SECTION 2.
3
ACCELERATION-VELOCITY MODELS
This section consists of three essentially independent subsections that can be studied separately:
resistance proportional to velocity, resistance proportional to velocity-squared, and inverse-square
gravitational acceleration.
1.
Equation:
v' = k(250 v), v(0) = 0, v(10) = 100
Solution:
(1) dv = k dt ;
250 v
ln(250 v) = kt + ln C ,
v(0) = 0 implies C = 250;
v(t ) = 250(1 e kt )
v(10) =100 implies k = 101 ln(250 /150) 0.0511;
3.
Answer:
v = 200 when t = (ln 50 / 250) / k 31.5 sec
Equation:
v = kv, v(0) = 40; v(10) = 20
Solution:
v(t) = 40 ek t with k = (1/10)ln 2
x = v, x(0) = 0
x(t) = (40/k)(1 ek t)
5.
Answer:
x() = lim (40 / k )(1 e k t ) = 40/k = 400/ln 2 577 ft
Equation:
v = kv, v(0) = 40; v(10) = 20
Solution:
v =
x = v, x(0) = 0
40
(as in Problem 3)
1 + 40kt
v(10) = 20 implies 40k = 1/10, so v(t ) =
400
10 + t
x(t) = 400 ln[(10 + t)/10]
7.
Answer:
x(60) = 400 ln 7 778 ft
Equation:
v = 10 0.1 v,
(a)
0.1 dv
=
10 0.1 v
x(0) = v(0) = 0
(0.1) dt;
v(0) = 0 implies C = 10;
v(t ) = 100(1 e t /10 ) ;
ln(10 0.1v ) = t /10 + ln C
ln [(10 0.1 v) /10] = t /10
v() = 100 ft/sec (limiting velocity)
x(t ) = 100 t 1000 (1 e t /10 )
(b)
v = 90 ft/sec when t = 23.0259 sec and x = 1402.59 ft
9.
The solution of the initial value problem
1000 v' = 5000 100 v,
is
v(0) = 0
v(t) = 50(1 et /10).
Hence, as t , we see that v(t) approaches vmax = 50 ft/sec 34 mph.
11.
If the paratroopers terminal velocity was 100 mph = 440/3 ft/sec, then Equation (7) in
the text yields = 12/55. Then we find by solving Equation (9) numerically with
y0 = 1200 and v0 = 0 that y = 0 when t 12.5 sec. Thus the newspaper account is
inaccurate.
Given the hints and integrals provided in the text, Problems 13-16 are fairly straightforward (and
fairly tedious) integration problems.
17.
To solve the initial value problem v = 9.8 0.0011 v 2 ,
v(0) = 49 we write
0.010595 dv
= 0.103827 dt
2
1 + (0.010595 v )
dv
= dt ;
2
9.8 + 0.0011 v
tan 1 (0.010595 v) = 0.103827 t + C ;
v(0) = 49 implies C = 0.478854
v(t ) = 94.3841 tan(0.478854 0.103827 t )
Integration with y(0) = 0 gives
y (t ) = 108.468 + 909.052 ln(cos(0.478854 0.103827 t )) .
We solve v(0) = 0 for t = 4.612, and then calculate y(4.612) = 108.468.
19.
Equation:
v = 4 (1/ 400)v 2 ,
Solution:
dv
2
4 (1/ 400)v
tanh 1 (v / 40) = t /10 + C ;
Answer:
v(0) = 0
dt;
C = 0;
v(10) 30.46 ft/sec,
1
(1/ 40) dv
=
dt
2
10
1 (v / 40)
v(t ) = 40 tanh(t /10)
v() = 40 ft/sec
21.
Equation:
v = g v 2 ,
Solution:
dv
= dt ;
2
g+v
tan 1
= g dt ;
v(0) = v0 implies C = tan 1
/ g v0
g
tan t g tan 1 v0
tan 1 v0
and substitute in Eq. (17) for y(t):
g
g
1
1
1 cos tan v0 / g tan v0 / g
= ln
cos tan 1 v0 / g
23.
We solve v(t) = 0 for t =
ymax
y (0) = 0
/ g dv
1+ / g v
/ g v = g t + C;
v (t ) =
ymax
v(0) = v0 ,
( (
1
ln sec tan 1 v0 / g
))
v2
1
ln 1 + 0
v02
1
ln 1 +
=
2
g
Before opening parachute:
v = 32 + 0.00075 v 2 , v(0) = 0, y (0) = 10000
v(t ) = 206.559 tanh(0.154919 t ) v(30) = 206.521 ft/sec
y (t ) = 10000 1333.33 ln(cosh(0.154919 t )), y (30) = 4727.30 ft
After opening parachute:
v = 32 + 0.075 v 2 , v(0) = 206.521, y (0) = 4727.30
v(t ) = 20.6559 tanh(1.54919 t + 0.00519595)
y (t ) = 4727.30 13.3333ln(cosh(1.54919 t + 0.00519595))
y = 0 when t = 229.304
Thus she opens her parachute after 30 sec at a height of 4727 feet, and the total
time of descent is 30 + 229.304 = 259.304 sec, about 4 minutes and 19.3 seconds.
25.
We get the desired formula when we set v = 0 in Eq. (23) and solve for r.
27.
Integration of v
dv
GM
=
, y (0) = 0, v(0) = v0 gives
dy
( y + R)2
1 2
GM GM 1 2
v =
+ v0
2
y+R
R
2
which simplifies to the desired formula for v2. Then substitution of
G = 6.6726 1011 , M = 5.975 1024 kg, R = 6.378 106 m , v = 0, and v0 = 1
yields an equation that we easily solve for y = 51427.3, that is, about 51.427 km.
