UNIT-4

Introduction to
Emerging Trends
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
.

Artificial Intelligence AI is the ability of a machine or computer

system to copy human intelligence process, learn experiences and adapt
to new information, perform human- like activities.

Using these technologies, computers can be trained to accomplish

specific tasks by processing large amounts of data and recognizing
patterns in the data.
Or
we can say that Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of
human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like
humans and mimic their actions.
Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
• Gaming
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
• Vision Systems
• Speech Recognition
• Handwriting Recognition
• Intelligent Robots
 Machine Learning
.
Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI)
that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and
improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed.

Machine learning focuses on the development of computer

programs that can access data and use it learn for
themselves.
The process of learning begins with observations or
data, such as examples, direct experience, or
instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and
make better decisions in the future based on the
examples that we provide.

The primary aim is to allow the computers learn

automatically without human intervention or
assistance and adjust actions accordingly.
Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model based
on sample data, known as "training data", in order to make
predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to
do so.
Applications of Machine Learning
.

1. Image Recognition
2. Speech Recognition
3. Traffic prediction
4. Self-driving cars
5. Email Spam and Malware Filtering
6. Virtual Personal Assistant
7. Medical Diagnosis
8. Automatic Language Translation.
 Natural Language Processing
.

Natural Language Processing is the technology used to aid

computers to understand the human’s natural language.
It is the technology that is used by machines to understand, analyze,
manipulate, and interpret human's languages.
.

Now you can say, “Alexa, play this song,” and a device start playing
that music. The complete interaction was made possible by NLP, along
with other AI elements such as machine learning and deep learning. NLP
makes it possible for computers to read text, hear speech, interpret it,
Natural Language Processing is the driving force behind the
following common applications:

Language translation applications such as Google Translate

.

Word Processors such as Microsoft Word and Grammatically

that employ NLP to check grammatical accuracy of texts.

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) applications used in call

centers to respond to certain users’ requests.
Personal assistant applications such as OK Google, Alexa etc.
 IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCE (AR, VR)
,

An immersive experience is the perception of being in one

place when you are actually in another. It is essentially the
suspension of reality, even if just for a few moments.

An “immersive experience” pulls a person into a new or augmented

reality, enhancing everyday life via technology.
.

Augmented reality (AR) adds digital elements to a live

view often by using the camera on a smartphone. Examples of
augmented reality experiences include Snapchat
lenses and the game Pokémon Go.
In other words, if you see the real world supplemented with digital objects, that’s
AR.
Imagine you want to buy a piece of furniture – a chair, for example.
Augmented reality technology can help you check how different chairs will look
in your room and pick the one that fits best.
Virtual reality (VR) implies a complete immersion experience that shuts
out the physical world. Property agents can use virtual reality for this
purpose. Unlike photos, VR is immersive, so potential buyers can take
three-dimensional walkthroughs and better understand what each
property has to offer before visiting in person.
Application of Immersive experience:-
• Retail and e-commerce
• Art
• Entertainment and Videogames
• Interactive story telling
• Military
• Education
 Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and research

area for information engineering, computer engineering, computer
science, mechanical engineering, electronic engineering and others.

Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use

of robots.
The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that
can help and assist humans in their day-to-day lives and
keep everyone safe.
Robotics develops machines that can substitute for
humans and replicate human actions.

Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of

purposes, but today many are used in dangerous
environments (including inspection of radioactive
materials, bomb detection and deactivation),
manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot
survive (e.g. in space, underwater, in high
temperature).
Robots can take on any form but some are made to
resemble humans in appearance.
 Big Data and its characteristics
.

The term Big Data refers to a huge volume of data that cannot
be stored/processed by any traditional data storage or
processing units.

Big data is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically

extract information from, or otherwise deal with data sets that
are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional
data-processing application software.
Big Data characteristics
1. Volume:

It refers to the unimaginable amounts of information generated

every second from social media, cell phones, cars, credit cards, M2M
sensors, images, video, etc.

We are currently using distributed systems, to store data in several

locations and brought together by a software Framework like Hadoop.

Facebook alone can generate about billion messages, 4.5 billion times that
the “like” button is recorded, and over 350 million new posts are
uploaded each day. Such a huge amount of data can only be handled by
Big Data Technologies.
2.Variety:
Variety of Big Data refers to structured, unstructured, and semi
structured data that is gathered from multiple sources.
While in the past, data could only be collected from spreadsheets and
databases, today data comes in an array of forms such as emails, PDFs,
photos, videos, audios, SM posts, and so much more.

2.Value:
Value is the major issue that we need to concentrate on. It is not just the
amount of data that we store or process. It is actually the amount of
valuable, reliable and trustworthy data that needs to be stored,
processed, and analyzed to find insights.
4. Velocity:
• Velocity plays a major role compared to the others, there is no point in
investing so much to end up waiting for the data. So, the major aspect
of Big Data is to provide data on demand and at a faster pace.

• Velocity creates the speed by which the data is created in real-time. Big
data velocity deals with the speed at the data flows from sources
like application logs, business processes, networks, and social media
sites, sensors, mobile devices, etc.
Example: 72 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every
minute this is the velocity. Extremely high velocity of data is
another major big data characteristics.
5. Veracity or Variability:
It refers to the inconsistency which can be shown by the data many times,
thus hampering the process to handle and manage the data effectively.
Veracity means how much the data is reliable.

Department Year Minimum sales Maximum sales

1 2010 ? 1500

2 2011 10000 ?
You can see that few values are missing in the above table Data available can
sometimes get messy and maybe difficult to trust. With wide variety in big data
types generated, quality and accuracy are difficult to control.
 Internet of Things (IoT)
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of

interrelated computing devices, mechanical and

digital machines, objects, people that are provided

with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to

transfer data over a network without requiring

human-to-human or human-to-computer

interaction.
IoT makes once "dumb" devices "smarter" by giving them
the ability to send data over the internet, allowing the device
to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled things.
The connected "smart home" is a
good example of IoT in action.

Internet-enabled thermostats,
doorbells, smoke detectors and
security alarms create a
connected hub where data is
shared between physical devices
and users can remotely control
the "things" in that hub (i.e.,
adjusting temperature settings,
unlocking doors, etc.) via a mobile
app or website.
 SENSORS

Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect

and respond to electrical or optical signals.

A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example:

temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal
which can be measured electrically.
 SMART CITIES (Application of IOT)

A Smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic

Internet of Things (IoT) sensors to collect data and then use insights
gained from that data to manage assets, resources and services efficiently.

It includes data collected from citizens, devices, and assets that is

processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and
transportation systems, power plants, utilities, water supply networks,
waste management, crime detection, information systems, schools,
libraries, hospitals, and other community services.
The Smart city concept integrates information and communication
technology (ICT), and various physical devices connected to the IoT
network to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and
connect to citizens. Smart city technology allows city officials to interact
directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor
what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving.
 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is an emerging trend in the field of information

technology, where computer-based services are delivered over the
Internet or the cloud, for the case of their accessibility form any
where using any smart device.

It is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet.

The resources comprise software, hardware (servers), databases,

storage, networking etc. These resources are provided by
companies called cloud service providers and usually charge on pay
per use basis.
 CLOUD COMPUTING
Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store files and applications
on remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet. This means the
user is not required to be in a specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user
to work remotely.

Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet.

Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local storage device,
cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote database. As long
as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the data and the
software.
Cloud Services
A service corresponds to any facility provided by the cloud. There are three
standard models to categorize different computing services delivered through
cloud.
These are
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS).
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Through this service, a user can install and execute an application

without worrying about the underlying infrastructure and their
setup. That is, PaaS provides a platform or environment to develop,
test, and deliver software applications.
eg:AWS Lambda,Google App Engine,Google Cloud,IBM Cloud
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS provides on-demand access to application software,
usually requiring a licensing or subscription by the user.
While using Google doc, Microsoft Office 365, Drop Box,
etc., to edit a document online, we use SaaS from cloud. A
user is not concerned about installation or configuration of
the software application as long as the required software is
accessible.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
• Infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) is means of delivering
computing infrastructure as on-demand services.
• The user purchases servers, software data center space, or
network equipment and rent those resources through a fully
outsourced, on-demand service model.
• IAAS is used by network architects.
• IAAS gives access to the resources like virtual machines and
virtual storage.
Eg:Amazon Web Services,Microsoft Azure,Google Compute
Engine,Digital Ocean
 GRID COMPUTING
A grid is a computer network of geographically dispersed and
heterogeneous computational resources.
Unlike cloud, whose primary focus is to provide services, a grid is
more application specific and creates a sense of a virtual
supercomputer with an enormous processing power and storage.

Grid computing is a group of computers physically connected

(over a network or with Internet) to perform a dedicated tasks
together, such as analyzing e-commerce data and solve a complex
problem etc.
The grid provides an opportunity to solve computationally intense scientific
and research problems without actually procuring a costly hardware.

Grid can be of two types—

(i) Data grid, used to manage large and distributed data having the
required multi-user access, and (ii) CPU or Processor grid, where processing
is moved from one PC to another as needed or a large task is divided into
subtasks, and allotted to various nodes for parallel processing.
Grid computing is different from IaaS cloud service.

In case of IaaS cloud service, there is a service provider

who rents the required infrastructure to the users.
Whereas in grid computing, multiple computing nodes
join together to solve a common computational
problem.
 BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Block chain technology is an advanced database mechanism
that allows transparent information sharing within a business
network. A block chain database stores data in blocks that are
linked together in a chain.
The blockchain technology works on the concept of
decentralized and shared database where each computer has a
copy of the database.

A block can be thought as a secured chunk of data or valid

transaction.
Each block has some data called its header.
which is visible to every other node, while only
the owner has access to the private data of the
block.
Such blocks form a chain called block chain.
A blockchain can be defined as a system that allows a group of
connected computers to maintain a single updated and secure ledger.

Each computer or node that participates in the blockchain receives a

full copy of the database. It maintains an ‘append only’ open ledger
which is updated only after all the nodes within the network
authenticate the transaction.

Safety and security of the transactions are ensured because all the
members in the network keep a copy of the blockchain and so it is
not possible for a single member of the network to make changes or
alter data.
A simple analogy for understanding block chain technology is a Google Doc.

When we create a document and share it with a group of people, the document

is distributed instead of copied or transferred.

This creates a decentralized distribution chain that gives everyone access to

the document at the same time.

No one is locked out awaiting changes from another party, while all

modifications to the doc are being recorded in real-time, making changes

completely transparent.
Block chain technology is most simply
defined as a decentralized, distributed ledger
that records the provenance(origination) of a
digital asset. . Block chain is most simply
defined as a decentralized, distributed ledger
technology that records the

provenance of a digital asset.