & Dynamics
John Chen
California Polytechnic State University The
Copperbelt University
School of Engineering
Forces in Beams

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Contents

Introduction Sample Problem 7.4

Various Types of Beam Loading Sample Problem 7.6
and Support
Shear and Bending Moment in a
Beam
Sample Problem 7.2
Sample Problem 7.3
Relations Among Load, Shear,
and Bending Moment

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Application
Forces that are internal to the structural members – beams and
cables – are the subject of this chapter

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Introduction
• Preceding chapters dealt with:
a) determining external forces acting on a structure and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.

• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) which hold
together the various parts of a given member.

• Focus is on two important types of engineering structures:

a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members designed
to support loads applied at various points along the member.
b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding only
tension, designed to support concentrated or distributed loads.

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Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

• Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.

• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

distributed loads or combination of both.

• Beam design is two-step process:

1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments

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Various Types of Beam Loading and Support

• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they involve only three

unknowns. Otherwise, they are statically indeterminate.
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Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

To design a structural or mechanical member it is necessary to know the
loading acting within the member in order to be sure the material can resist
this loading. Internal loadings can be determined by using the method of
sections .

The internal loadings acting at B will then be exposed and

become external on the free-body diagram of each segment
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Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam - Summary

• Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point (for
example, point C) in a beam subjected
to concentrated and distributed loads.

• Determine reactions at supports by

treating whole beam as free-body.

• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown for
each beam section.
• From equilibrium considerations,
determine M and V or M’ and V’.

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Sign Convention.
For problems in two dimensions engineers
generally use a sign convention to report the
three internal loadings N, V, and M. Although
this sign convention can be arbitrarily
assigned, the one that is widely accepted will
be used here, The normal force is said to be
positive if it creates tension, a positive shear
force will cause the beam segment on which it
acts to rotate clockwise, and a positive
bending moment will tend to bend the
segment on which it acts in a concave
upward manner. Loadings that are opposite to
these are considered negative.

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Sample Problem 1
Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment acting
just to the left, point B, and just to the right, point C, of the 6-kN force
on the beam

Step 1: Support Reactions.

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Step 2: FBD for Seg: AB.

Step 3: Equations of Equilibrium for Seg: AB.

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Step 2: FBD for Seg: AC.

Step 3: Equations of Equilibrium for Seg: AC.

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Sample Problem 2
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point C.

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V = + P 2 M = + Px 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V = - P 2 M = + P(L - x ) 2

• For a beam subjected to

concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.

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Sample Problem 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the shaft
shown in the figure . The support at A is a thrust
bearing and the support at C is a journal bearing.

1. Support Reactions.

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Shear and moment Functions. The shaft is sectioned at an

arbitrary distance x from point A, extending within the region AB

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Shear and moment Functions. A free-body diagram for a left

segment of the shaft extending from A a distance x , within the
region BC

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Question

Before B

After B

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Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.

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Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
- 20 kN - V1 = 0 V1 = -20 kN

(20 kN)(0 m) + M1 = 0 M1 = 0

Similarly, V2 = -20kN M 2 = -50kN × m

V3 = 26kN M 3 = -50kN × m
V4 = 26kN M 4 = +28kN × m
V5 = -14 kN M 5 = +28kN × m
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Sample Problem 4
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.

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Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.

• Determine equivalent internal force-

couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Draw the shear and bending moment
• Plot results.
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 lb/in. extends
over 12 in. of the beam, from A to C,
and the 400 lb load is applied at E.

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Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
åM A = 0:
B y (32 in.) - (480 lb)(6 in.) - (400 lb)(22 in.) = 0
B y = 365 lb

åMB = 0:
(480 lb)(26 in.) + (400 lb)(10 in.) - A(32 in.) = 0
A = 515 lb

å Fx = 0 : Bx = 0

• Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a

400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D.

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Sample Problem 5
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.

From A to C:
å Fy = 0 : 515 - 40 x - V = 0
V = 515 - 40 x

å M1 = 0 : ( )
- 515 x - 40 x 12 x + M = 0
M = 515x - 20 x 2
From C to D:

å Fy = 0 : 515 - 480 - V = 0
V = 35 lb

å M 2 = 0 : - 515x + 480(x - 6) + M = 0
M = (2880 + 35x ) lb × in.

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Sample Problem 5
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple
systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.

From D to B:
å Fy = 0 : 515 - 480 - 400 - V = 0
V = -365 lb

åM2 = 0 :
- 515x + 480( x - 6) - 1600 + 400( x - 18) + M = 0
M = (11,680 - 365x ) lb × in.

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Sample Problem 5
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 515 - 40 x
M = 515x - 20 x 2
From C to D:
V = 35 lb
M = (2880 + 35x ) lb × in.

From D to B:
V = -365 lb
M = (11,680 - 365x ) lb × in.

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

• Relations between load and shear:
V - (V + DV ) - wDx = 0
dV DV
= lim = -w
dx Dx ®0 Dx
xD
VD - VC = - ò w dx = -(area under load curve)
xC

• Relations between shear and bending moment:

(M + DM ) - M - VDx + wDx Dx = 0
2
dM
= lim
DM
(
= lim V - 12 wDx = V
dx Dx®0 Dx Dx®0
)
xD
M D - M C = ò V dx = (area under shear curve)
xC

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 Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment

wL
• Reactions at supports, R A = RB =
2
• Shear curve,
x
V - V A = - ò w dx = - wx
0
wL æL ö
V = V A - wx = - wx = wç - x ÷
2 è2 ø
• Moment curve,
x
M - M A = ò Vdx
0

( )
x
æL ö w
M = ò wç - x ÷dx = L x - x 2
0 è2 ø 2
wL2 æ dM ö
M max = ç M at = V = 0÷
8 è dx ø
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Sample Problem 6
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free body, determine
reactions at supports.
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx = -w = 0 and shear is
constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam • Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
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Sample Problem 6
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
åM A = 0:
D(24 ft ) - (20 kips )(6 ft ) - (12 kips )(14 ft )
- (12 kips )(28 ft ) = 0
D = 26 kips
å F y =0 :
Ay - 20 kips - 12 kips + 26 kips - 12 kips = 0
Ay = 18 kips
• Between concentrated loads, dV dx = -w = 0
and shear is constant and determined by
appropriate section cut and solution.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
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Sample Problem 6
• Between concentrated load application
points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
M B - M A = +108 M B = +108 kip × ft
M C - M B = -16 M C = +92 kip × ft
M D - M C = -140 M D = -48 kip × ft
M E - M D = +48 ME = 0

• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

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Sample Problem 7
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.

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Sample Problem 7
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = - w = - w0
dx
VB - V A = - 12 w0 a VB = - 12 w0 a

dV
at B, = -w = 0
dx
• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is
zero.

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Sample Problem 7
• The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
dx
M B - M A = - 13 w0 a 2 M B = - 13 w0 a 2
M C - M B = - 12 w0 a( L - a ) M C = - 16 w0 a(3L - a )

• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

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