PODAR INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,BESA

SUB-PHYSICS GRADE-X

CH –LIGHT(NOTES)

Laws of Reflection

(i) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

(ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.

Spherical Mirrors

→ Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.

→ There are two types of spherical mirrors:

(i) Convex Mirror
(ii) Concave Mirror

Properties of Concave mirror

• Reflecting surface is curved inwards.

• Converging mirror

Properties of Convex mirror

• Reflecting surface is curved outwards.

• Diverging mirror
Common terms for Spherical mirrors

→ Principal axis: The line joining the pole and center of curvature.

→ Pole (P): The centre of the spherical mirror.

→ Aperture (MN): It is the effective diameter of the spherical

mirror.

→ Center of Curvature (C): The centre of the hollow glass sphere

of which the mirror was a part.

→ Radius of Curvature (R): The distance between the pole and

the centre of curvature.

→ Focus (F): The point on principal axis where all the parallel light
rays actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.

→ Focal length (f): The distance between the pole and the focus.

→ Relationship between focal length and radius of curvature: f = R/2

Rules for making ray diagrams by spherical mirror

(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass
through the principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to
diverge from the principal focus in case of a convex mirror.(DRAW
FIG 9.3,PG NO,138)
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a
ray which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror,
after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.( DRAW FIG
9.4,PG NO,139)
(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave
mirror or directed in the direction of the centre of curvature of a
convex mirror, after reflection, is reflected back along the same
path. (DRAW FIG 9.5,PG NO,139)
(iv) A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards a point P
(pole of the mirror), on the concave mirror or a convex mirror, is
reflected obliquely. The incident and reflected rays follow the laws of
reflection at the point of incidence (point P), making equal angles
with the principal axis. (DRAW FIG 9.6,PG NO,139)

Ray diagrams for images formed by concave mirror

(DRAW FIG 9.7(a,b,c,d,e,f,PG NO.140)
(i) When object is at infinity
Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Point sized or highly diminished

(ii) When object is beyond ‘C’

Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Diminished

(iii) When object is at ‘C’

Image Position – At ‘C’
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Same size as that of object

(iv) When object is placed between ‘F’ and ‘C’

Image Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature of image– Real, inverted
Size – Enlarged
(v) When object is placed at ‘F’
Image Position – At Infinity
Nature of image – Real, inverted
Size – Highly enlarged

(vi) When object is between ‘P’ and ‘F’

Image Position – Behind the mirror
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Enlarged
Uses of Concave Mirror
(i) Used in torches, search lights and vehicles headlights to get
powerful parallel beam of light.
(ii) Concave mirrors are used by dentists to see large image of teeth
of patients. (Teeth have to be placed between pole and focus).
(iii) Concave mirror is used as shaving mirror to see a larger image
of the face.
(iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to
produce heat in solar furnace.

Ray diagrams of images formed by convex mirror

(DRAW FIG 9.8(a,b,PG NO.141)

(i) When object is placed at infinity

Image Position − At ‘F’
Nature of image – Virtual, erect
Size – Point sized

(ii) When object is placed between pole and infinity

Image Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature of image– Virtual, erect
Size – Diminished
Uses of Convex Mirror
(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in vehicles because
→ they always give an erect though diminished image.
→ they have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards.

(ii) Convex mirrors are used at blind turns and on points of merging
traffic to facilitate vision of both side traffic.

(iii) Used in shops as security mirror.

Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirror

(draw fig 9.9,pg no,143)

(i) The object is placed to the left of the mirror.

(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the
pole of the mirror.
(iii) All distances measured in the direction of incident ray (along +
X-axis) are taken as positive and those measured against the
direction of incident ray (along – X-axis) are taken as negative.
(iv) Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principal
axis are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal
axis are taken as negative.

• Object distance = ‘u’ is always negative.

• Focal length of concave mirror = Negative
• Focal length of convex mirror = Positive
Mirror Formula
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
where, v = Image distance
u = Object distance
f = Focal length
Magnification of Spherical Mirrors
It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.

⇒ m = hi/ho
m = Height of image/Height of object

Also, m = -v/u
→ If ‘m’ is negative, image is real.
→ If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual.
→ If hi = ho then m = 1, i.e., image is equal to object.
→ If hi > ho then m > 1 i.e., image is enlarged.
→ If hi < ho then m < 1 i.e., image is diminished.
• Magnification of plane mirror is always + 1.
‘+’ sign indicates virtual image.
‘1’ indicates that image is equal to object’s size.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and less than 1, it is a convex mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and more than 1, it is a concave mirror.
• If ‘m’ is ‘-ve’, it is a concave mirror.
Spherical lens: A transparent medium bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are
curved.

Convex Lens Concave Lens

Thin from Thick from

corners corners

Thick at center Thin at centre

Converging Diverging

Rules for image formation by convex lens

(i) A ray of light parallel to principal axis of a convex lens always pass through the focus on the other
side of the lens.

(ii) A ray of light passing through the principal focus will emerge parallel to principal axis after
refraction.
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical center will emerge without any deviation.

Ray Diagrams of Imag formed by Convex Lens

(i) When object is at infinity

Image Position − At ‘F 2 ’

Nature of image – Real, inverted

Size – Point sized or highly diminished

(ii) When object is beyond ‘2F1’

Image Position – Between ‘F2’ and ‘2F2’

Nature of image– Real, inverted

Size – Diminished

(iii) When object is at ‘2F1 ’

Image Position – At ‘2F2 ’

Nature of image – Real, inverted

Size – Same size

(iv) When object is between ‘F1’ and ‘2F1’

Image Position – Beyond ‘2F2’

Nature of image – Real, inverted

Size – Enlarged
(v) When object is at ‘F1’

Image Position – At Infinity

Nature of image – Real, inverted

Size – Highly enlarged

(vi) When object is between ‘F1’ and optical centre

Image Position – On the same side of the lens as object

Nature of image – Virtual and erect

Size – Enlarged
Rules for Image Formation by Concave Lens

(i) A ray of light parallel to the principal axis appear to diverge from the principal focus located on the
same side of the lens.

(ii) A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a concave lens will emerge parallel to
principal axis.

(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge without any deviation.
Ray Diagrams of Images Formed by a Concave Lens

(i) When object is placed at infinity

Image Position − At ‘F1’

Nature of image – Virtual, erect

Size – Point sized or highly diminished

(ii) When object is placed between infinity and optical centre

Image Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘O’

Nature of image – Virtual, erect

Size – Diminished
Sign convention for spherical lenses

• Sign conventions are similar to the one used for spherical mirrors, except that measurements are
taken from optical center of the lens.

• Focal length of convex lens = Positive

Focal length of concave lens = Negative

Lens Formula

1/v - 1/u = 1/f

Magnification

m = hi/ho = v/u

Power of a lens

→ It is defined as the reciprocal of focal length in meter.

→ The degree of convergence or divergence of light rays is expressed in terms of power.

Power (P) = 1/v - 1/u = 1/f

→ SI unit of Power = dioptre = D

→ 1 D = 1 m-1

→ 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is one meter.

→ Power of convex lens = Positive

→ Power of concave lens = Negative

→ Power ∝ 1/(focal length or thickness)

→ Power of a lens combination (P) = P1 + P2 + P3 .........

Refraction

→ Bouncing back of light when it strikes on a polished surface like mirror.

→ The extent of bending of ray of light at the opposite parallel faces of rectangular glass slab is equal
and opposite, so the ray emerges parallel to incident ray.

• Lateral displacement depends on :

→ Refractive index of glass slab
→ Thickness of the glass slab

Laws of Refraction
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the
point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

(ii) Snell’s law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant,
for a light of given colour and for a given pair of media.

/
sin i sin r = constant

• Refractive index (n): The ratio of speed of light in a given pair of media

/
n = Velocity of light in medium 1 Velocity of light in medium 2

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