Chettinad Vidyashram
PHYSICS PROJECT
2025-26
Design of NAND and NOR using Diode and
Transistor
Name:
Class : 12F2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere thanks to Meena aunty, Principal, Vice Principal
for their encouragement to work on this project, which
helped us to enhance our knowledge in the topic chosen. I
would like to thank our Physics Department and the lab
assistants for their guidance and immense support.
Signature of Student
INDEX
Page
[Link] Topic
No
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 AIM 2
3 APPARATUS REQUIRED 2
4 SHORT DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS 2
5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4
6 TRUTH TABLES 5
7 RESULT 6
8 CONCLUSION 7
9 APPLICATIONS IN REAL LIFE 7
10 PHOTO GALLERY 7
11 BIBILOGRAPHY 8
INTRODUCTION
GATE: A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which
either allows a signal to pass through or stop it
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic
statement relating to them.
TRUTH TABLE: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it
has only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and
output voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: The algebra which is based on binary nature of logic
gates Logical statements which are followed by logical gates are called as boolean
expressions.
PRINCIPLE: Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input
and output, which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these
circuits maybe complex, they may all be constructed from three basic: Devices
like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P-N transistor We have three
types of logic gates, and they are the AND gate, OR gate and the NOT gate. We
also have NAND gate and NOR gate.
1
AIM:
To construct the NAND and NOR gates using diodes and transistor and to
verify the truth tables.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Diode IN4007, Resistor 10k ohm, Transistor BC107, 470 ohm, 680 ohm carbon
resistors, LEDs, Power Supply, Connecting Wires
SHORT DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS:
1. Diode IN4007
A general-purpose rectifier diode used to block current in the reverse
direction. It can handle up to 1000 volts and 1 ampere, making it suitable for AC
to DC conversion or reverse polarity protection.
2. Resistor 10k ohm
A high-value resistor used to limit current or divide voltage in a circuit.
Commonly used in bias transistors.
3. Transistor BC107
A low-power NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) commonly used in low-
frequency applications. It's often used in basic electronic projects due to its
reliability and easy handling.
2
4. LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
Semiconductor devices that emit light when forward-biased. They come in
various colors and are often used for indication or display purposes in electronic
circuits.
5. Power Supply
Provides the necessary voltage and current to operate the circuit
6. Connecting Wires
Used to make electrical connections between components on the
breadboard
7. 470 ohm & 680 ohm Carbon Resistors
Carbon resistors used to control current flow, especially in LED circuits to
prevent burning out the LEDs. The values 470Ω and 680Ω are identified by the
color bands in the resistor. The key for the color codes are given below:
Colour Tolerance Value
Gold ±5%
Silver ±10%
No colour ±20%
3
Colour Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
NAND GATE:
4
NOR GATE:
TRUTH TABLES:
NAND GATE
TRUTH TABLE
A B Y=��
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
OUTPUT TABLE
A B LED OUTPUT
0 0 ON
0 1 ON
1 0 ON
1 1 OFF
5
NOR GATE
TRUTH TABLE
A B Y=� + �
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
OUTPUT TABLE
A B LED OUTPUT
0 0 ON
0 1 OFF
1 0 OFF
1 1 OFF
RESULT:
The NAND and NOR gates are constructed using diodes and transistors and the
truth tables are verified.
6
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the NAND and NOR have been successfully constructed using
diodes and resistors and their functionality was verified using the corresponding truth
tables.
APPLICATIONS IN REAL LIFE
Logic Gates are used in the following:
● Central Processing Unit (CPU)
● Memory Units.
● Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
● Digital Circuits
● Traffic Lights
● Alarms
● Industrial Automation
● Robotics
PHOTO GALLERY:
7
BIBILOGRAPHY:
● NCERT PHYSICS –CLASS XII
● BASIC ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS –
CBSE
● BASIC ELECTRONICS – NPTEL (MHRD)
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