V(B) and the potential difference across AB is V = V(A) - V(B) > 0. In a time interval At, an amount of charge AQ = IAt travels from A to B. The potential energy of the charge at A, by definition was, Q V(A) and similarly at B, it is Q V(B). Thus, change in its potential energy AU, AU. energy =AQ[V(B)-V(A)]=-(AQ)V = -IVat0 is pot po = Final potential energy - Initial potenital y rE tl ly Thus, in case charges were moving freely through the conductor under the action of electric field, their kinetic energy would increase as they move. During collisions, the energy gained by the charges thus is shared with the atoms. The atoms vibrate more vigorously, i., the conductor heats up, Thus, in an actual conductor, an amount of energy dissipated as heat in the conductor during the time interval Aris, AW=IVAt ‘The energy dissipated per unit time is the power dissipated P = AW/Atand we have, P=IV. Using Ohm's law V =IR, we get P=?R=V?2/R as the power loss (“ohmic loss”) in a conductor of resistance R carrying a current I. It is this power which heats up, for example, the coil of an electric bulb to incandescence, radiating out heat and light. Our household consumption of electrical ene defined as the electrical energy consumed at the rate of one kilowatt ( one thousand watts) for one hour. 1 kilowatt-hour = (1000 watts) (1 hour) = (1000 watts) (3600 seconds) 36 x 10° joules 1 kilowatt-hour = 36 x 10° joules Usually we call this 1 kWh as one “unit” and our house hold electrical consumption is charged accordingly. The number of units mentioned in our monthly electrical bill refers to the number of fy kilowatt- hours of energy consumed over the month. If number of appliances of wattage W,, W,, etc..., are operating for hours h,, hy .... ete Tespectively at the specified voltage ‘electri energy consumed’ in their operation E=[Wh,+Wyhy +...) =2Wh [asP=(E/0] However the practical unit of electrical energy iskWh, 2H Eh yyy, — 2 So, E= 1 unitsAnd if each unit costs (C Rs,) the cost of consumed electric energy (i.c.., electric bill) will be Rs (Cx). 3.9.2 ELECTRIC POWER : the source of e.m.f in maintaining the current in Glectric circuit is called electric power of the circuit. If a current “i” ampere flows through a conductor for a time ‘t” second under a potential ti difference of ‘V’ volt, then electric work done to fj ‘maintain the current is given by W = Vit joule. “Electric power, pow vit -- (1) Vi STunit-- watt or Js“! ItV = Ivolt and i = 1 ampere then P = I watt Thus the power of an electric current is said to be one watt if one ampere current flows in it against apotential difference of 1 volt. The biggest units of electric power are kilo watt (kW) and mega watt (MW) TkW = 1000 W and IMW = 10° W Commercial unit of power is horse power (ILP) where 1H.P = 746 watt Expression for electric power in terms of i andR cee =iR According to ohm’s law, V () Expression for electric power in terms of V andR Now equation (1) becomes v We know that, V=iR =i Now equation (1) becomes, P= —— Note-3.17 a) Mresistances are connected in series, ie., 1 is same Pa with Vou R [as V=IR)- ie. in series potential difference and power consumed willbe more in larger resistance. However, if resistances are connected in parallel, ie., Vis same » i.ex, in paraltel current and power consumed will be ‘more in smaller resistance. This in turn implies that more power is consumed in larger resistance if resistances are in series and in smaller resistance if resistances are in parallel, A resistance R under a potential difference V dissipates power. V2/R) So Ifthe resistance is changed from R to (R/n) keeping V saie, the power consumed will be ie.,iffora given voltage, resistance is changed from Rito (R/n), power consumed changes from P to nP- Ign equal resistances are connected in series with a voltage source, the power dissipated will be ‘And if the same resistances are connected in parallel with the same voltage source eee aa ask, =(RIa)] $0, T=" tery Pp =n Ps. i.e. power consumed by n equal resistors in parallel is n? times that of power consumed in series if V remains same. As resistance of a given electric appliance (e.g... bulb, ORF heater, geyser or press ) is constant and is given by, ‘el 7 “SJ as 1-4 Ww Vv Where Vand Ware the voltage and wattage specified ‘on the appliance. So ifthe applied voltage is different from specified, the ‘actual power consumption’ will | be Wis ve R P 2 Ma ae (4) XW (wR=">)Problem. 200 V. (a) What is its resistance ? (b) How much power' will it consume if the line voltage drops to 100 V ? (¢) How many units of electrical energy will t consume ina ‘month (of 30days) ifit operates 10 hr daily atthe specified voltage ? | Solution + a) The resistance of an electric appliance is given by, a ve | Oe |b) The ‘actual power” consumed by an electric appliance is given by, 2 eb R =40Q 100) 2 XW 59, P= } ey ( 00 p-|Ya ¥ ‘s 5 SOW 2 ) 1000 ©) The total electrical energy consumed by an electric appliance in a specified time is given by, Yh wh 1000 (000 (10 30) 1000 80, B= = 300kWh Problem-3.37 : Three equal resistors connected in series | across a source of emf together dissipate 10 watt of power. | What would be the power dissipated ifthe same resistances: | are connected in parallel acrsoss the same source of emf? | Solution ; The power consumed by a resistance R when | ‘connected across a source of emf V is given by P=(V2/R) Now, ifris the resistance of each resistor, the resistance ‘of combination, in series will be Rarer tr ie.,Re=3r while in parallel, And as here P; =10W P, x(R x10=90W 6: A IEW heater is meant to operate at | 3.9.3 BULBS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL : Every electrical appliance will have rated or design values like wattage, voltage printed on it. These values give information about resistance and allowable current etc., Let P and V be the power and voltage ratings on a bulb. Resistance of filament of the bulb R fi 1 If V is constant, Rar So, if we compare (100: W — 230 V) and (60W — 230 V) bulbs filament of 100 W bulb will have less resistance compared to that of 60 W bulb. = Allowable current in the bulb i= v So, ioP if V is constant. So, in the above case, 100 W bulb draws more current. If two bulbs with power ratings P, and P, are connected in series with a voltage source V. IfP,' and P, are consumed powers of the two bulbs, IfP, >P, then R, P,' and R. Dp PRP If the two bulbs are connected in parallel, woe voltage across them is same. ' BR aoe PY R IfP, >P, then R, Py! So, in parallel high wattage bulb glows brighter than less wattage bulb, Now total power consumed is 1 1 Pa (as Pas)Note-3.18 . ["Probtemcatat a 200W and a S000 budbs are joined in 1 Inseries grouping of bulbs, bulb of greater wattage | series and connected to the mains, Which bulb will glow i i a : | gives less bright and will have less resistance and | brighter ? i | Potential difference across it, but same current Solution + Let R, and R, be the resistances of the {wo Inu, each bull és connected separately to the mins of L Poe Vor Ree 7 Mn w voltage Vathen B= + dP, = 2) Inveries ifone bulb gets fused the other will not werk 1 2 3) In parallel grouping of bulbs, the bulb of greater wattage will give more bright light and will pass | greater current through it, but will have lesser I] resistance and same potential difference current ‘i flows through eoch of them, | Let P, and P, be the powers dissipated by two bulbs, i Bela eR tum PH =iPR, and PL 4) Inparaltet fone bulb gets fused the other will work OPE to = aes : Py | Problem-3.38 : To boil a certain mass of water, a coil | | since 100 walt bulb dissipates more power, it glows brighter | will take a time of t, and another coil will take a time of ‘ob 42: A cell develops the same power across t, What will be the time taken when the coils are er | | connected in (i) series (ii) in parallel ? two resistances R, and R, separately. The internal | ve resistance of the cell is | Solution: Gy Inseries H=-p-wt t Solution: Let rbe the internal resistance of the cell and E | | AsH,Vand areconstents [Ror] its EMF. When connected across the resistance R, in the E | Inseries, R=R, +R, t=t, +t || circuit current passing through the resistances i= >—— s et at | i | | RR, ee | = 2 RsirR= Ry Gi) In parallel Rr: = PR, (& Ry - \ | Problem-3.39: A lamp of 100W works at 220 volts.| | Similarly Ps (= Gr | Re Given that P, What is its resistance and current capacity 2. | Solution : Power of the lamp, P = 100W. | Operating voltage, V = 220V Substituting the values, we getr=/Ry ‘A wire of length Lan 3 identical cells of | negligible internal resistances are connected in series. | 455A | | Due to the current, the temperature of the wire is raised | by AT ina time t. A number N of similar cells is now connected in series with a wire of the same material and | cross - section but of length 2L, The temperature of the | wire is raised by the same amount AT in the same time. | The vahie of Nis (ey? | Solution : Tit the first case Current capacity of the lamp, | Resistance ofthe lamp, 'R = Se =4840 | Problem-3.40 : A 100W ~ 220V bulb is connected to IOV source. Calculate the power consumed by the bulb. Solution : Power of the bulb, P= 100W Operating voltage, V = 2g0V t= ms AT ....(1) ve [x =E 1] length of the wire is doubled, resistance’and mass both are doubled ‘Therefore, i the second case, ve Resistance of the bulb, R=—-= ‘Actual operating voltage, V' = 110 V ‘ (EY =(2m)sar 0) ‘Therefore, power consumed by the bulb,, 2R = Dividing Eq. 2) by Eq. (1) J pr =P M0? = asw, P R484 | orN?=36orN=6Problem-3.44 : In the circuit shown in figure the heat produced in the § ohm resistor due to the current flowing through itis 10 calorie per second. The heat generated in the 4 ohm resistors Solution: Vyg =1, (4+6)5 bo *. Van = 101, A = 2 ‘Also Van = (5), Bee eee #51, =101, of Ty =21, 2 q tener, Ait Hy __Bx4 10x4 _, cal Problem-345 : A heater is designed to operate with a | power of 1000 watt in a 100 V line. It is connected in ‘combination with a resistance of 10.0 and arresistance || 8, to. 100 V mains as shown in the figure. What will be the value of R so that the heater operates with a power of 62.5 W? 109 R Solution : Let R’ be the resistance of the heater of coil. 2 (100) wake OO P 1000 If the heater has to operate with a power P’ the voltage V’ across its coil should be 02 V=(PR)!2= (6.25 x 10)" =25V Thus, out of 100V, avoltage drop of 25V occurs across the heater and the rest 100 — 25 = 75V occurs across the 100 resistor, Therefore, current in the circuit is 5 = =7.5A 10 ‘Now, current through the heater = ‘Therefore, current through resistor | R=75-25=50A __V__3sv Hence. R= SOR 50a Problem-3.46: An electric bulb rated for 500 watt at 100 voltis used in a cirenit having a 200 volt supply. The resistance R that must be put in series with the bulb, so that the bulb delivers 500 watt is w. ohm. Solution : Resistance of the bulb moe Joov_, _100v. R, ave 2100x100 ng a oP 500 L_4,__] 200V, ‘To deliver 5OOW long the given bulb 100V P.d. must drop at the bulb. As the given source has emf 200V, remaining 100V P.D. must drop at the resistance R. As the potential differences are equal across Rand R, and they are in series, R=R, 2 R=200 Problem-3.47: A100 WbulbB, — ® and two 60 W bulbs B, and B, are connected to a 250V source, as shown in the figure. Now W, , W, and W, are the output powers of the bulbs B., B, and B, respectively. Then Bs Y Solution : A bulb is essentially ir v a R=— aresistance R= here P denotes the power of the buib. . Resistance of B,(R,) = V°/ 100 Resistance of B; (R,) = V?/60 Resistance of B(R,) = V?/60 ___250 ~ (R#Ra) 250 250x300 B, = Current in By av -. W, output power of B,= Ry oy ve = (250x300), V7 100 20x30) we 0 ve @ W, : Wy = 15:25:64 or W,> 2 A O P= xR = For the given power line, P and R are constant, 1 Play L ve If the power transmitted at high voltage, power { the power transmitted at high voltage, power loss will be small and viceversa. : To find electrical efficiency in transmission ==" i VI+PR|L<¢—_.ww—} Fon Generator Home aaa) 3.10 ELECTRIC CELL : Electric cell is a device in which a constant potential difference is maintained between the two conductors (or terminals) either by chemical reaction orby mechanical action. Inside an electric cell either chemical energy or mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, which is used to maintain constant potential difference between the terminals. When connected in circuit, an electric cell drives H charges in external circuit, constituting electric current. Hence electric cell is the source of electric current in circuit, Itis also called a Battery. A cell essentially consists of two terminals. ‘Terminal at higher potential is called postive terminal while other terminal at lower potential is called negative terminal. The ability of an electric cell to drive charges in a circuit is called emf of cell. ~~ Blecivic cells are of two kinds (i) Primary cells and (2) Secondary cells.Primary cells: These are the cells which provide current as a result of chemical reaction, but cannot be recharged i.e, chemical reaction is inrev le voltaic cell, Leclanche cell, Daniel cell, dry cell etc., are the primary cells Secondary cells: These are the cells which can be recharged after use. Thus, as a result of reversible reaction, the electrical energy can be stored init. Lead accumulator, Ni-Fe or alkali accumulator are the secondary cells. GT A 1D 1 NI A By —f> Electrolyte 3.10.1 EMF OF A CELL: ‘We have already mentioned that a simple device to maintain a steady current in an electric circuit is the electrolytic cell. Basically a cell has two electrodes, called positve (P) an the negative (N), ‘They are immersed in an eelctrolytic solution. Dipped in the solution, the electrodes exchange charges with the electrolyte. The positive electrode has a potential difference V, (V, > 0) between itself and the electrolyte solution immediately adjacent to it . Similarly, the negative electrode develops a negative potential - (V.) V_ 20) relative to the electrolyte adjacent to it. When there isno current, the clectrolyte has the same potential throughout, so that the potential difference between P and Nis V,—(-V) =V, +V., This difference is called the electromotive force (emf) of the cell and is denoted by e. Thus e=V,+V_>0 To maintain a continuous flow of current through a conductor AB of resistance ‘R’, we should always keep A at a positive (higher) potential and B at a negative (lower) potential. For this purpose; we positive terminal to A and its own in Figure, Through Pata comnect a cell with negative terminal to Ba chemical action, the cell always maintair constant positive potential and Q at constant negative potential, i In the external circuit, current (+ve charge) flows from P to Q he conductor AB. But, inside the cell, the same positive charge has to move from alower potential to a higher potential To do this, the cell must be able to do work on the charge. The energy to do this work is derived from the chemical process inside the cell, The physical quantity due to which the charge move from a lower potential to a higher potential is electromotive force and is denotedby E. The emf of a cell is defined as the work done in carrying a unit positive charge through the complete circuit including the charge flow inside the cell. The emf is measured in the units of joule/ coulomb (JC), which is ‘volt’. Thus emf has the same units as that of voltage or potential difference. The resistance to the flow of current inside the electrolyte solution of the cell is called the internal resistance of the cell. The emf and internal resistance of the cell will be fairly constant only when small current is drawn from the cell. emf depends on nature of electrolyte, metal of the electrodes, temperature of the electrolyte. The emf of a cell does not depend on the size of the cell ie. on the area of plates and distance between them. The emfis not a force but it is work done to d the charge in circuit. Hence, emfisa scalar 3.10.2 INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL: The internal resistance of a cellis the resistance of the electrolyte between the anode and cathode.The magnitude of internal resistance of a cell depends on: 1) The distance between the plates (rd) 2) The area and size of the plates (: ~ +) 3) Nature of electrolyte, 4) Strength of the electrolyte or concentration (r=e) 5) Area of the crosssection of the electrolyte through which current flows. H 6) _Intemal resistance depends on temperature, Tt The internal resistance of a cell can be accurately measured using a potentiometer. In such a case, the potential difference (p.d) across the terminals of the cell, called the terminal voltage (V) will be equal to th f (E) of the cell. This is because, no current flows through the electrolyte and hence there is no potential drop across the internal resistance (r). If an external resistance R is connected across the two terminals of the cell, as in figure then current flows in the closed circuit, through both external H resistance R and internal resistance r. If “is the current in the circuit, we have across R, V =iR, Note-3.19: Am ideal cell is that which has no internal resistance. ic, internal resistance r= 0 for anideal cell. Note-3.20 : The difference between a new torch light cell and an old one is not in the emf. The decrease in emf will be very small. But, the difference is due to increase in internal resistance. After a prolonged use, the internal resistance increases by a factor 10°. 3.10.3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE : When: 1 flows through the cell, the circuit id to be an open circuit. This is shown in figure. Ly!” no. 3.10.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN E.M.F. OF A CELL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE Er i ; i (1) LE am also de and also i my iR+ir=E, V+ir=E]V =E-ir Now, due to the current flow, there will be a potential drop ‘ir’ across the cell. As consequence, now the terminal voltage will be VsE-ir aC) Lost volts: It is the difference between emf and P.D. of a cell It is used in driving the current between terminals of the cell. Lost volts E. r emf of a cell Potential difference 1. The emfis the maximum potential difference between the electrodes of a cell, when the cell isin its open circuit . The emf is independent of the resistance of circuit. It depends on the nature of the electrodes and the nature of the electrolyte of the cell. 3. Itisused asa source of energy. 4. emf is a cause. 1. Itis the difference of potentials between two points in a closed circuit. 2. The potential difference depends upon the résistaiice between the two points of the circuit aind current flowing through the circuit] It is measured between any two points of the electric circuit. S 4. Potential difference is an effect.Note-3.21: Formulae related with cells 9 E-v BV. int . a een nea ee) de R=] Sal LO ( Vp }- Vv o 3.10.5 DIFFERENT CONCEPTS WITH A CELL: a) Discharging of a cell When current is drawn from a cell, current inside the cell is from cathode to anode and 9 t current outside cell is from anode to cathode, Then terminal’ p.d, V=E-ir, ie V 4 Then terminal p.d.is V=E+ir ie V>E © Opencircuit : If the cell is connected to infinite external resistance, (or) the terminals are left open then the circuit is said to be open circuit. (R = 0) Theni=0 so V=E ii) Open circuit resistance is infinity. Hence, open circuited terminal pd is equal to emf of a cell. d) Short circuit iy) If the ends of a cell are directly connected with conducting wire (R=0), then the cell is said to be short circuited. ‘Short circuit current of acell is maximum while v) terminal voltage is zero E —soV=0 G The % of total energy which is used in driving the current (or) the efficiency of the cell is, Ye IR + aR V _, _ R100 = = and = %= = — T(R+r) R+r E Rr f) % of initial energy lost at internal resistance E-V rl00 Rtr EV =— and R+r E = my 3.10.6 BACK EMF OF A CELL : Electrolyte HySOs Due to the flow of current, the electrolyte decompose into ions. These ions travels towards the opposite electrodes and produce an emf in opposite direction of the emf that maintains current. This opposing emf is called backemf and the phenomena is called electrolytic polarization. — When current flows through the electrolyte solution, due to electrolysis, the electrodes get covered with a layer of hydrogen in the form of gas bubbles. This is called polarization It resist flow of positive charge carriers and ‘concentration of ions get, altered atelectrodes. This resuits in an emf acting in a direction opposite to the emf of the cell. This is called backemf. ‘To prevent the polarisation in Voltaic cell and Leclanche cell, the depolarisers like potassium dichromate (or) manganese dioxide is tobe added to electrolyte. Depolaviser is essentially an oxidising agent that neutralises hydrogen and there by prevents the covering of the copper plate and nullifies backemfProblem-3.52 : A battery of emf. 10 V and internal resistance 30, is connected to a resistor. If the current through the circuit is 0.5 A, what is the resistance of the resistor? What is the terminal voltage of the battery, | when the circuit is closed? |__V=IR=0.5x17=8.5V O.5A, its terminal potential difference is 20V. And when current drawn from itis 2.0A, the terminal voltage reduces to 16 V. Find out. emf and internal resistance of the battery. ution : We know V=E —Ir; 150.5, V=20 Volt, wehave 20=E-0.5r @ 1=2A,V=16 Volt, wehave 16=E-0.2r...... (ii) From eqs (i) and (ji) 2B -r= 40 and E-2r = 16 Solving we get E=21.3V,r=2.6750. | through a resistor. When it is connected to another resistance of 109. in parallel, the currentis 6A. Find the resistance of the first resistor. Solution: al Ly ‘Current through R, in the first case i, Current in the second case iy = 6A Effective resistance in the second case 53: When a current drawn from a battery is Problem-3.54 An ideal battery passes a current of SA Problem-3.55: When a resistance of 11 Q is connected in series with the electric cell, 0.5A current flows through it, If the 11Q resistor is replaced by 5 Q.resistor the current flowing through it is 0.9 A. Firid the internal resistance ofthe cell.) °°} Solution: We know V=i(R+r) = 0.5(11+r)......(1) V=0.9(5+r)......(2) From (1) &(2)0.5(11+#t)=0.9(5+r) O5x11+0.51=0.9x5+09r 55+05r=45+09r = O44 r=250 yi Problem-3.56 : When a battery is connected to the | resistance of 100 the currentin the circuitis 0.12A. The same battery gives 0.07A current with 200. Calculate eam. and internal resistance of the battery. Solution : We know that E =. Irth Ry =Ir+]Ry; 1 0.07x20—0.1210 0.12-0.07 Internal resistance r=4Q. emf E=Ir+IR 012x4+0.12x10= E= 1.68 volt. ed —_—— SSS | Problem-3.37 : The potential difference across the | terminals of a battery is 10V when there is a current of 3A in the battery from the negative to the positive terminal. When the current is 2A in the reverse direction, the potential difference becomes 15V. The internal resistance of the battery is Solution: E-3r=10 0) E+2r=15 i) Solving these two equations, we get, r=10. Td 3.11 GROUPING OF CELLS : From a single cell, only a limited amount of current can be drawn. In many experiments, the current required may be much more than that can be supplied by a single cell. In order to have a large value of current, the cells are usually connected in series or in parallel or the cells are mixed grouped.‘There are three types of grouping of identical cells. 1) Cells in Series, 2) Cells in Parallel, 3) Cells in Mixed Grouping 3.11.1 CELLS IN SERIES : (a) Cells of different emf in series aiding : The two cells are said to be connected in series aiding between two points A and C ifpositive terminal jy of one cell is joined negative terminal of another cell. Ex Bo Eyh Ae=— o Hoc Eile. ———bH 0 (Two cells in series) Let E,, E, be the emfs of the two cells. Letr,, re their internal resistances respectively. Let the cells be sending the current in acircuit not shown in Fig. Let V,, Vp and V¢ be the potential at points A,B and C, and I be the current flowing through them. Potential difference betweeen positive and negative terminals of the first cell, Vap = Va —Va = B,— 1h Potential difference between positive and negative. terminals of the second cell. Vie = Va-Vo= E,-Ir, P.D. between A & C of the two cells, Vac = Va -Vo = Wa Va) + (Vp Ve) E, —1n,)+(E, In) By + Ey)- Mth) @) mbination of two tween A and C of th Gi) ‘Comparing (i) and (ii), we get Fy and log =, +%5 4 i Let the series replaced by a single cell E,,, and internal resistance r tk, . E, and of internal Ifncells of emfs E,, E, J, respectively, are resistances %,7 connected in series between A and C, then oy + Ey + net E, equivalent a equivalentemf, £,, internal resistance Yq =" + + Note-3.22 : Rules for series combination of cells are as follows: Lf The equivalent emf of a series combination of cells is equal to the sum of their individual emfs. SH The equivalent internal resistace of a series combination of cells is equal to sum of their individual internal resistances. (b) Cells in series opposition : Inthe series combination of two cells, if negative terminal of firstcell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell between points A and C, as shown inFig. Let E,, Ey be the emfsof the two cells. Letr,,1, be their internal resistances respectively. Let the cells be delivering the currentin acireuit. Let V,, V,and V,, be the potential at points A, Band C, and Ibe the current flowing through them. Potential difference between positive and negative terminals of the firstcel, En Al BI Two cells in series opposing Van = Va Va = By — ly Potential difference between positive and negative terminals of the second cell. eer Vac = Vo - Vg= E+ Iny P.D. between A & C of the two cells, Vac =Va Vo = (Va Vp )+(Vq Vo) = By hy Eyl, =(E,- Ey) (4 +5) @ Let the series combination of two cells be replaced by a single cell between A and C of emf E, , and internal resistance r,, then Vac = Beg ~ Meg Eon re Gi)Comparing (i) and (i), Special cases : we get qq =F, — Ey and Muy =I, +1 Case (i) : IFR < < nr, then R can be neglected i : : nE_E Then equivalent emf of the two cells is incomparison to nr, Then 1= 22 == IE CE mor — . . Thus, the current in the external resistor is the But equivalent internal resistance is Fle ese re es TEE same as maximum current due to single cell, Fo a Th Case (ii) :If R >> nr, then nr can be neglected Application= 23.5 When n identical cells each of emf E | as compared to R, then I internal resistance r are connected to the external stor of resis —e— ae A 7 times the current due to a single cell. For series combination, the negative terminal ~ 7 rae aaa of the first cell is connected to the positive terminal From above, we conclude that the maxirmum of the second, the negative terminal of the second wren" ca? jets aired praenaaners cell to the positive terminal of the third and soon, _F cells ifthe value of external resistance is very high ae el 7 4. as compared to the internal resistance of the cells. is compared to the internal resistance of the cel ees a Thus, the current i the external resistor is n ance R as shown in Fig (a). Note-3.23 : Series combination is advantageous US When large emf is required When internat resistance is negligible compared to external resistance 3.11.2 WRONGLY CONNECTED CELLS IN SERIES : If ‘n’ cells each of e.mf. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ are connected in series and by mistake m’ cell are wrongly connected, to an external R- fiaib) resistance ‘R’ then ‘When the cells are connected in series, the total = is he qeyene e.m_f of the series combination is equal to the sum of fA : Eo Go ky EOE thee.mfsof the individual cells. Thus I Equivalent emf of n cells in series, eI li E,,=E +E +.. upton terms =nE iE Equivalent intemal reistance of ‘n’ cellsin series, R i) effective e.m.f of the combination, B'=(n-2m) B[n> 2m] ii) Total internal resistance = nr Tyg =0 +1 +... upto n terms = nr Total resistance of the circuit = nr +R fig (b) shows the effective emf and the internal resistance in the circuit, when the cells are connected : in series. If I be current in the circuit then iv) Current through the external resistor, (n= am) E Ren R4nr i) Total resistance of the circuit totale.mf total resis tan ce