TISSUES- called groups of specialized cells

and the extracellular substances surrounding 4. Attaches at the basal surface:

them. • Surface of the cell anchored
called- basal surface-
HISTOLOGY-
• Basal membrane- basal surface
- microscopic study of tissue structure is attached; nonliving material
- identify abnormalities (cancer, resulting (brick and mortar; guiding cell
from changes in a tissue) immigration; tissue repair
- Knowledge of tissue structure and • Lateral surface- deepest layer
function is important in understanding of cells in contact with basement
organs, organ systems, and the membrane
complete organism.
5. Has specialized cell connections
4 types of tissue and matrix attachments:
1. Epithelial
• Adjacent ET- attached
2gether by specialized cells;
2. Connective
anchored to xtracllular matrix
3. Muscle
of basement membrane
4. Nervous
6. Is avascular:
• No blood vessels found among
EPITHELIAL TISSUE the epithelial cells; get oxygen
- Cover and protect surfaces through diffusion
- Found everywhere both inside and
outside of the body 7. Capable of Regeneration:
- Cellular tissue • Ability to replace damaged
- Get oxygen through diffusion cells with new ET
- Doesn’t have blood supply  Functions
- Protects against foreign materials 1. Protecting underlying structure
entering the body - Ex. Outer layer of the skin

 Characteristics 2. Acting as a barrier

1. Mostly composed of cells: - Prevents substances from moving
• Epithelial tissues consist almost through it
entirely of cells; little extracellular - Reduces water loss from the body
matrix between them.
• 3. Permitting the passage of
2. Covers body surfaces: substances
• covers body surfaces; forms - Also allows substance move
glands; through it
- Ex. Permit the passage of some
• include surfaces (exterior
substances 02 and CO2 exchange
surface);
through the lung epithelium
• lining of digestive urinary;
-
reproductive; respiratory tracts;
4. Secreting substances
heart; blood vessels and body
- Sweat and mucus glands
cavities

3. Has an exposed surface:

• ET forms covering and linings, 5. Absorbing substances
one surface of their cells is in - Contain carrier proteins for
direct contact with both the absorption of nutrients
outside environment & contents - Ex. Epithelial cells in intestine
of our hollow organs. absorb digestive food (molecules,
• Skin contact with air in the vit, ions)
atmosphere; exposed surface is
called free surface or apical  NO. OF CELLS
surface - Simple: 1 layer
- Stratified: more than one layer
 brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of
the lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries
 3 types of Epithelium based on
shapes
- Squamos: flat; scale-like
- Cuboidal: cube-shaped;
- Columnar: column like

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

- Single layer of tall, narrow cells (H>W)
- Perform complex functions
- Movement of particles out of the
bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells;
partially responsible for the movement
of oocytes through the uterine tubes by
ciliated cells;
- secretion by cells of the glands, the
stomach, and the intestines;
- absorption by cells of the intestines
- Location: Glands and some ducts,
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes,
uterus, uterine tubes, stomach,
- Single layer of flat intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, and
- Function: Diffusion, filtration (waste ventricles of the brain
products), some secretion, and some
protection against friction
- gas exchange in the lungs
- Location: Lining of blood vessels; heart,
lymphatic vessels; alveoli of the lungs,;
tubules, lining of serous membranes of
body cavities (pleural, pericardial,
peritoneal)

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
- Single layer of cells
- Cells are tall and thin; some reach the free
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM surface while others do not
- Nuclei at different levels, giving a stratified
- Single layer of cube-shaped cells appearance
- Have great secretory capacity - Associated with goblet cells that secrete
- secretion by cells of glands and choroid mucus
plexuses - Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free
- Location: Kidney tubules, glands and surface
their ducts, choroid plexuses of the - Move mucus (or fluid) containing foreign
particles over the surface and from passages
 - Lining of the nasal cavity; Nasal sinuses
-Auditory tubes;Pharynx;Trachea
- Bronchi of lungs

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

GLANDS- compose by epithelium by network of
- Several layers of cells that are cuboidal connective tissue
in the basal layer and progressively 1. Endocrine- produces chemical called
flattened toward the surface hormones; ductless gland
- Protects against abrasion, forms a 2. Exocrine- provide wide variety
barrier against infection, and reduces products; saliva; swear, digestive
loss of water from the body tract secretions
- Location: Keratinized— outer layer of the
skin; nonkeratinized— mouth, throat, Endothelium- is a specialized type of simple
larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior squamous epithelium that lines blood vessels,
urethra, and corneas lymphatic vessels, and the heart

CELL CONNECTIONS
- Desmosomes- bind epithelial cells
together
- Hemidesmosomes- bind cells to the
basement membrane

Tight junctions- cell connection structures

1. Form barriers to movement of molecules
2. Achor cells

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Gap Junctions- connection structures that allow

for intercellular communication
-Stratified cells that appear cuboidal not
stretched and squamous when the organ or ### Simple Glands Overview
tube is stretched by fluid - **Definition:**
-Function: Accommodates fluctuations in the - Multicellular glands with a single,
volume of fluid in an organ or a tube; protects nonbranched duct.
against the caustic effects of urine
- Location: Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, - **Secretory Portion Shapes:**
and superior urethra 1. **Tubular:**
- Straight, narrow tube the same width as
the duct.
2. **Acinar:**
- Saclike structure with a width greater than
the duct.
 material is melanin from disintegrated cells,
### Types of Simple Glands not dirt.

- **Simple Tubular:**
- Forms a straight tube with no branching of
the secretory portion.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE- consists of cells
- **Simple Branched Tubular:** separated from each other by abundant
- Contains several tubular secretory portions extracellular matrix; has variations is blood
branching from a single duct. supply

- **Simple Acinar:** Functions:

- Features a single saclike secretory portion. 1. Enclosing and separating other tissue-
connective tissue form capsules around
- **Simple Branched Acinar:** organs
- Comprises several acinar secretory portions 2. Connecting tissue - tendons are strong
branching from a single duct. cables or bands, of connective tissue
that attaches muscle to the bone.
3. Supporting and moving of body parts-
### Compound Glands Overview Bones provide rigid support of body;
cartilages support structures
- **Definition:** 4. Storing compounds- Adipose tissue
- Multicellular glands with several branched stores molelcules; bones for minerals
ducts. 5. . Cushioning and insulatin- Adipose
tissue cushions and protect tissue; helps
- **Secretory Portion Shapes:** conserve heat
- **Compound Tubular:** 6. Transporting- blood (fluid connective
- Multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular tissue) transports gases, nutrients
secretory portion. 7. Protecting- blood protect against toxins
- **Compound Acinar:** and tissue injury
- Multiple ducts, each with several saclike
secretory portions. ### Cells of Connective Tissue Overview
- **Compound Tubuloacinar:**
- Multiple ducts, each with both tubular and - Function of Specialized Cells:
acinar secretory portions. - Produce the extracellular matrix.
- Identified by suffixes indicating their
### Modes of Secretion by Exocrine Glands functions:
blast:** Create the matrix.
1. **Merocrine Secretion:** cyte:** Maintain the matrix.
- Release of secretory products through clast:** Break down the matrix for remodeling.
exocytosis (e.g., goblet cells, sweat glands,
exocrine pancreas). - **Types of Cells in Specific Connective
Tissues:**
2. **Apocrine Secretion:** - **Bone:**
- Release occurs when a portion of the cell - Osteoblasts:** Form bone.
pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic contents - Osteocytes:** Maintain bone.
(e.g., mammary glands, earwax secretion). - Osteoclasts:** Break down bone.

3. **Holocrine Secretion:** - Fibrous Connective Tissue:**

- Entire cells disintegrate, releasing secretory - Fibroblasts: Form fibrous tissue.
products (e.g., sebaceous glands in skin - Fibrocytes: Maintain fibrous tissue.
release sebum). - Cartilage:
- Chondroblasts: Form cartilage.
### Note on Blackheads: - Chondrocytes: Maintain cartilage.
- The appearance of blackheads is related to
sebaceous gland activity and hormonal - **Immune System Cells in Connective Tissue:
changes, not merely skin cleanliness. The dark - Macrophages: Large white blood cells
 - Mast Cells:Nonmotile cells that release
chemicals (e.g., histamine) to promote - **Main Types of Connective Tissue:**
inflammation. 1. **Embryonic Connective Tissue:** Found
during early development.
2. **Adult Connective Tissue:**
- Connective Tissue Proper:** Includes loose
and dense connective tissues.
- Supporting Connective Tissue:**
### Extracellular Matrix Overview Comprises cartilage and bone.
- Fluid Connective Tissue:* Includes blood
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective and lymph.
tissue comprises three major components:
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
1. **Protein Fibers**  Loose connective tissue
2. **Ground Substance** - Few protein fibers
3. **Fluid** - Numerous spaces filled with
ground substance and fluid
#### Functions of the Extracellular Matrix:
- Provides structural support and functional -
Loose (fewer fibers, more ground
characteristics to connective tissues. substance)
- Enables bones and cartilage to bear weight. • Areolar
- Allows tendons and ligaments to resist • Adipose
tension. • Reticular
- Gives the dermis of the skin strength against  Dense (more fibers, less ground
punctures and abrasions. substance)
- Stronger tougher
### Protein Fibers of the Matrix • Dense, regular abundant
collagenous
1. **Collagen Fibers:** • Dense, regular abundant elastic
- Resemble microscopic ropes. • Dense, irregular collagenous
- Very flexible but resist stretching. • Dense, irregular elastic
2. **Reticular Fibers:** SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Fine, short collagen fibers.
- Form a supportive network.  Cartilage
- **Composition:**
3. **Elastic Fibers:** - Made up of **chondrocytes** (cartilage cells)
- Can return to original shape after stretching located in **lacunae** (small spaces).
or compression. - Contains **collagen** for flexibility and
- Provide elasticity to tissues. strength.
- **Proteoglycans** trap water, allowing
### Ground Substance of the Matrix resilience.
- Provides support while allowing flexibility.
- **Composition:** Nonfibrous molecules - Due to lack of blood vessels, cartilage
serving as the "shapeless" background for **heals slowly** after injury.
collagen fibers.
- **Key Component:** -Types of Cartilage:
- **Proteoglycans:** Large molecules with a 1. Hyaline Cartilage:
protein core linked to polysaccharides. - Most abundant type.
- **Function of Proteoglycans:** Trap water, - Covers ends of bones at joints, providing
allowing tissues to return to their original shape smooth, resilient surfaces.
when compressed. - Found in respiratory tract (cartilage rings),
nasal cartilages, and costal cartilages
### Classification of Connective Tissue (attached to ribs).
- **Types:** Connective tissues are classified 2. Fibrocartilage:
based on the type and proportion of cells and - Contains more collagen; visible collagen
the extracellular matrix. bundles in matrix.
 - Withstands compression and pulling Cardiac- responsible for pumping blood;
forces. voluntary; intercalated disks
- Located in intervertebral disks, knee joints,
and temporomandibular joints. Smooth- forms the walls of hollow organs;
found in skin and eyes; involuntary; not
3. Elastic Cartilage: striated
- Contains elastic fibers in addition to - Moving food through digestive
collagen and proteoglycans. tract
- Able to recoil to original shape when bent. - Emptying urinary bladder
- Found in the external ear, epiglottis, and
auditory tube.
NERVOUS TISSUE
---
- Forms brain; spinal cord; nerves
 Bone - Responsible for coordinating many body
- **Composition:** cavities
- A hard connective tissue with living cells
(**osteocytes**) located in **lacunae**.
- Features a **mineralized matrix**, which - Composed of neurons and glial cells (support
provides strength and rigidity. cells).

- **Types of Bone Tissue:** Neurons: Conduct electrical signals.

1. **Spongy Bone:** -
- Contains spaces between **trabeculae** [Link] Body:Contains the nucleus; site of
(plates of bone), resembling a sponge. general cell functions.
[Link]: Receive stimuli leading to
2. **Compact Bone:** electrical changes.
- More solid, with minimal space between [Link]: Conducts electrical signals from the
layers of mineralized matrix. cell body to the axon terminals.

 Fluid Connective Tissue Glial Cells:

- Supportive cells that nourish, protect, and
Blood (vascular tissue) insulate neurons.
-large no collagen and proteoglycans
TISSUE MEMBRANES- thin sheet or layer of
- Unique liquid matrix (plasma) that allows tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity;
movement of blood cells and platelets (formed stratified squamous epithelium and dense
elements). connective tissue
- Externa tissue membrane is the skin
- Facilitates rapid flow through blood vessels.
- Transports nutrients, oxygen (O2), waste 3 categories of internal tissue membranes
products, and other materials throughout the - Mucous membrane: line cavities that
body. open to the outside of the body
(digestive. Respiratory, and reproductive
MUSCLE TISSUE tracts)

-Contract or shorten for movement possible - Serous membrane: do not open to the
- Muscle contraction results from **contractile exterior of the body (pleural, peritoneal
proteins** located within muscle cells. cavities- pericardium; surrounds heart
- These muscle cells are referred to as with its fluid
**muscle fibers**. • Secrete serous fluid; lubricating film

3 types of muscle tissue: - Synovial Membrane: line the cavities of

freely movable joints
Skeletal- enables the body to move; voluntary;
striated (banded) TISSUE DAMAGE AND INFLAMMATION

Inflammation- tissues are damaged

 response is insufficient to combat
Five symptoms: infection.
1. redness
2. heat
3. swelling
4. pain
5. disturbance of function

 Effects of Chemical Mediators:

i. Vasodilation:
 Induces dilation of blood
vessels,
causing redness and heat
.
 Speeds up the arrival
of white blood cells and
substances important for
healing.
ii. Increased Permeability:
 Stimulates pain receptors
and increases blood vessel
permeability.
 Allows clotting
proteins and white
blood cells to move into
the tissue to address the
injury.
 Edema Formation:
o As proteins move into the
tissue, water follows,
causing swelling (edema).
o Edema increases tissue pressure,
stimulating neurons and
causing pain.
 Consequences of Inflammation:
o Pain, movement limitation, and
tissue destruction can disturb
normal function.
o This disturbance serves as a
warning to protect the injured
area from further damage.
 Management of Inflammation:
o When inflammation is excessive,
medications may be used:
 Antihistamines: Block
effects of histamine.
 Aspirin: Prevents
synthesis of
prostaglandins.
 Cortisone: Reduces
release of various
inflammatory mediators.
o In some cases, antibiotics may
be needed if the inflammatory
 o Composed
of fibroblasts, collagen,
and capillaries.
 Normal Tissue Replacement:
o Eventually, normal connective
tissue replaces granulation tissue.
Step 4: Scar Formation
 Conversion to Scar:
o After about a month, granulation
tissue converts to a scar.
o Initially bright red due to
numerous blood vessels; turns
white as collagen accumulates
and blood vessels decrease.
Complications with Wounds
TISSUE REPAIR- substitution of viable for dead  Wounds with Edges Far Apart:
cells o Clot may not completely close the
- Regeneration; new cells the same that gap, delaying epithelial
were destroyed regeneration.
- Replacement; a new type of tissue o Increased tissue damage leads to
develops; (fibrosis) produces scar and greater inflammation and higher
causes loss of some tissue infection risk.
o More granulation tissue
Wound Healing Process forms; wound
Step 1: Clot Formation contracture occurs, pulling
 Wound Edges Close Together: edges closer together.
o Wound fills with blood;  Consequences of Wound
a clot forms. Contracture:
o Clot contains fibrin, which binds o Reduces wound size and speeds
edges and stops bleeding. healing but can lead
o Surface dries to form a scab, to disfiguring and debilitating
sealing the wound and preventing scars.
infection.
Step 2: Inflammatory Response (First
Week)
 Vasodilation:
o Inflammatory response induces
dilation of blood vessels.
o Brings blood cells and substances
to the injury area.
 Neutrophil Activity:
o Fibrin isolates the
area; neutrophils enter from the
blood.
o Neutrophils die and accumulate
as pus (dead cells and fluid).
 Epithelial Regeneration:
o Epithelium at the wound edge
regenerates and migrates under
the scab.
o Once repaired, the scab
is sloughed off.
Step 3: Granulation Tissue Formation
 Replacement of Clot:
o Clot is replaced with granulation
tissue (delicate connective
tissue).
  Two Major Tissue Layers:
i. Epidermis:
 Most superficial layer of
skin.
 Composed of epithelial
tissue.
 Provides protection.
 Rest on dermis
ii. Dermis:
 Layer of dense
connective
tissue beneath the
epidermis.
 Responsible for most of
the skin's structural
strength.
 Subcutaneous Tissue:
o Also known as hypodermis; not
part of the skin.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM o Connects skin to
underlying muscle or bone.
 Definition: o Layer of loose connective tissue
o The integumentary system o Analogy:
consists of  Subcutaneous tissue
the skin and accessory = foundation of a
structures. house.
o covers the outside of the  Dermis = main structure
body and is easily observed of the house.
 Accessory Structures Include:  Epidermis = roof of the
o Hair house.
o Glands  Epidermis
o Nails - Stratified squamous epithelium
 - Keratinization is the process where
Major functions cells change shape and fill with the
protein keratin.
tegumentary System  Keratin makes cells rigid and durable.
1. Protection:  cells undergo keratinization,
o Shields UV light, and they die and form an outer layer
microorganisms; reduces water of dead, rigid cells that:
loss to prevent dehydration. o Resists abrasion.
2. Sensation: o Acts as a permeability barrier.
o receptors for detecting heat, cold,  This process is continuous and allows
touch, pressure, and pain. the epidermis to be divided into layers
3. Vitamin D Production: called strata.
o Converts ultraviolet light Layers of the Epidermis (Deep to
exposure into vitamin D, Superficial)
important for calcium regulation. 1. Stratum Basale:
4. Temperature Regulation: o Consists of cuboidal or columnar
o Regulates body temperature cells undergoing mitosis
through; blood flow beneath the approximately every 19 days.
skin surface o One daughter cell becomes a new
5. Excretion: stratum basale cell; the other is
o small amounts of waste products pushed toward the surface,
are lost taking about 40–56 days to
reach the top.
SKIN o Merkel cell- receptor for touch
2. Stratum Spinosum:
 o Cells appear flattened and  Structures: Nerves, hair follicles,
accumulate lipid-filled vesicles smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic
called lamellar bodies. vessels extend into the dermis.
3. Stratum Granulosum:  Strength: Collagen and elastic fibers
o Composed of flat, diamond- provide strength and the ability to resist
shaped cells that accumulate stretching.
more keratin.  Collagen Fiber Orientation: Collagen
o Cells release lamellar body fibers are oriented in multiple directions,
contents to the extracellular with more fibers aligned in certain
space; nuclei and directions, creating cleavage (tension)
organelles degenerate, leading lines.
to a grainy appearance.  Surgical Consideration: Incisions
4. Stratum Lucidum: parallel to cleavage lines result in less
o A thin, clear layer present in gaping and scar tissue, while incisions
certain body areas. across these lines are more likely to
o Cells have no nuclei or organelles gape and scar.
and stain lightly.
5. Stratum Corneum:  Stretch Marks: Occur when the skin is
o The most superficial layer, overstretched, causing damage to the dermis.
consisting of dead squamous  Visibility: Stretch marks are visible through
cells filled with keratin. the epidermis.
o Provides structural strength and  Causes: Commonly develop during rapid
is coated with lipids from lamellar size increases, such as:
bodies, acting as a waterproof  Pregnancy (abdomen and breasts)
barrier.  Intense weight training (muscle growth
Skin Classification in athletes)
 Thick Skin: Contains all five strata,
found in areas subject to dermal papillae- upper part of the dermis has
pressure/friction (e.g., palms, soles, projections called dermal papillae (form
fingertips). fingerprints)
 Thin Skin: Lacks the stratum lucidum
and covers the rest of the body.
 Thick and thin skin refer only to the
number of epidermal strata, not the
overall thickness of the skin, which is
determined by the dermis.

Key Details of the Stratum Corneum

25 or more layers of dead squamous cells
joined by desmosomes.
 Cell Shedding:
o Cells are sloughed from the skin
surface as desmosomes break
apart. ID- 10-50 degree
 Dandruff: SC- 45 degree
o Excessive sloughing from the IM- 90 degree
scalp.
 Callus: SKIN
o Thickened stratum corneum in  Melanin:
 Primary pigment responsible for skin,
areas of friction.
 Corn: hair, and eye color.
 Types: Mostly brown to black, but also
o Cone-shaped thickening
yellowish or reddish.
over bony prominences.
 Function: Provides protection against
ultraviolet (UV) light.
 Dermis Composition: Dense
 Melanocytes:
collagenous connective tissue
 Cells producing melanin.
containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages.
  Located between the stratum basale o Cuticle: A single layer of
and stratum spinosum. overlapping cells covering the
 Have long processes extending between cortex, holding the hair in the hair
epithelial cells in the deep epidermis. follicle.
 Melanin Production:
 Influenced by genetic factors, exposure Hair Papilla- an extension of the dermis that
to light, and hormones. protrudes into the hair bulb. Blood vessels
within the papilla supply the hair bulb with the
 Pale Skin: Caused by a decrease in blood flow, nourishment needed to produce the hair
such as in shock.
 Cyanosis: A bluish skin color resulting Arrector Pili Muscles:
from decreased blood oxygen (O2)
content.  Smooth muscle cells associated with
 Birthmarks: Congenital disorders of the each hair follicle.
blood vessels in the dermis.  Contraction causes perpendicular to the
 Carotene: skin's surface.
o Yellow pigment found in plants  Contraction also produces a raised area
like squash and carrots. of skin, known as a "goose bump."
o Lipid-soluble, accumulating in the
lipids of the stratum corneum, Glands
dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
when consumed  Major Skin Glands: Sebaceous glands
and sweat glands.
HAIR
 Sebaceous Glands:
 found everywhere on the skin,
except on the palms, the soles,  Simple, branched acinar glands.
the lips, the nipples, parts of the  Typically connected by a duct to the
genitalia, and the distal segments superficial part of a hair follicle.
of fingers and toes.  sebum: an oily, white, lipid-rich
 hair follicle- hair arises; an substance.
invagination of the epidermis that
- Composed of epithelial tissue.
-released by holocrine secretion,
-skin repair: If the surface
lubricating hair and skin, preventing
epidermis is damaged, the drying, and offering protection against
epithelial cells in the hair follicle some bacteria.
can divide and generate new
epithelial cells. Two Types of Sweat Glands:

1. Eccrine Sweat Glands:

of the hair follicle and hair is a single o Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
flower in a vase. The vase is like the hair o Release sweat by merocrine
follicle and the flower stem is like the secretion.
hair. o Located in almost all parts of the
skin, especially palms and soles.
 shaft of the hair- protrudes above o Produce a watery secretion with
the surface of the skin, some salts.
 root is below the surface. o Ducts open onto the skin surface
 hair bulb- the expanded base of through sweat pores.
the root. o Function: Sweat evaporates to
cool the body when temperature
 Hair Structure: rises; also involved in emotional
o Cortex: The hard outer layer of sweating.
the hair. 2. Apocrine Sweat Glands:
o Medulla: The softer center of the o Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
hair. o Produce a thick secretion rich in
organic substances.
 o Release primarily by merocrine  Growth: Nails grow continuously from
secretion, with some holocrine cell production in the nail matrix and do
secretion. not have a resting stage like hair.
o Open into hair follicles in the
armpits and genitalia.
o Become active at puberty due to
reproductive hormones.
o Secretion is initially odorless but
is broken down by bacteria,
leading to body odor.

 Burn Causes: Heat, cold, friction,

chemicals, electricity, or radiation.

 Burn Classification by Depth:

 Partial-Thickness Burns: parts f stratum

basale remains viable, and regeneration
of the epidermis occur within the burn
area
o First-Degree Burns:
 Damage limited to the
epidermis.
 Symptoms: Redness, pain,
slight swelling.
 Healing: ~1 week, no
scarring.
o Second-Degree Burns:
 Damage to both the
epidermis and dermis.
NAILS  Symptoms: Redness, pain,
edema, blisters.
 Nail: A thin plate composed of layers of  Healing: ~2 weeks
dead stratum corneum cells containing hard (minimal damage), several
keratin. months (deep damage)
with possible scarring.
 Nail Body: The visible part of the nail.  Full-Thickness Burns:
 Nail Root: The part of the nail covered o Third-Degree Burns:
by skin.  Complete destruction of
epidermis and dermis.
 Healing from the wound
 Cuticle (Eponychium): Stratum corneum
edges.
that extends onto the nail body.
 Appearance: White, tan,
brown, black, or deep
 Nail Growth: cherry red.
 Painless due to destroyed
 Nail Root: Extends distally from the nail sensory receptors.
matrix. o Fourth-Degree Burns:
 Nail Matrix: Thicker than the nail bed,  Extends beyond
it produces most of the nail. It contains subcutaneous tissue to
the stratum basale, which gives rise to muscles and bones.
nail-forming cells.  Requires amputation or
 Lunula: A whitish, crescent-shaped area complete tissue removal.
at the base of the nail, visible through  Painless, with high risk of
the nail body and part of the nail matrix. infection and potential
 Nail Bed: Located distal to the nail death.
matrix, also made of epithelial tissue.