Commission on Higher Education

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

TOPIC:
WORD DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Group No.1

Members: Bondoc, Patricia Mae M.

Coronel, Nicole M.
Pineda, Amyr Josh V.
Quiroz, Russell S.
Sahagun, Sean Stephen A.
Visda, Chris Lawrenze M.

Submitted to:
Engr. Gilmark P. Repulda
Preface

Differential equations are an essential mathematical framework used

to describe the behavior of dynamic systems in various scientific fields,
including physics, biology, economics, and engineering. These equations,
which involve functions and their derivatives, model the rate of change
of quantities and provide critical insights into the evolution of systems
over time or space. As such, they have been central to both theoretical
and applied mathematics, serving as the cornerstone for understanding a
wide range of phenomena, from the motion of celestial bodies to the
spread of diseases in populations (Boyce & DiPrima, 2017).

The study of differential equations can be broadly classified into

two categories: ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial
differential equations (PDEs). ODEs describe systems with a single
independent variable, while PDEs involve multiple independent variables
and are used to model more complex systems, such as heat conduction or
fluid dynamics. Over the years, mathematical methods for solving these
equations have evolved significantly, with both analytical and numerical
techniques being employed to address real-world problems. Analytical
methods often provide exact solutions under idealized conditions, but
in many practical cases, these solutions are either unattainable or too
complex, necessitating the use of numerical methods for approximating
solutions (Keller, 2013).

This research is aimed at exploring the broad spectrum of

differential equations and their applications across various domains.
The primary focus will be on understanding how these equations can be
solved, both analytically and numerically, and how they can be applied
to model complex systems. Special attention will be given to the role
of computational methods, such as finite difference and finite element
techniques, which have become indispensable in solving large-scale
problems in science and engineering (Atkinson, 2009).
 The relevance of differential equations has grown substantially
with the increase in computational power and the ability to model large,
intricate systems. This research will examine not only the theoretical
foundations of differential equations but also their practical
applications, including stability analysis, optimization, and the study
of bifurcations in nonlinear systems. Moreover, it will explore how these
tools are used to predict system behavior and influence decision-making
in fields ranging from climate modeling to financial forecasting (Hilbert
& Lopez, 2017).

In conclusion, this work will contribute to the deeper

understanding of differential equations, focusing on their solution
methods, applications, and implications for modern scientific inquiry.
Through this exploration, it is hoped that the research will help bridge
the gap between theoretical advances in mathematics and their practical
use in solving real-world problems.
Differential Equations (In context without modelling)

1. The gradient of a curve satistifies

𝑑𝑦 1
= 2
, 𝑥 > 1.
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)

Given the curve passes through the point P(2,-1) and the point
Q(q,1), determine the exact value of q.

𝑑𝑦 1
= 2
, 𝑥 > 1.
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 (𝑥 − 1)

To solve for y, we separate variables

𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 =
(𝑥 − 1)

Integrating both sides

𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫
𝑥−1

Solving the left integral

∫ 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3

Solving the right integral

𝑑𝑥
∫ = In |𝑥 − 1|
𝑥−1

Thus, we get

1
𝑦3 = In |𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
3

Now, we use the given point P(2,-1) to find C

1
(−𝟏)𝟑 = In |2 − 1| + 𝐶
3

1
−1 = In 1 + 𝐶
3
Since In 1 = 0, we get C = -1, so our equation simplifies to

1
𝑦3 = In |𝑥 − 1| − 1
3

Now, we use the second point Q(q,1) to find q.

1
(1)3 = In |𝑞 − 1| − 1
3

1
1+1= In |𝑞 − 1|
3

1
2= In |𝑞 − 1|
3

Multiplying both sides by 3

6 = In |𝑞 − 1|

Taking the exponent on both sides

𝑒 6 = |𝑞 − 1|

Since x > 1, we take the positive value

𝑞 − 1 = 𝑒6

𝑞 = 𝑒6 + 1

Thus, the exact value of q is

𝑞 = 𝑒6 + 1
2. A radioactive isotope decays in such a way so that the number N of
the radioactive nuclei present at time t days, satisfies the
differential equation

𝒅𝑵
= −𝒌𝑵
𝒅𝒕
Where k is a positive constant.

a.) Show clearly that

𝑵 = 𝑨𝒆−𝒌𝒕

Where A is a non zero constant.

𝑑𝑁
= −𝑘𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
We multiply both sides by 𝑁
to get
𝑑𝑁
𝑁
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡

Integrate both sides

𝑑𝑁
∫ = ∫ −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁
𝑑𝑢
We get ∫ 𝑢
= 𝑙𝑛𝑢 and ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥, therefore

𝑙𝑛𝑁 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
To isolate N, we exponentiate both sides by the base 𝑒

𝑁 = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝑐
We set 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝑐 to satisfy the condition that A is a non zero
constant, and allowing us to rewrite the equation as

𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
Therefore proving statement a
 b.) Show further that k = 0.45643, correct to five
decimal places.

This is a case of exponential decay which uses the formula

𝑃𝑒 −𝑟𝑡 , wherein in this case, our population (P) is A and
rate (r)is k, so we will be using the formula 𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .

Let’s find the value of k when t = 10. Where 𝐴 = 6.00 × 1024

and 𝑁 = 6.25 × 1022 . Plugging these values into 𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , we
get

6.25 × 1022 = 6.00 × 1024 × 𝑒 −10𝑘

In order to get the value of k, we must isolate it. We

start by dividing both sides by 6.00 × 1024, leaving us with

1
= 𝑒 −10𝑘
96

To make the exponent positive, we get the reciprocal of

both sides

96 = 𝑒 10𝑘

To get rid of the base e, we use natural logarithms (ln) on

both sides

𝑙𝑛96 = 10𝑘

Finally, we divide both sides by 10 to get the value of k.

𝑙𝑛96
𝑘=
10

Using a calculator, we get the value 𝑘 ≅ 0.45643, therefore

proving statement b.
 c.) Calculate the number of the radioactive nuclei after
a further period of 10 days has elapsed.

Using the same formula 𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 , where 𝐴 = 6.25 × 1022,

k = 0.45643, and t = 10

𝑁 = 6.25 × 1022 × 𝑒 −10(0.45643)

Plugging the values into a calculator, we get

𝑁 = 6.51 × 1020 , which is the number of nuclei after 10

more days have elapsed.

Here is a graphical representation of the exponential decay:

3. A population P, in millions, at a given time t years, satisfies
the differential equation

𝒅𝑷
= 𝑷(𝟏 − 𝑷)
𝒅𝒕

initially the population is one quarter of a million.

a.) Solve the differential equation to show that

𝟑𝑷
= 𝒆𝒕
𝟏−𝑷
𝑑𝑡
We first multiply both sides of the equation by 𝑃(1−𝑃)
.
Which gives us:

𝑑𝑃
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑃(1 − 𝑃)

Then we integrate both sides.

𝑑𝑃
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑃(1 − 𝑃)

Which we can rewrite as

1 1
∫ + 𝑑𝑃 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 1−𝑃

𝑑𝑢
We can apply the formulas ∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| and ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑢
which will give us

𝑃
𝑙𝑛|𝑃| − 𝑙𝑛|1 − 𝑃| = 𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝑡+𝑐
1−𝑃

We then exponentiate both sides by the base e to

cancel out the natural logarithm. This will give us

𝑃
= 𝑒 𝑡+𝑐
1−𝑃
 We can set 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝑐 , and using law of exponents we can
rewrite the equation as

𝑃
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑡
1−𝑃

To get the value of A, we are given that the initial

population is a quarter of a million. This means that
when t=0, P=0.25. Plugging these into the new equation
we get

0.25
= 𝐴𝑒 0
1 − 0.25

0.25
=𝐴
0.75

1
𝐴=
3
𝑃 1
Therefore,1−𝑃 = 3 𝑒 𝑡 , then we multiply both sides by 3 in
order to get

3𝑃
= 𝑒𝑡
1−𝑃

Which satisfies the conditions for statement a.

b.) Show further that

𝟏
𝑷=
𝟏 + 𝟑𝒆−𝒕
3𝑃
We start by taking 1−𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑡 and multiplying both sides
by (1-P) in order to get

3𝑃 = (1 − 𝑃)𝑒 𝑡

Distribute 𝑒 𝑡

3𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑃𝑒 𝑡
 Move 𝑃𝑒 𝑡 to the left side

3𝑃 + 𝑃𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡

Separate the variable P

𝑃(3 + 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡

Divide both sides by (3 + 𝑒 𝑡 )

𝑒𝑡
𝑃=
(3 + 𝑒 𝑡 )

𝑒 −𝑡
To make the numerator 1, multiply the right side by
𝑒 −𝑡
1
𝑃=
(3 + 𝑒 𝑡 )𝑒 −𝑡

1
𝑃=
3𝑒 −𝑡 +1

Therefore satisfying the conditions of statement b.

c.) Show mathematically that the limiting value for this

population is one million.

As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑒 −𝑡 → 0, therefore:

1
𝑃=
3𝑒 −𝑡 +1

1
𝑃=
3(0) + 1

𝑃=1

Therefore, the limiting value is 1 million.

d.) Find to two decimal places, the time it takes for the
population to reach three quarters of its limiting
value.

Since we are looking for three quarters, we set

P=0.75.

1
0.75 =
3𝑒 −𝑡 +1

Multiply both sides by 3𝑒 −𝑡 + 1

0.75(3𝑒 −𝑡 + 1) = 1

Distribute 0.75

(2.25𝑒 −𝑡 + 0.75) = 1

Subtract 0.75 from both sides

2.25𝑒 −𝑡 = 0.25

Divide both sides by 2.25

0.25 1
𝑒 −𝑡 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑒 −𝑡 =
2.25 9

Take the natural logarithm of both sides to cancel out

e

1
−𝑡 = ln
9

Get the reciprocal to that t is positive

𝑡 = ln 9

Using a calculator, we get that t = 2.197

Rounding to two decimal places, we get t = 2.20.

Therefore, it will take 2.20 years for the population
to reach three quarters of its limiting value.
4. A population p, in millions, is thought to obey the differential
equation

𝒅𝒑
= 𝒌𝒑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒌𝒕
𝒅𝒕

where k is a positive constant, and t is measured in days from a

certain instant.

When 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒑 = 𝒑𝟎 ,

a.) Solve the differential equation to find p in terms of

𝑝0 , k and t.

the value of k is now assured to be 3.

Rewriting the equation:

𝑑𝑝
= 𝑘 cos(kt) dt
𝑑𝑡

Integrating both sides:

𝑘
∫ 𝑘 cos(𝑘𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = sin(𝑘𝑡) = sin (𝑘𝑡)
𝑘

Thus, we obtain:

In |𝑝| = sin(𝑘𝑡) + 𝐶

Solving for p:

𝑝 = 𝑒 sin(𝑘𝑡)+𝐶

Let 𝑒 𝐶 = 𝐶1 SO:

𝑝 = 𝐶1 𝑒 sin (𝑘𝑡)

At t = 0, we are given p = p0

𝑝0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 sin (0)
 Since sin(0) = 0, we get

𝑝0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 = 𝐶1

Thus, C1 = p0, and the general solution is

𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑒 sin (kt)

Substituting k = 3

𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑒 sin (3t)

We get;

𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑒 sin (3t)

b.) Calculate correct to the nearest minute, the time for

the population to reach 𝑝0 again for the first time since
𝑡=0

Given the equation

𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑒 sin (3t)

We need to find the time t when the the population return

to its initial value p0 we solve:

𝑝0 𝑒 sin (3t) = 𝑝0

Dividing both sides by p0 which is nonzero

𝑒 sin (3t) = 1

Taking the natural logarithm,

sin(3𝑡) = 0

The general solution for sin(3t) = 0 is:

3𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋, m ϵ Z
The first positive time after t = o occurs when n =1

3𝑡 = 𝑛

𝜋
𝑡= 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
3

Converting this to minutes

𝜋
𝑡= 𝑥 24 𝑥 60
3
3,1416
𝑡≈ 3
x 1440

𝑡 ≈ 1,0472 𝑥 1440

𝑡 ≈ 1508 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

The time for the population to return to p0 for the

first time since t = 0 is 1508 minutes.
5. The population P of a colony of birds, in thousands, is assumed to
vary according to the differential equation

𝒅𝒑
= 𝑷𝒆−𝟎.𝟓𝒕 , 𝑷 > 𝟎, 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
𝒅𝒕

where t is the time in years

It is further assumed that P is large enough to be treated as a

continuous variable.

Solve the differential equation to show that P will reach half its
limiting value when

𝟐
𝒓 = 𝟐 𝐈𝐧 ( )
𝐈𝐧 𝟐
Differential Equations (In context with modelling)

1. The number of bacterial cells N on a laboratory dish is increasing,

so that the hourly rate of increase is 5 times the number of the
bacteria present at that time.

Initially 100 bacteria were placed on the dish.

a.) Form a suitable differential equation to model this

problem.

We are given that the rate of change of the bacterial

population is proportional to the current population.
Mathematically, this is written as:

𝑑𝑁
= 5𝑁
𝑑𝑡

This is a standard first-order differential equation

representing exponential growth.
b.) Find the solution of this differential equation

Rearrange the equation by swapping the N with dt:

𝑑𝑁
= 5𝑑𝑡
𝑁
then, Integrate both sides:

𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
= 5𝑑𝑡 ∫ = ∫ 5𝑑𝑡
𝑁 𝑁

𝐼𝑛|𝑁| = 5𝑡 + 𝐶

To remove the logarithm, exponentiate both sides:

𝑁 = 𝑒 5𝑡+𝐶

Since eC is just a constant, we define it as A, so:

𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 5𝑡

We are given that initially (when t = 0), N = 100:

𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝑨𝒆𝟎

𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Thus, the final equation for bacterial growth is:

𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟓𝒕
c.) Find to the nearest minute, the time taken for the
bacteria to reach 10000.

We are given that N = 10,000 and need to solve for t:

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟓𝒕

simplify the formula by dividing both sides by 100:

𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝒆𝟓𝒕

then, take the natural logarithm so that the exponent

go down

𝑰𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝒕

Since ln 100 = 2 ln 10, we write:

𝟏
𝒕= 𝑰𝒏𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟓

𝟐
𝒕= 𝑰𝒏𝟏𝟎
𝟓

Using,
𝒍𝒏 𝟏𝟎 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟐:

𝟐
𝒕 ≈ ( ) × 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎𝟐
𝟓

𝒕 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔

Multiply it by 60 to get the minutes:

𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟏 … 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒙 𝟔𝟎

𝒕 = 𝟓𝟓′ 𝒐𝒓 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔

The bacteria reach 10,000 in 55 minutes.

2. During a car service, the motor oil is drained out of the engine.

The rate, in cm3s-1, at which the oil is drained out, is proportional

to the volume, V cm3, of the oil still left inside the engine.

a.) Form a differential equation involving V, the time t in

seconds and a proportionality constant k.

initially there were 4000 cm3 of oil in the engine.

The rate of change of oil volume is proportional to

the remaining volume:
𝒅𝒗
= −𝒌𝑽
𝒅𝒕

where k is a proportionality constant. The negative

sign indicates that the volume is decreasing.
b.) Find a solution of the differential equation, giving
the answer in terms of k.

it takes T seconds to drain half the oil out of the

engine.

First rearrange the equation:

𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒗 = ∫ −𝒌𝒅𝒕
𝒗

then integrate both sides:

𝑰𝒏 𝑽 = −𝒌𝒕 + 𝒄

we exponentiate to solve V,

𝑽 = 𝒆−𝒌𝒕+𝒄

Since ec is just a constant, we define it as A, so:

𝑽 = 𝑨𝒆−𝒌𝒕

apply then initial condition given,

𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑽 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝒌𝒕

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝑨 𝒆𝟎

𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
c.) Show cleary that 𝒌𝑻 = 𝐈𝐧 𝟐.

After T seconds, the oil volume is 2000 cm³:

𝒕 = 𝑻 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝒌𝑻

First, isolate the exponential term.

Divide by 4000:

𝟏
= 𝒆−𝒌𝑻
𝟐

take the natural logarithm of each side

𝟏
𝒍𝒏( ) = −𝒌𝑻
𝟐
1
Using ln(2) = −ln 2:
−𝑰𝒏 𝟐 = −𝒌𝑻

solve for kt by multiplying both sides with negative

𝒌𝑻 = 𝑰𝒏 𝟐
3. Water is pouring into a container at a constant rate of 600 cm3s-1
and is leaking from a hole at the base of the container at the rate
3𝑉
of 4
cm3s-1, where V cm3 is the volume of the water in the container.

a.) Show clearly that

𝒅𝑽
−𝟒 = 𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒕

where t is the time measured in seconds.

initially there were 200 cm3 of water in the container

𝒅𝒗
𝑰𝑵 ∶ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒗 𝟑
𝑶𝑼𝑻 ∶ =− 𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝒅𝒗 𝟑
𝑵𝑬𝑻 ∶ = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

𝒅𝒗 𝟑
= 𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝟒

Multiply both sides by -4 to show the leaks:

𝒅𝒗
−𝟒 = 𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝟑
b.) Show further that 𝑽 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟒𝒕

Rearrange:
𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒗 = − 𝒅𝒕
𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒

Integrate both sides:

𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒗 = ∫ − 𝒅𝒕
𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒
Solving the integrals:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒏|𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎| = − 𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟒

Multiply by 3:

𝟑
𝑰𝒏|𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎| = − 𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟒

Exponentiate both sides:

𝟑
𝟑𝑽 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 = 𝒆−𝟒𝒕+𝒄

Let 𝑒 𝑐 = A:

𝟑
𝟑𝑽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 + 𝑨𝒆−𝟒𝒕

Solve for V:

𝟑
𝑽 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝑨𝒆−𝟒𝒕

Given initial condition:

𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝑨𝒆𝟎

𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 + 𝑨

𝑨 = −𝟔𝟎𝟎

Thus, the final solution:

𝟑
𝑽 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟒𝒕
 c.) State the maximum volume that the water in the container
will ever attain.

𝟑
𝒕→ ∞ , 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 → 𝟎

𝑽 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝟎) = 𝟖𝟎𝟎

𝑽 → 𝟖𝟎𝟎

So, the maximum volume the container can hold is:

𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑

4. A grass lawn has an area of 225 m2 and has become host to a parasitic
weed.

Let A m2 be the area covered by the parasitic weed, t days after

it was first noticed

The rate at which A is growing is proportional to the square root

of the area of the lawn already covered by the weed.

Initially the parasitic weed has spread to an area of 1 m2, and at

that instant the parasitic weed is growing at the rate of 0.25 m2
per day.

By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, calculate

after how many days, the weed will have spread to the entire lawn.

First Let A(t) be the area covered by the parasitic weed at

time t. Given that the rate of growth of A is proportional
to √A, we write the differential equation:

𝑑𝐴
= +𝑘√𝐴
𝑑𝑡
Initially,

𝑑𝐴
= 0,25 𝑡 = 0 . 𝐴 = 1
𝑑𝑡

then find the constant k by Substituting the initial

conditions:

0.25 = 𝑘√1

1
𝑘=
4

Thus, the equation becomes:

𝑑𝐴 1 1
= 𝐴2
𝑑𝑡 4

Now solve for the differential equation by Rewriting it in

separable form:

1 1
𝑑𝐴 = 𝐴2 𝑑𝑡
4

Expressing in exponent form:

1 1
1 𝑑𝑎 =
4
𝑑𝑡
𝐴2

Integrating both sides:

1 1
∫ 𝐴−2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
4

Using the integral formula, we get:

1 1
2𝐴2 = 𝑡+𝑐
4
Determine the constant c by using the initial condition

𝑡=0 𝐴=1

1
22 = 0 + 𝑐

𝐶=2

Thus, the equation simplifies to:

1 1
22 = 𝑡 + 2
4

then, solve for t by setting

𝐴 = 225

1 1
2𝑥2252 = 𝑡 + 2
4

1
2𝑥15 = 𝑡 + 2
4

1
28 = 𝑡
4

𝑡 = 112 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

Thus, the weed will cover the entire lawn in 112 days.
5. At a given instant a lake is thought to contain 20000 fish and the
following model is assumed for times t weeks after that instant.

The number of fish N, in tens of thousands is increasing at a rate

0.2N, fish are dying at a rate of 0.1N2 and fish are harvested at
the constant rate of 1000 per week.

a.) Show clearly that

b.) Solve the above differential equation giving the answer

in the form N = f(t).

c.) Find after how many weeks the number of fish will drop
to 16250

d.) State the long term prospects for the fish population.

6. The initial population of a city is 1 million.

Let P be the number of inhabitants in millions, t be the time in

years, and treat P as a continuous variable.

The rate at which the population of this city is growing per year,
is proportional to the product of its population and the difference
of its population from 3 million

a.) By forming and solving a differential equation, show

that

𝟐𝑷
= 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝟑−𝑷
 where a is a positive constant.

The city doubles its population to 2 milliom, after ten

years.

b.) Find the value of a in terms of In2.

c.) Rearrange the answer in part (a) to show that

𝟑
𝑷=
𝟏 + 𝟐𝟏−𝟎.𝟐𝒕

7. An unstable substance Z decomposes into two different substances X

and Y, and at the same time X and Y recombine to reform substance
Z. Two parts of Z decompose to one part of X and one part of Y,
and at the same time one part of X and one part of Y recombine to
reform two parts of Z. As a result at any given time the mass of X
and Y are equal.

The rate at which the mass of Z reduces, due to decomposition, is

k times the mass of Z present. The rate at which the mass of Z
increases, due to reforming, is 4k times the product of the masses
of X and Y.

Initially there are 6 grams of Z only.

a.) Show that if x grams is the mass of X present, t seconds

after the reaction started, then

𝒅𝒙
= 𝒌(𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒕
 b.) Find a solution of the above differential equation in
the form x = f(t)

c.) Find the limiting values of the three substances

1 8
d.) Show that when the mass of Z is 5 grams, 𝑘𝑡 = 5 In(3)

8. In a chemical reaction two substances X and Y bind together to form

a third substance Z. In terms of their masses in grams, 1 part of
substance X binds with 3 parts of substance Y to form 4 parts of
substance Z.

Let z grams be the mass of substance Z formed, t minutes after the

reaction started.

The rate at which Z forms is directly proportional to the product

of the masses of X and Y, present at that instant.

Initially there were 10 grams of substance X, 10 grams of substance

Y and none of substance Z, and the initial rate of formation of Z
was 1.6 grams per minute.

a.) Show clearly that

𝒅𝒛
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = (𝟒𝟎 − 𝒛)(𝟒𝟎 − 𝟑𝒛)
𝒅𝒕

b.) Solve the differential eqation to show that

 𝟒𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝒕 )
𝒛=
𝟑 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝒕

c.) State with justification, the maximum mass of the

substance Z that can ever be produced.
Differential Equations (with related variables)

1. A container is in the shape of a hollow right circular cylinder of

base radius 50 cm and height 100 cm.

The container is filled with water and is standing upright on

horizontal ground. Water is leaking out of a hole on the side of
the container which is 1 cm above the ground.

Let h cm be the height of the water in the container, where h is

measured from the ground, and t minutes be the time from the instant
since h = 100.

The rate at which the volume of the water is decreasing is directly

proportional to the square root of the height of the water in the
container.

a.) By relating the volume and the height of the water in

the container, show that
𝒅𝒉 𝟏
= −𝑨𝒉𝟐
𝒅𝒕

where A is a positive constant

[volume of a cylinder of radius r and height h is given

by 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉]

when t = 2, h = 64

1
𝑑ℎ
Show that 𝑑𝑡
= −𝐴ℎ2

𝑑𝑉 1
∝ −ℎ2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 1
= −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑𝑡
Find dV/dh:

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Using the initial condition r=50cm

𝑉 = 𝜋502 ℎ
 𝑉 = 2500𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑉
= 2500𝜋
𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 1
× = −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 1
2500𝜋 × = −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑ℎ 𝑘ℎ2
=−
𝑑𝑡 2500𝜋
𝑘
Let 𝐴 = 2500𝜋

𝑑ℎ 1
= −𝐴ℎ2
𝑑𝑡

b.) Determine the value of t, by which no more water leaks

out of the container.

Let
1
𝑑ℎ = − 𝐴ℎ2 𝑑𝑡

Simplify
1
1 𝑑ℎ = −𝐴𝑑𝑡
ℎ2

Simplify by raising denominator

1
ℎ−2 𝑑ℎ = −𝐴𝑑𝑡
1
Integrate both sides ∫ ℎ−2 𝑑ℎ = ∫ −𝐴𝑑𝑡
1
2ℎ2 = −𝐴𝑡 + 𝐶

Apply condition wherein t=0 and h=100

1
2(100)2 = −𝐴0 + 𝐶
Simplify
1
2(100)2 = −𝐴0 + 𝐶
Simplify to Find the value of C: 𝐶 = 20
1
2ℎ2 = 20 − 𝐴𝑡

With the given condition of t=2 and h=64

Substitute to the equation
1
2ℎ2 = −𝐴𝑡 + 𝐶
By substitution method
1
2(64)2 = 20 − 𝐴(2)
Simplify

16 = 20 − 2𝐴
Find the value of A
2𝐴 4
2
=2 𝐴=2

Substitute value of A to the equation

1
2ℎ2 = 20 − 2𝑡
Simplify
1
1
2ℎ 2 20−2𝑡
2
= 2
ℎ2 = 10 − 𝑡

Finally with the initial condition that h=1

Substitute to the equation
1
ℎ2 = 10 − 𝑡
Substitute the value of h
1
(1)2 = 10 − 𝑡
Simplify

10 − 1 = 𝑡
𝑡=9
2. A cylindrical tank has constant radius of 0.9m.

The volume, V m3, of the water in the tank has height h m.

Water can be poured into the tank from a tap at the top of the tank
and can be drained out of a tap at the base of the tank, which are
initially both turned off.

Water then starts pouring in at the constant rate of 0.36 𝜋 m3 per

minute and at the same time water begins to drain out at the rate
of 0.45 𝜋h m3 per minute.

a.) Given further that t is measured from the instant when

both taps were turned on, show that
𝒅𝒉
𝟗 = 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒉
𝒅𝒕

initially the water in the tank has a height of 4m.

The problem begins by analyzing the inflow and outflow

rates of liquid in the tank.

• Inflow Rate:

𝑑𝑉
= 0.36π
𝑑𝑡

• Outflow Rate:

𝑑𝑉
= −0.45𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑡

Net Flow (change in volume over time):

𝑑𝑉
= 0.36𝜋 − 0.45𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑡
Since the tank has a cylindrical shape with a radius
of r=0.9, the volume is given by:

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

𝑉 = 𝜋(0.9)2 ℎ

𝑉 = 0.81𝜋ℎ

Differentiating both sides with respect to time:

𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
• = 0.81𝜋
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Substituting into the net flow equation:

𝑑ℎ
0.81𝜋 = 0.36𝜋 − 0.45𝜋ℎ
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ
0.81 = 0.36 − 0.45ℎ
𝑑𝑡

Dividing by 0.81:

𝑑ℎ
9 = 4 − 5ℎ
𝑑𝑡

This is the required differential equation.

b.) Solve the above differential equation to show that

4 5
ℎ= (1 + 4𝑒 −9𝑡 )
5

Rewriting:

𝑑ℎ 1
= 𝑑𝑡
4 − 5ℎ 9

Integrating both sides:

𝑑ℎ 1
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
4 − 5ℎ 9

1 𝑡
− 𝑙𝑛|4 − 5ℎ| = + 𝐶
5 9

Rearrange:

5
𝑙𝑛|4 − 5ℎ| = − 9 𝑡 + 𝐶
5 5
4 − 5ℎ = 𝑒 −9 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑒 −9 𝑡

Solving for h:

5
4
ℎ = 5 + 𝐴𝑒 −9 𝑡

Using the initial condition h(0)=4:

4
4= + 𝐴𝑒 0
5

16
𝐴=
5

Thus, the general solution is:

4 16 −5𝑡
ℎ= + 𝑒 9
5 5
c.) Find the value of t when h= 1.6

Given h=1.6:

4 16 −5𝑡
1.6 = + 𝑒 9
5 5

Multiply by 5:

5
8 = 4 + 16𝑒 −9𝑡

5
𝑙𝑛4 = 𝑡
9

Solving for t:

9
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛4
5

18
𝑡= 𝑙𝑛2
5

𝑡 = 2.50
 3. Water is pouring into a long vertical cylinder at a constant rate
of 2400 cm3s-1 and leaking out of a hole at the base of the cylinder
at a rate proportional to the square root of the height of the
water already in the cylinder.

The cylinder has constant cross sectional area of 4800 cm2

a.) Show that, if H is the height of the water in the

cylinder, in cm, at time t seconds, then

𝒅𝑯 𝟏
= − 𝑩√𝑯
𝒅𝒕 𝟐

where B is positive constant

Setting up a model:
𝑑𝑉
The cylinder has a volume of 4800H. Derive in respect to H 𝑑𝐻
= 4800

𝑑𝑉
In Flow : 𝑑𝑡
= 2400
1
𝑑𝑉
Out Flow : 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐾𝐻 2
1
𝑑𝑉
Net Flow : 𝑑𝑡
= 2400 − 𝐾𝐻 2

By relating the variables H and V

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐻 1
∗ = 2400 − 𝐾𝐻 2
𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝑡
By evaluating
1
𝑑𝐻
4800 𝑑𝑡 = 2400 − 𝐾𝐻 2
 Simplify
1
𝑑𝐻 1 𝐾
𝑑𝑡
= 2 − 4800 𝐻 2

𝑑𝐻 1 1
= − 𝐵𝐻 2
𝑑𝑡 2
Let
𝐾
𝐵= = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4800
The cylinder was initially empty and when the height
of the water in the cylinder reached 16 cm water was
leaking out of the hole, at the rate of 120cm3s-1

The cylinder was initially empty and when the height of the
water in the cylinder reached 16 cm water was leaking out of
the hole, at the rate of 120 cm3s-1

b.) Show clearly that

𝑑𝐻 80 − √𝐻
=
𝑑𝑡 160

Using the condition given that

H=16 and dH/dt = -120
Substitute to the equation (outflow only):
1
−120 = −𝑘(16)2
Simplify :

−120 = −4𝑘
Find the Value of K :
120 4𝑘
− −4
= − −4 𝑘 = 30
 Using the value of B (constant) :
𝐾 30 1
𝐵 = 4800 = 4800 = 160

Using all the values of the variables :

1
𝑑𝐻 1 1
𝑑𝑡
= 2 − 160 𝐻 2

It is proven that
1
𝑑𝐻 80−𝐻 2
∝
𝑑𝑡 160

c.) Use the substitution u= 80-√𝐻, to find

𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝑯
𝟖𝟎 − √𝑯

d.) Solve the differential equation in part (b) to find, to

the nearest minute, the time it takes to fill the
cylinder from empty to a height of 4 metres.
4. Water is leaking out of a hole at the base of a cylindrical barrel
with constant cross sectional area and a height of H m.

It is given that t minutes after the leaking started, the volume

of the water left in the barrel is V m3, and the height of the
water is h m.

It is assumed that the water is leaking out, in m3 per minute, at

a rate proportional to the square root of the height of the water
still left in the barrel.

The barrel was initially full and T minutes later all the water
has leaked out.

Show by a complete calculus method that

𝒕 𝟐
𝒉 = 𝑯 (𝟏 − ) , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻
𝑻

The volume of water in the barrel is V=Ah, where A is

the constant cross-sectional area.

The rate at which water leaks out is proportional to √ℎ

so

𝑑𝑣 1
= −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑𝑡

Since V=Ah, differentiating both sides gives:

𝑑𝑣 𝑑ℎ 1
• = −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑣
Since 𝑑ℎ
=𝐴

𝑑ℎ 1
A• = −𝑘ℎ2
𝑑𝑡

Rearranging

𝑑ℎ 𝑘 1
= − ℎ2
𝑑𝑡 𝐴
𝑘
Set 𝐴
=𝐵

𝑑ℎ 1
= −𝐵ℎ2
𝑑𝑡

Using separation of variables:

1
1 𝑑ℎ = −𝐵ℎ𝑡
ℎ2

Integrating both sides:

1
∫ 1 𝑑ℎ = −∫ 𝐵ℎ𝑡
ℎ2
1
2ℎ2 = −𝐵𝑡 + 𝐶

At t=0, h=H. Substituting these values:

1
2ℎ2 = 𝐶

The equation becomes

1 1
2ℎ2 = 2𝐻 2 − 𝐵𝑡

At t=T, h=0. Substituting these values:

1
0 = 2𝐻 2 − 𝐵𝑇

1
𝐵𝑇 = 2𝐻 2
 1
2𝐻 2
𝐵=
𝑇

Now substitute B back into earlier discussion

1
1 1 2𝐻 2
2ℎ2 = 2𝐻 2 − 𝑡
𝑇

Divide by 2

1 1 𝑡
ℎ2 = 𝐻 2 − (1 − )
𝑇

Square both sides

𝑡 2
ℎ = 𝐻 − (1 − )
𝑇