Module 3

7. Urbanization in India: - Trends in urbanization in post-independence India;

Planned cities in Post-Independence India (Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Jamshedpur)
(Activity1); Census classification of Indian cities (based on population size);
Growth, issues and management of Metropolitan cities; Slums (official definitions
and slum statistics) (Activity2), quality of infrastructure, environment and life in
the Urban areas.
8. Urban housing typologies :- City Development Authority layouts, Public Sector
Townships, Affordable housing, Slum Rehabilitation Projects (Activity 3, 4).

Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Urbanization

• Urbanisation is the increase in

proportion of people living in towns
and cities.
• Urbanisation occurs because people
move from rural areas (countryside) to
urban areas (towns and cities). This
usually occurs when a country is still
developing.
• These changes in population lead to
other changes in land use, economic
activity and culture.
• It has been closely connected with
industrialization.

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
In 1960, the global urban population was
34% of the total; however, by 2014 the
urban population accounted for 54% of the
total and continues to grow. By 2050 the
proportion living in urban areas is
expected to reach 66%.

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
The growth of urbanization in India is basically
through two ways, one is through increase in the
urban population, which is natural and the
second one is through migration, which is result
of people migrating from rural to urban areas
and also from small towns/cities to big metros.

•However, in the 1990s, i.e. when the Indian

government opened up their economy, a rise in
rapid economic growth of the country was seen.
But this economic growth was more of urban
growth, which led to rapid migration of rural
population to urban areas.

•In the year 1951, only five cities were having

population of more than one million, which
increased to 53 cities in 2011.

•Similarly, three cities are having more than

10million population as per census 2011, and it
is estimated that six cities will be having 10
million population by 2031.

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet
The total population of India Urbanization in India
increased from 102.86 crores in
2001 to 121.02 crores in 2011.

•The number of towns/urban

agglomerations has increased
from 5161 to 7935 between 2001
to 2012, which is an increase of
2774 towns/urban agglomerations
.
•The urban population in the
year 2011 was 37.71 crores,
which was 28.61 crores in 2001.
The percentage of urban
population to the total
population of the country was
31.16% in 2011, which was 27.8%
in the year 2001.

•The average annual percentage

growth rate of population for
rural areas, since the year 1981
till present decreased and the
population growth rate for urban
areas was more than rural areas.

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Trends in Urbanization( India – state level )

At the state level ,the pattern of urbanisation is very diverse,

but economically advanced states show higher level of
urbanization.
•The emerging regional pattern is evident from image which
shows that most of the parts of central, eastern and north-
eastern India has very low level of urbanization. This region
is also economically less developed part of India.
•On the other hand ,all southern states along states of
northern and western India such as Punjab, Haryana,
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka have higher
urbanisation level than the national average.
•Among major states, Tamil Nadu continues to be ahead of
other states with level of urbanisation 48.4 percent in 2011.
•The states which are lagging behind are Himachal Pradesh
at the bottom with level of urbanisation 10 percent followed
by Bihar(11.3), Assam(14percent) and Orissa(16.6). Other
states like UP, Rajasthan, MP, Chhattisgarh and
Jharkhand also continued to have lower urbanisation than
the national level.

Trends in Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

Economic factors Urbanization in India
• Industrialization: The growth of industries in urban
regions provides job opportunities, attracting rural
inhabitants and thus fueling urbanization.
• Services Sector Expansion: The fast-paced growth of
the services sector, particularly in IT and ITeS, in
metropolitan cities drives urban migration

Social factors

• Enhanced Living Standards: The lure of

improved education, healthcare, and overall better
living conditions in urban areas draw in rural
dwellers.
• Social Mobility: The opportunities for upward social
mobility offered by urban settings are an appealing
prospect for many

Demographic factors

• Population Growth: A rapid increase in population

within urban areas propels urbanization.
• Migration: Migration from rural to urban areas,
instigated by factors like unemployment and poverty in
rural regions, stokes the flames of urbanization.
Causes of Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet
POSITIVES NEGATIVES

• Benefits include reduced transport costs, • Public health issues resulting from
exchange of ideas, and sharing of natural contaminated water and air and the spread of
resources. communicable diseases due to overcrowding.

• Cities act as beacons for the rural population • Unemployment and under-employment.
because they represent a higher standard of
living. • Severe shortage of housing.

• Cities offer opportunities to people not • Transportation-commuting issues, lack of

available in the countryside. public transport, no adequate investment.

• Social & Religious taboos/sanctions • Social effects-poverty, lack of opportunities,

disappearing. psychological problems, alcoholism, drugs,
crime, violence and other deviant behaviour.
• Education is a tool to eradicate social evils.
• Increased cost of living due to limited
• Industrialization,Urbanization,Education,Legis resource availability.
lation,Secularization-sequence of development.
• Strain on public infrastructure and natural
• Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas. resources.

• Increased crime rate.

• Formation of slums.

Effects of Urbanization Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
• In developing countries, urbanisation usually occurs when people move from villages to settle
in cities in hope of gaining a better standard of living.
• The movement of people from one place to another is called migration. Migration is influenced
by economic growth and development and by technological change.
• It is driven by pull factors that attract people to urban areas and push factors that drive
people away from the countryside.
• Employment is the main reason for migration of male, compared to female.
• People are attracted to an urban lifestyle and the ‘bright lights’ of city life.
• All of these factors result in both temporary and permanent migration to urban areas.

Trends in Urbanization - Migration Prof. Satyajeet

Migration and population change Urbanization in India

Trends in Urbanization - Migration Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Reasons for Migration

Trends in Urbanization - Migration Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Trends in Urbanization - Migration Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

• Mass housing schemes were carried out in the border states of Delhi, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

• Number of new towns such as capital towns, refugee towns, industrial towns, port
towns and satellite towns were constructed.

• The first new town built was Chandigarh as capital of Punjab state. It stimulated
Urban Planning process in India.

• India adopted a definite planning policy in the shape of Five-Year Plans for socio
economic development of the country.

• Urban Planning and development formed a part of these Five-Year plans.

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

• Thus, Urban Planning in India has come a long way since independence to develop urban
areas and channelize the urbanization process in the country.

• Two schemes which prominently helped for urban development are Integrated Development
of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and Environmental Improvement of Slums( EIS).

• However, a comprehensive national urbanization policy is lacking for balanced socio

economic development of both urban and rural areas.

Post Independence Scenario Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

BHUBANESHWAR
Planned Cities in Post Independence India Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Bhubaneshwar

• The place has evidently derived its name from its principal deity Tri Bhubaneswar or
Bhubaneswar.
•
It has two distinct divisions ie the Old town and the New Capital
•
The following stages have affected the structure of the city

 The Temple Town (up to 1948.

 The ‘New Capital’ 1948 56.

 Growth of Institutions 1956 76.

 Developments in Organized Sector 1976 onwards).

 The present Bhubaneswar

• In 1948 Bhubaneswar got back its status when the foundation stone of the present capital
township was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

• The present old temple town was formed and confined to area of 956 Ha.

• Later Bhubaneswar was born as the new capital of Orissa in close proximity of the old temple
town
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Bhubaneshwar
• The Master plan for the new township was prepared by the famous architect Dr Otto H
Koenigsberger in 1948.

• It was to shape the city in serving as an administrative centre for the state, on the basis of
the concept of Neighborhood Unit Planning.

• Koenigsberger’s design laid the city out in a linear pattern with a central artery forming a
main spine to which neighborhood units were attached.

• Designed for Population 40 000.

• Neighborhood units had all the major amenities Each unit was to house a population for 5000
6000.

• Clean and natural environment, including water and air was ensured.

• Regular blocks divided into uniform plots.

• Straight streets intersecting at right angles.

• Administrative and government offices planned to be in one unit of space

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Planning Principles

• It is based on the system of neighborhood units which means a group of houses, large
enough to afford the major amenities of urban life like schools, dispensaries,
shopping centres entertainment, public libraries etc but at the same time small
enough to keep all these amenities in short distances so that the main advantage of
rural life can be preserved.

• To avoid boredom and uniformity the neighborhood units are individually with the
object of giving it a distinct character

• In contrast to the Old Town, the land under different uses are segregated from each
other so that the foul smell, smoke or dust of industry does not affect the
residential areas nor the crown and of a commercial area affect the silence and
solemnity of an administrative or educational area.

• An area of 231 acres was allocated for an Industrial Estate.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Detailed plan of Unit 1

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India

Detailed Residential Plan within

the Neighborhood
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Planning Principles

Koenigsberger suggested seven types of roads:

1.Footpaths

2.Parkways

3.Cyclepaths

4.Arterialroad(200ft wide with 10ft wide footpaths)

5.Major Unit Road(150ft wide)

6.Major Housing Street(100ft wide)

7.Minor Housing street(40ft wide)

For seven groups of users for seven different functions.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Detailed Residential Plan within

the Neighborhood
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Planning Principles

The overall widths of land earmarked for

roads and streets were not determined by
traffic alone but also by requirements for
storm water drainage services like overhead
electric lines, telephone, water and the
need of adequate light and air to the
adjoining houses.

The overall width of land allotted for road

purposes was therefore dependent on the
height of houses on both sides.

In 1961 the population reached 40 000 The

plan was revised by Julius Vaz to
accommodate eleven neighborhood units
instead of four units.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Bhubaneshwar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

GANDHINAGAR
Planned Cities in Post Independence India Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Gandhinagar

• It is the new capital city of Gujarat

State It is totally planned and built to
meet the needs of a state capital The
city is located on the western banks of
river Sabarmati.

• The city was planned and implemented

between 1965 1970 by two Indian planners,
H K Mewada and P M Apte.

• Gandhinagar's site is just 23 km north of

Ahmedabad.

• The site covers a gross area of 21 square

miles It is easily accessible from
Ahmedabad by rail and road.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Concept

• The city was planned for a population of 150 000 but can accommodate double that
population with increase in the floor space ratio from 1 to 2 in the areas reserved
for private development.

• Basic concept of the city drew inspiration from the city of Chandigarh.

• Predominantly an administrative centre of the state.

• It may slowly attract many important cultural, civic and allied activities.

• Initially it has to accommodate the state government employees, so the design is

based on the government employment structure.

• Conceptually the major work areas are provided in the centre and other work areas are
distributed along the major roads.

• This will avoid concentration of traffic at peak hours and attains even distribution
of traffic

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Concept

• The land to the north of the city was allotted for the then biggest thermal power
station and the adjacent areas were zoned for industrial use.

• The residential areas of the people working in these areas are planned on the basis
of neighbourhood concept.

• The current and future population employed in state government offices was
distributed in 30 residential sectors around the State Assembly Secretariat complex.

• Each sector is 1 km x 75 km in length and width, has a primary school, a secondary

school, a higher secondary school, a medical dispensary, a shopping centre and a
maintenance office.

• Each residential sector could accommodate about 50 of population, and was intended to
house the half of the population employed by the government.

• Plots on the periphery of each sector are meant for private and supporting population
that constitutes the remaining 50.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Concept

• The capital complex of the city is located in the central sector of the city It is
connected to the railway station at the other end The road connecting these two forms
the central axis of the city.

• As a rational extension of the grid, the planners had envisaged 30 additional

residential sectors to the northwest that could accommodate a population of 450 000.

• A grid iron pattern with exclusive cycle tracks form the major circulation network of
the city.

• All streets are aligned at 30 deg n w and 60 deg n e, to avoid direct glare of
morning and evening sun while driving.

• The riverside park is easily accessible to the people through cycle and pedestrian
system.

• The city has series if parks and playgrounds in the residential areas,where children
can easily go and play

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Concept

Though the government employees may form

almost 50 of the population of the city,
most of the residential sectors are planned
to accommodate both government employees
and people from other occupations This is
done not to isolate the government
employees colonies.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Gandhinagar Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Jamshedpur
Planned Cities in Post Independence India Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

• First planned industrial city in India.

• In 1907 the steel city of Jamshedpur took its shape as a small company town in
the back waters of eastern India It was new experiment in Urbanism.

• Unlike Delhi and Chandigarh, Jamshedpur was an indigenous industrial development

initiated, financed and built by Indians using local resources and labour though
aided by foreign expertise.

• The city was founded by Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata remains the way he had
envisioned it The city did not have a government body, all utilities were
provided by the Tata group.

• Settlement built around the steel factory that was the primary source of
employment for its residents and governed all aspects of their lives.

• J N Tata conceived the dream of this industrial township Thus, an iron and steel
plant was perceived in Sakchi village (72 km from the Dalma hills)

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

• Tata Steel acquired 3564 acres of waste land in Sakchi and a few neighboring
villages on the undulating central ridge, a watershed between the two rivers.

• The site was graded in 1907-9 for building the steel plant at the highest point
on the western spur.

• Reservoirs were built for waterworks inside the plant railway tracks were laid
from main line at Kalimati and factory units constructed along them.

• The most important of the site’s many advantages was the quick means of
transportation to Calcutta port afforded by Kalimati railway station on the
Calcutta Bombay railway link, only 3 miles away.

• Sound business management policy, philanthropic motives and the desire to make
industrial township an envied and emulated concept throughout India gave birth to
Jamshedpur.

• Unlike the planning of Delhi and Chandigarh, which were planned and conceived all
at a single time, this town was planned in various stages due to growth in the
production of the steel plant because of World War I and II and hence growth in
population of workers
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Sahlin & Kennedy’s Plan

• The Pittsburgh firm of Julian Kennedy and Axel Sahlin was awarded the contract
for designing and engineering works of Tata Steel Plant.

• They built the original colony between 1909 12 for housing managers and skilled
workers.

• Site exigencies dictated the stratified pattern of housing on high ground on the
ridge spurs on the NW and western fringes of the steel plant to ensure protection
from the factory dust carried by the prevailing western winds.

• The colony was laid out in the grid iron pattern, with alphabetically named roads
running EW and numbered ‘avenues’ running NS.

• There is no evidence of a planned town center or public park system.

• Hierarchically divided into Northern and Southern Towns.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Sahlin & Kennedy’s Plan

• Northern town bungalows and quarters for officers.

• Southern town skilled workers (Southern Town was itself divided into G town meant
for middle income group and R N for workers).

• The plan ignored the acute need for housing laborers with the result that
clusters of mud huts sprang up around the towns and close to the factory gates.

• The company town designed for 10 000 residents with few public spaces and streets
became the nucleus for later growth of Jamshedpur into the industrial city.

• In 1917 As the steel production of the plant grew (because of World War I),
population of the township increased, and the old Kennedy plan became obsolete.

• The number of workers had increased to 18675 and the company acquired an
additional 12215 acres for accommodating the growth.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Fredrick C Temple’s Plan

• Fredrick C Temple, sanitary officer for Orissa and Bihar states was appointed as
the Chief Engineer to plan the growing township.

• Temple’s close and insightful reading of how the earlier tribal settlements had
utilized the topography in building their huts and cart tracks influenced his
proposal for extending the street system.

• Using the cart tracks on the ridge line as the basis, he designed an inner circle
that connected the already developed core to areas on the north, east and west
through ‘low-level.

• To protect the riverfront from industrial pollution and town waste and to
preserve its scenic quality, he designed a low-level outer circle road with an
intercepting sewer, connected to the inner circle road by ‘links’.

• The street and drainage systems, along the ridges and gullies, resulted in an
open space system of parks and parkways distributed throughout the town.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Fredrick C Temple’s Plan

• The Principles of Temple’s planning were

1. Gravitational sewerage system.

2. A street system adapted to contours.
3. Parkway system in natural drains

• Temple proposed housing of 12 units per acre, balancing it with 1-1.5 acres of bungalows
and 0.25-acre plots quarters.

• He designed the quarters in 3 bocks with the 4 th one serving as open space.

• He advocated that the problem of housing could be solved by improving the sanitation and
preserving the infrastructure of squatter settlements.

• Small clusters of 12 huts surrounding a central open space, all enclosed by hexagonal
roads 500 apart were built for workers.

• Temple’s plan was largely implemented It expanded the town considerably by constructing 62
miles of roads, 2 315 dwellings, improving markets in Bistupur, Dhatkidih, and Sakchi
along with functioning water works and sewer system.
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Major P G W Stokes Plan

• Due to the further expansion of Tata Steel plant in 1930 as it was the largest producer of
steel in the British Empire meeting three quarters of India’s demand.

• The population had increased to 83 738 calling for rapid construction of housing.

• According to his report his work was very much influenced by Earnest Burges who proposed
that cities develop outward from central business and manufacturing districts with working
class population nearest to the core.

• Stokes did not have much to beyond Temple’s plan.

• His main work was to quench the shortage of housing.

• Constrained by the existing mixed and stratified housing of Jamshedpur, Stoke had to
conform to Homer Hoyt’s wedge shaped urban model that stipulated segmented growth along
transport arteries.

• He reiterated the efficacy of parkways in valleys with adjoining roads, advocated the
separation of sewer and storm water drainage systems.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Major P G W Stokes Plan

• He emphasized that bustees pose a health
hazard and should not be regarded as a real
or permanent solution to Jamshedpur’s
housing problem.

• In accordance with Stokes’ Plan, bungalows

were built in Northern Town and along the
main E-W Straight Mile Road, and workers’
quarters were built in the north in Sakchi
and towards the west in Kadma. Jamshedpur’s
housing stock was increasing yet it fell
far short of the actual requirement.

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Otto H Keonigsberger’s Plan

• World War II further spurred steel production, causing a larger wok force to be
employed and ensuing surge in population to 150 000.

• Otto Koenigsberger Chief Architect of the Princely State of Mysore was asked to
prepare a Development Plan.

• The primary motive was to implement GARDEN CITY concepts in his master plan but
his motive was partially satisfied.

• The major problem was that Jamshedpur did not develop as a Garden city, ‘BUSTEES’
had developed on the periphery of the industrial area.

• Koenigsberger designated the industrial and residential areas of the city as two
primary zones of development in accordance with his ‘band town’ planning concept.

• His contention was that linear growth along transportation arteries was the best
solution to the problems posed by the concentric growth around the place of
employment.
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

Otto H Keonigsberger’s Plan

• The ‘band' form was suited to the desirable segregation of housing and industry
in two separate but parallel zones minimizing distances to the open country.

• Linear bands of city and countryside ensured access to greenery and fresh air
within reasonable walking distance of the place of residence.

• Residential areas to the north and west could grow indefinitely towards the east
and have access to his proposed green belt along the two riverfronts.

• He proposed for a garden suburb on the forested slopes of Dalma Hills for 200
medium income families who could do the daily commute 7 miles to steel plant This
was the solution recommended for replacement of illegal settlements, bustees.

• Intention was to build a leafy suburb at a suitable distance from industrial

pollution and haphazard urban growth.

• This unbuilt proposal represented what Tata Steel desired all of Jamshedpur to
be.
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Jamshedpur

• Tata Steel remained the largest employer and physical core of Jamshedpur.

• New industries and their settlements were built first towards the east and later
after Independence in 1947 across the river Kharkai on the west.

• A multinucleated pattern emerged with industries as the nuclei of settlement

growth that minimized the distance between residence and workplace.

• Some of these industries were established by the Tatas and others were acquired
and became subsidiaries.

• Other industries built their housing in a grid iron pattern on a ridge parallel
to the main NW SE ridge.

• The tribal villages that had deteriorated into bustees were now transformed into
planned housing colonies.

• The city’s growth over the last century has shown a centrifugal pattern with low
income settlements dominating the periphery Once the rivers were bridged there
was no barrier to urban extension in the 1960s to Mango on the north and
Adityapur on the west.
Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India

Planned Cities in Post Independence India- Jamshedpur Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
The governor of the state declares by public notification an area as “urban” based on
certain parameters, such as:

• population of the area,

• The density of the population therein,

• The revenue generated for local administration,

• The percentage of employment in non agricultural activities,

• The economic importance or such other factors”

Census Classification of Indian Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
State Government

URBAN

• For example, in the less and sparsely populated northern hilly regions of India,
settlements having populations as low as 110 are classified as statutory towns.

• In other regions of the country, the lowest population of a statutory town is higher.

• Interestingly, in the states of Gujarat, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and
Meghalaya, settlements having population of less than 13 000 are classified as
“rural”.

Census Classification of Indian Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India

NATIONAL GOVERNMENT/ CENSUS OF INDIA

STATUTORY TOWNS

All administrative units that have been defined by statute (nonagricultural settlements
declared
based on state government definition)

All settlements having an urban local government are known as ‘statutory towns’

URBAN/CENSUS TOWNS

A minimum population of 5000.

At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits.

A density of population of at least 400 persons/sqkm.

Census Classification of Indian Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
The Census of India has classified towns into six categories on the basis of population:

 Based on population size(RBI  Based on HRA  Population group wise

classification) o Tier I(X) – 8 cities o Semi urban – 10,000 to 99,999
o Tier II(Y) – 97 o Urban centre – 100,000 to 999,999
o Class I – Above 1 lakh cities o Metropolitan centre – above 1,000,000
o Class II – 50K – 1 lakh o Tier III(Z) – o Mega cities – above 50 Lakh
o Class III – 20K – 50K remaining cities
o Class IV – 10K – 20K As per 2011 census 6 megacities and 53
o Class V – 5K – 10K million plus cities in India
o Class VI – less than 5K

Census Classification of Indian Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
• In India, the Census Commission defines a metropolitan city as one having a
population of over four million Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad,
Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat and Nashik are those Indian cities that have over
4 million people.

• As per the Census 2011 released by the Registrar General of India, Greater Mumbai
with a population of 18 414 288 continues to be India’s biggest city, followed by
Delhi 16 314 838 and Kolkata 14 112 536 These three cities are India’s mega cities
with 10 million plus population.

• In India, the class III and class IV towns (having population of 50 000 to 99 999
and 20 000 to 49 999 respectively) are more in number than the other cities.

• Villagers are attracted to class III and class IV towns because of availability of
colleges, health facilities and job opportunities.

• The class III and class IV towns do not have any multiplying job opportunities
hence the first generation of the migrated villagers come and settle in class I
cities.

• This is the pattern on Migration observed in India.

Growth Issues & Management of Metropolitan Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
• A city by definition, should have population of 1 00 000 and when it reaches to a level of
1000000 a city becomes a metropolis.

• Study of ‘Metropolitan Cities’ is important as reaching that level of population becomes a

very complex structure, its relationships with its hinterland increases tremendously.

• Features Of Metropolitan Cities:

1.Besides the size, the cities also develop a complex urban structure displaying different
patterns for urban development and different mixing of uses.

2. The scale of economic, social and cultural activities changes dramatically.

3.The metropolis also develops a pattern of intra city linkages affecting the movement of
population, goods and services These linkages generally develop as per the various functional
demands.

4. The metropolitan cities also develop some interaction with the surrounding region and beyond,
resulting into a large number of pressures like economic, social and cultural pressures.

5.Development of the problems of the Inner City or Core Areas, which may not match with the new
developments, but can be mitigated with one another

6.Growing informal sector activities (informal vendors etc) and unauthorized developments(slums
squatters etc) are seen in these cities It is generally accepted that informal sectors are a
disease of the metropolis and not of smaller towns
Growth Issues & Management of Metropolitan Cities Prof. Satyajeet
 Urbanization in India
Metropolitan Management

1. Metropolitan management is a complex task as it has to deal with the apex

organizations of various fields.

2. The task of management of a metropolis is to create such condition which would

facilitate easy movement of goods and people, Therefore, transportation (regional
and local) is very important.

3. The management also must provide the best possible infrastructure and shelter for
people.

4. There are number organizations like local Government/ Authority, Corporate

Authority and Voluntary Organizations to look after these various facilities
mentioned above.

5. The task of the management is to maintain and sustain all the institutions and
regulate their functions The metropolitan management is to be carried out in such
a manner, that it can perform in its best possible efficiency’ and functional ‘
This bring one back to ‘Land use Planning’.

Growth Issues & Management of Metropolitan Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Urbanization in India
Metropolitan Management

6. The major task of Metro management would be to run the machinery of growth,
sustenance and decay.

7. These processes go on simultaneously thus making the whole thing much more
Complicated.

8. Decay is a function of time, of which the result of man made or natural calamity
may not be stopped, but, decay due to neglect may be avoidable if management is done
properly.

9. Any management system works on the principle of accountability at various levels

of organization Here, the efficiency may be measured not only on the basis of
quantity but also on the basis of quality and concept.

10.The management system may not be effective if accountability in various levels of

organization is not maintained

Growth Issues & Management of Metropolitan Cities Prof. Satyajeet

 Slums
The United Nations Habitat program defines slums
as informal settlements that lack one or more of
the following five conditions:
• access to clean water,
• access to improved sanitation,
• sufficient living area that is not
overcrowded,
• durable housing
• secure tenure.

In India, Under Section-3 of the Slum Area

Improvement and Clearance Act, 1956, Slums have
been defined as:-

Those residential areas where dwellings are in

any respect unfit for human habitation and
characterized by:-
• Dilapidated structures
• Overcrowding
• faulty designs of buildings

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

• narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets.
• lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities.
• or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health and morals.

Slums are perceived as compact overcrowded residential areas unfit for habitation due to
unavailability of one or more of the basic infrastructure.

Slum facts - India

• Nearly half of Mumbai’s slums are non-notified.
• According to the last census in 2011, the slum-
• Mumbai’s slums occupy 12 percent of its total
dwelling population of India had risen from 27.9
geographic area and up to a quarter of the available
million in 1981 to 93.06 million in 2011.
construction area in the city.
• After Mumbai, Delhi has the second largest slum
• Out of 4,041 Statutory Towns in Census 2011 63%
population in India
towns reported slums.
• Nearly 1.8 million people live in slum areas in the
• 37.20% of identified and 28.50% of recognized slums.
capital of India - New Delhi
• 38 % of the slum households are in 46 Million Plus
• The 2011 census found that more than 17% of urban
Cities.
Indian households live in slums.
• Proportion of slum HHs to urban HHs is highest in
• An estimated 6.5 million people, around 55 percent
Maharashtra followed by Andhra Pradesh and lowest
of Mumbai’s total population, live in slums.
in Kerala.

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

Slums Prof. Satyajeet
Slums Prof. Satyajeet
Slum category Slum Characteristics
• Notified slums:- All notified areas in a
town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT
Administration or Local Government under any
Act including a ‘Slum Act’.
• Recognized slums:- All areas recognized as
‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local
Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which
may have not been formally notified as slum
under any act
• Identified slums:- A compact area of at
least 300 population or about 60-70
households of poorly built congested
tenements, in unhygienic environment usually
with inadequate infrastructure and lacking
in proper sanitary and drinking water
facilities.
Slums Prof. Satyajeet
Origin and growth of Slum Effects of Slums

Social Vulnerable to Unemploym Infectious

Economic hazards ent diseases
Urbanization exclusion
stagnation
and conflict

Poor Population Violence illiteracy

illiteracy
planning growth

Housing Environment
Poor Land
unaffordabil Politics al Child labor
infrastructure unavailability
ity degradation

Unauthorize
Informal Rural urban Poverty d and illegal
Poverty
economy migration activities

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

Slum vs Formal Characteristics

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

 Slum free cities
• Envisioned through Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban
poor.
• It calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on:
o Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the
same level of basic amenities as the rest of the city.
o Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of
slums.
o Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach
of the urban poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to
retain their sources of livelihood and employment.
Key areas of concern – Urban planning, Land, housing and infrastructure, financing

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

 Slum Clearance Programme

• In situ development and

improvement
Improvement
method • Slum upgradation
• Slum
redevelopment/resettlement
Complete • Removal and relocation
removal
method • Slum relocation

https://youtu.be/svVCgv_Zi-Q
Slums Prof. Satyajeet
 Slum Clearance by Improvement
• One method of not aggravating the housing shortage is to take up slum improvement scheme.

• This method has an added advantage of not causing much disturbance to the slum dwellers.

• As the slums are developed due to poor drainage system and unhealthy conditions.

• Hence the drainage arrangement is modified and improved.

• Public utility services like water, drainage, electricity, gas may be provided in the
affected area.

• In slum area the housing conditions are also fairly good and only a few houses need some
improvement to make them slightly more habitable.

• Further, any impending structures coming in the way may be removed.

• Low portions of the old slums like ditches, or swamps may be filled up and then the
existing roads may be widened.

• With proper planning and improvement works it is possible.

Slums Prof. Satyajeet

 Slum Clearance by Complete Removal
• In this method area may be completely cleared out of the existing locality.

• In this case only such buildings which are really in good condition are retained and all
other dilapidated structures are pulled down.

• Transit Camps in the form of temporary buildings near the slum areas should be
constructed to accommodate those displaced in the process of slum clearance.

• Any stinking factory that occurs in slum areas may be shifted to some other more suitable
place.

• The areas thus cleared up may be used as open spaces and as sites for new buildings part
of it may also be used for widening the streets.

• Care should be taken to keep the density within amenities such as water supply, drainage,
sanitary arrangements, electricity, gas etc.

• Lastly the legal aspects of this scheme while shifting the population should also receive
due attention.

• The legal aspect include publication of the slum clearance scheme; acquiring the land,
paying compensation for the acquired land, making accommodation for the displaced persons
in the process of slums clearance etc.

• The slum eradication by this method proves to be very costly, but it is certainly worth.
Slums Prof. Satyajeet
 Slum Rehabilitation
• The Slum Improvement Scheme contemplates the grant of financial assistance by the Central
Government to State Government and Union Territories for slum clearance improvement.
Projects. The two important principles on which the scheme is based are

1. There should be minimum dislocation of slum dwellers and efforts should be made to
rehouse them as far as possible on the existing sites of the slums and/or sites nearby in
order to ensure that they are not uprooted from their fields of employment.

2. In order to keep down rents within paying capacity of slum dwellers, the emphasis should
necessarily be laid more on provision of minimum standards on environmental hygiene and
essential services rather than on construction of any elaborate structure.

• The following case studies throw ample light on the slum improvement programmes practiced
in India, particularly in metropolitan cities.

1. Calcutta Bastee Improvement Programme

2. Chennai Slum Clearance Scheme

3. New Delhi Jhuggi Jhopdi Scheme

4. Ramtedki Slum Redevelopment, Pune

Slum Rehabilitation Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

City Development Authority Layouts Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

• In India, Development Authorities have come into existence, out of the need to tackle
growing housing problems and poor infrastructure It was envisaged that the
development authorities will help to plan, implement co ordinate development
activities in a structured way After the constitution of urban development
authorities, the actual implementation of urban projects and master plans has
started.

• Several urban development authorities have been established by various state

governments to provide housing, infrastructure, and amenities to its ever growing
population.

• The first to come up was the Delhi Development Authority ( in 1957 for the Delhi
metropolitan area Similarly, the Haryana Urban Development Authority HUDA in 1977 and
the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (in 1976 was established to
accelerate the process of planned development.

City Development Authority Layouts Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

Bangalore Development Authority

• The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) of Bangalore, India was formed in 1976
under the BDA act 1976, it is a governmental organization (referred to within India
as a parastatal entity) and the principal planning authority for Bangalore. Its
function under the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act of 1961 (KTCPA) is as a
regulatory body required “to prepare in the prescribed manner a Comprehensive
Development Plan” (CDP) for the Bangalore metropolitan region.

• It also oversees planning and development of infrastructure, provision of development

related sites and services, the housing needs of underprivileged citizens in
Bangalore and is currently the city’s largest land developer.

• No other authority or person may undertake development within the Bangalore

Metropolitan Region without the permission of the BDA)

City Development Authority Layouts Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

Bangalore Development Authority

Some of the focus areas of the BDA include

1. Planned development of Bangalore

2. Development of residential layouts

3. Creation of quality infrastructure

4. Maintenance of lakes

5. Addressing the housing requirements of economically weaker sections

City Development Authority Layouts Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

Minimum regulations followed for development of residential layout as per BDA

• 10% of the land shall be reserved for Park Open space. The open space (park) shall be
relinquished to the authority free of cost and the same may be allowed to be
maintained by the local resident's association (registered) if the Authority so
desires.

• A minimum 5 of total plot area shall be provided for Civic amenities and the owner or
developer shall develop such civic amenities which finally shall be handed over to
the local resident's association for maintenance.

• FAR is calculated on the total land area after deducting Civic amenity site.

• Roads as shown in the Revised Master Plan 2015 shall be incorporated within Plan and
shall be handed over to the authority free of cost.

City Development Authority Layouts Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

• Public Sector Townships

• A public sector enterprise is one which is owned, managed and controlled by the central
government or state government or local authority. For example Railways, postal & telegraphs
and Life Insurance Corporation etc.

• Some of the main objectives of public sector undertakings in India are:

1. Rate of economic growth should be maximized.

2. Living conditions and standard of the workers should be improved.

3. Sound economic foundations should be laid down, so that the people are in a position to have
gainful employment.

4. Disparity of income and wealth, which is created by private sector, should be reduced to the
minimum.

5. Growth of private monopolies and concentration of economic power in the hands of only few
persons should be checked and protected.

6. To properly channelize small savings and deepen its scope

Public Sector Townships Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies

• Public Sector Townships

8. To establish a strong industrial base

comprising manufacturing, construction,
electricity, gas and water supply.

9. To provide commercial surplus with

which to finance further economic
development.

10.To make an important contribution

towards achieving a socialist pattern
of society through their multifold role
providing an infrastructure, acting as
ideal employer and well wishers of the
workers

Public Sector Townships Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies
Housing in India
Urban and Rural Housing Demand and Supply in India

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies
Housing in India

source : RBI bulletin January 2018

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet
 Urban Housing Typologies
Housing in India

source : RBI bulletin January 2018

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet

 Urban Housing Typologies
Housing in India
Urban Housing Shortage in India

source : RBI bulletin January 2018

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet

 Housing in India Urban Housing Typologies

What is Affordable Housing?

Affordable housing is housing which is deemed

affordable to those with a median household income as
decided by the respective national or local
government by a recognized housing affordability
index.
Parameters of Affordable housing

Source: MGI on affordable housing, 2014

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet
 Definition of affordable housing- MHUPA(2012).
Affordable housing projects are
those where 35% of the houses are
constructed for EWS category.
Under PMAY(CLSS)- EWS housing
carpet area increased to 30sqm,
LIG housing carpet area increased
to 60sqm, MIG I up to 160sqm and
MIG II 200sqm.

Why Affordable Housing?

Source: MGI report on affordable housing, 2014

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet
 Affordable to Whom? Urban Housing Typologies
Middle income group?
Low-income group?
Economically weaker sections?
The government definition determines which families are
eligible to live in certain housing developments, and
also what a housing developer has to do to get
government subsidies.
When the government says “affordable housing,” it means
affordable for families in the middle or at the lower
end of the income scale.

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet

 Policies, programmes and initiatives by GoI in Affordable housing sector
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY- 2015) – Four schemes viz ISSR,CLSS,AHP,BLC

• External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) has been allowed for affordable housing projects from
2012.

• Low-cost of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for development of townships, housing, built-
up infrastructure and construction-development.

• The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has extended the benefits of section 35AD
(permitting 150% of capital expenditure as tax deduction) of the Income Tax Act, 1961
with effect from assessment year 2012-13 to affordable housing.

• Construction of the following has been exempted from service tax from 1 March 2016:

o Low-cost houses up to a carpet area of 60 square meters in a housing project under

‘Affordable Housing in Partnership’ component of Housing for All (Urban) Mission /
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

o Low-cost houses up to a carpet area of 60 square meters in a housing project under any
housing scheme of the State Government

• The Credit Risk Guarantee Fund with a corpus of Rs 1200 Cr in collaboration with NHB was
set up (2012) to facilitate credit availability to low-income customers without any
collateral.
Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet
 Policies, programmes and initiatives by GoI in Affordable housing sector
• Tax free bonds are issued by HUDCO and NHB to ensure lower cost of borrowing by them and
in turn reduce their onward lending costs.

• Efforts in increasing the ease of doing business especially in obtaining construction

permits in urban areas.

• The Government (in the Budget for FY 16-17) has also considered the needs of the buyer
and allowed an additional deduction up to INR 50,000 in respect to interest for first
time home buyers. Also, the time period for acquisition/construction is enhanced to 5
years. In addition to the above, the central government and select state governments have
initiated a number of positive and reinforcing measures to give a fillip to the
affordable housing sector.

• National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP), 2007

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

• Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP)

• Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme.

• Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP).

• Rajiv Awas Yojana.

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet

 Issues in Developing Affordable housing in India?
• Excessive Control on Development of Land Creates
Artificial Shortage.
• Lack of Marketable Land Parcels.
• Rising Cost of Construction.
• Lack of Access to Home Finance for Low Income Groups.
• Regulatory Constraints.
• Lack of suitable low-cost land within city limits.
• Shortcomings in development norms, planning and project
design.
• Lack of participation of large organized real estate
players due to low profit margin.
• High cost of funds for construction finance making
projects unviable.
• Lack of suitable mechanism for maintenance.
• Challenges in beneficiary selection.
• Inadequate capacity of implementing agencies.
Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet
 Housing in India Urban Housing Typologies

Affordable Housing Prof. Satyajeet