Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI-Western Visayas
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF KABANKALAN CITY
DISTRICT OF KABANKALAN II
TAMPALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENT’S ABSENTEEISM AMONG GRADE

EIGHT RUBY

A Research Proposal

Presented To
TAMPALON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH II

By:

Kyla Nichole S. Sibugan

Michaela D. Quilantang

Rhea Jane C. Barrios

Jonelyn V. Bermejo

Honelyn V. Georfo

Romejie B. Valdez

Rovic P. Fetalbero

Jenelyn B. Sabas

Eliza S. Mateo

January 2024
 ACKNOWLEDGE

The researchers’ could not finish this study without the help and guidance of
several people who contributed much for its completion. Therefore, the researchers
would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to following:

First, to the Almighty father for his guidance, protection, strength,

enlightenment and wisdom showered to the researchers;

To the researchers’ family, for their cherished encouragement, understanding,

support, motivation, and unconditional love for their patience, ideas, love,
understanding, and moral support that give us motivation;

To researchers’ love and friends, for their patience, ideas, love, understanding,
and moral support that give us motivation;

To the principal and teachers of Tampalon National High School who had
always believed in their pursue higher academic learner;

Mrs. Aiza F. Pacheo (MAEd), their adviser, for untiring guidance, patience,
suggestion, and advice for the completion of this study;

Moreover, to all of you who became part of the researchers’ story in order to
accomplish this research, thank you very much.

MDQ

KSS

HVG

JVB

RBV

RPF

RCB

JBS

ESM
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………….I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………...II

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………III

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………......1

Background of the Study…………………………………………………...1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………......2

Theories and Conceptual Framework……………………………………..3

Scope and Limitations of the Study……………..…………………………6

Significance of the Study……………………………………………………6

Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………………...8

Foreign Literature…………………………………………………………..8

Local Literature…………………………………………………………….9

Related Study……………………………………………………………....11
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

‘’Education is the only treasure in the world that no one could ever steal or

take away from you.’’

We can hear this traditional saying almost everywhere. Its meaning is very

transparent that it is easily understood by everyone. Everyone understands it, but in

reality does everyone really knows what it means? Education is really one of the

important tool that a certain individual could use in their everyday living. From the

age of three we started this lifetime commitment, an unending process (David

Pecoraro, 2013). As a part of our education, schooling, or namely “going to school” is

another term for this. But the determination pf the essence of real education is

drowning in a mud pool. Nowadays, most people refer to education as a lifetime

obligation. They tend to go to school as a requirement that needs to be fulfilled. But

behind all of these, the true meaning of education is still left to be told. How could

someone appreciate the true, meaning of education if they’re not even present to learn

in the first place? These opportunity is often neglected in the form of absenteeism.

School absenteeism is an alarming problem for administrators,

teachers, parents, society in general, and students in particular. The word absenteeism

means the absence of student from class when he is scheduled to be present at

university (Siti et. al., 2018).Student absenteeism can be defined as a part-or-full-day

absence from school that is or is not condoned by the student’s school and/or family.

Students will Absenteeism is caused by many factors, including: the student (e.g.,
lack of interest in school, health issues), the home (e.g., familial neglect, lack of

support in schooling), the school (e.g., poor school climate, unmet educational needs),

and society (e.g., poverty) (Reid, 2014). Students will be considered chronically

absent when they miss 10% of days in a school year without any valid reason (Kelly,

2014).

Absenteeism is one of the major and continuous issues in the field of academe

in the country. It has a big impact on the learning of the students because the larger

the number of absences the students acquire, the lesser lessons the students would be

able to attend in class. This would also mean that there would be lesser and

disconnected concepts of learning. The students who are regularly absent have greater

tendency to drop the school at early age and will not continue schooling, and this

might lead to unemployment, low average incomes, and poverty in the country

(Conel,2022

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find out the factors affecting student’s absenteeism among
Grade Eight Ruby Students of Tampalon National High School for the School Year
2023-2024.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio demographic profile if the respondents when classified

according to:
a. Age; and
b. Sex?
2. What is/are the factors that affects the absenteeism among Grade Eight
Ruby Students of Tampalon National High School?

Theories And Conceptual Framework

 This study is anchored with different concepts and theories that will

make this research study reliable and valid. The following theories and concepts will

be classified into subcategories.

One of these is dwells in the subject interest that was exemplified in the

Intrinsic Motivation Theory by (Ryan and Deci, 2002). This theory dwells on the

eagerness and the interest of the students to learn a certain subject.

Most of the students commits absences or even skip a particular subject

because it is tiring, boring or simply it is just not their interest to learn that particular

lesson. When students are devoid from the interest if learning they tend to lose focus

and divert their attention to other things like committing absences.

Triggering the interest of students is very essential to make them active and

interested in studying that will eventually keep them in school.

Another is from the Social Cognitive Theory by (Bandura, 1986). This theory

implies that most people learn from one another to another in the process of

observing, imitation and modeling. This implicates that a students may have learn the

act of truancy into observing how others done it while residing in a common

environment and therefore committing it by themselves afterwards. Especially if they

find the effect more favorable and beneficial into their own perspective.

All behavior follows a set of consistent rules (Mather and Goldstein,2013).

Reinforcement theory is the process of shaping behavior by controlling the

consequences of the behavior. In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and

or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior.

 Alongside with the proliferating cases of absenteeism lies a great role of an

authority in promulgating strict policies regarding the said issue. This Reinforcement

Theory by Mather and B_F Skinner (1938) is also coined as the “law effect’’ which

implies that the environment in which a student is residing must have a regulated

body of consistent policy. These policies are essential, so that students will

comprehend and the impacts and consequences that they must face if they’ve

committed the said truancy.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

 The focal point of this research deals with the factors affecting

absenteeism among Grade Eight Ruby of Tampalon National High School for

the School year 2023-2024. The respondents of the study will be 41 students,

21 male and 20 female.

Significance of the Study

We believe that the result of this research study will be great importance to the

following:

School Administrator: This research will help them in planning their goal, to

organize, administrate and to supervise the school discipline with the help of better

presence of students in the class in a better way, to guide the teaching staff and

students of the institution, to maintain Human relations in a healthy manner by the

steps, activity and remedies that this research will try to suggest.

Teachers. This research will help the teacher to understand the main problem,

cause for it and suggestion provided her hold in the class to teach quantitatively with

maximum effectiveness.

Parents. The parents are direct and are the baseline in communication in

relation to their child’s regular absenteeism. Knowing the impact of their child’s

learning performance, a parent will be at the concerns of convincing their child to

attend school and protect from the primary causes of their absences.

Students. The students will discover the positive consequences of beiong

present in the classroom. They will learn to be disciplined and other moral values to

be present in the classroom. They will understand the concepts related to their
curricular being regular in class. Hence, improve their perception about education that

will result in moral, intellectual and social development.

Future Researchers. This study will be made with great reliability that is

provided with evidence based data. Hence , this study may lead to further research

that will open a new path in contemplating the proliferating cases of absenteeism.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually to facilitate better understanding

of the study.

Absenteeism. a situation in which people are not at school or work when they

should be. ([Link]

Age. the length of time during which a being or thing has existed; length of

life or existence to the time spoken of or referred to.

([Link]

In this study, this refers to the Grade Eight Ruby Students.

Sex. either of the two major forms of individuals that occur in many species

and that are distinguished respectively as female or male. ([Link]

[Link]/dictionary/sex).

In this study, this refers to the Grade Eight Ruby Students.

 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Factors Affecting
Absenteeism:

1. Family problem
Socio-demographic profile: 2. Teacher-related
Factors
3. Classroom
Environment
a. Age
4. Students Attitude
b. Sex
5. Health
c. Socio Economic
6. School Distance
Status
7. Fees

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationship among the variables of the
study.
 10

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERARUTE

Foreign Literature

This chapter presents the foreign literature and studies as well as local

literature for better understanding.

According to Merriam-Webster-Dictionary, absenteeism is a chronic absence.

In the context of the school, it is the habitual or intentional failure to attend school.

Absenteeism is a chronic behavior among students. In the context of school, it

is the habitual or intentional failure to attend school. While every student may miss

some school activities now and then, absence becomes a problem when the student is

away from school for many days. The less they attend in school, the less they will

learn, and it will negatively affect the performance of a students. It depends for some

students how they will like the environment or the teacher when attending school.

Chronic absenteeism may involve any combination of child, family, peer,

school, and community-based factors (Kearney, 2008). Understanding which factors

are contributing to student absences can facilitate the identification and

implementation of the appropriate support and intervention strategies (Chang et. al.,

2018).

When examining the related literature there are plenty of studies also takes

place in other countries about the reasons and effect of absenteeism in abroad.

Integrated examination of these factors in a single study may provide us the beneficial

information about the nature of relationship with the academic achievement in

structural equation model and the factors indicated as a personal factors (academic
 11

self-perception, attitudes toward teacher and school, motivation and goal valuation),

and family characteristics (parent’s educational level and income).

Absenteeism begins to rise in middle school and continues climbing through

12th grade, with seniors often having the highest rate of all. The data also suggests that

chronic absenteeism is concentrated in relatively few schools, with 15 percent of

schools in Florida, for example, accounting for at least half of all chronically absent

students.

Komakech ve Osuu (2014) have revealed in his study that 20.7% of the

students absent themselves because they lack scholastic requirements or materials

such as; books, pens, uniforms, calculators, and additional fees contribution like; field

work fee, school bus contribution 12.4% of the student absenteeism in Uganda

schools. Students who are homeless and staying with friends, relatives are more

absent from school than those staying with their biological parents for instance in

rural areas; they have to wake up very early in the morning and go to the garden, fetch

enough water for use, then prepare for school depending on the time the task is

accomplished and sometimes are told to remain to do the construction work. Hunger

at school was ranked fourth as one of the cause of students’ absenteeism. This implies

that 8.9% of the total absenteeism in a school is caused by hunger or lack of mid-day

meals.

Local Literature

In local study in the Philippine’s, absenteeism affects to the teacher’s ability to

present class work in a sequential and organized way. This can have an effect on the

progress of all the students in the class. Families of habitually can also suffer.
 12

Filipinos have deep regard for education. Education occupies a central place in

Philippine political, economic, social and cultural life. It has always been strongly

viewed as a pillar of national development and a primary avenue for social and

economic mobility. (Philippine Education for All Primer: Implementation and

Challenges. 2015)

According to Philippine basic Education in 2013. As educator, it is important

to know the threshold. Drawing policies on school intervention regarding absenteeism

requires guiding information on where to draw the line. Policies cannot be simply

drawn out on thin air three days in a month that number, are result of research, is a

useful guide for teacher and school administrators. Absences create a dead, tiresome,

unpleasant classroom, environment that makes students who come to class

uncomfortable and the lecturer irritable. Absenteeism disturbs the dynamic teaching-

learning environment and adversely affects the overall well-being of classes.

According to the Department of Education (Department of Education),

students must be present at least 80% of the total number of school days in a year to

fulfill the requirement in attendance. Once the students' absences exceed the allowed

20% of the total number of days in a school year, the student is automatically

considered dropped or failed.

 13

Related Study

Students’absenteeism is negatively related with academic achievement. The

previous academic achievement predicts current absenteeism. These are different

views on the relationship between absenteeism and academic performance in the

related literature. Some authpors focused the impacts of students’absenteeism on

academic performance (Korir et. al, 2014). These studies suggested that students who

attend school regularly have higher academic achievement than students with high

absences. This finding of this study is consistent with those studies indicating that

absentees have low level of academic achievement. These suggest that previous

school absenteeism negatively affect students’academic achievement. In turn, poor

academic achievement affects negatively current school absenteeism.

School attendance is recognized as contributing to academic achievement and

the development of social and work related skills (Skedgell & Kearney, 2018). This

research clearly confirms that school absenteeism can be linked to lower academic

achievement and engagement that also affects social development (Balkis, Arslan &

Duru, 2016).

Student absenteeism, academic achievement, parents education, level and

socio economic status family (Ingul et al, 2012). The different views exist on the

relationships between absenteeism and academic achievement. Some authors noted

that students who attend school regularly have higher academic achievement than

students with high absences. The other group authors believed that student with low

level of academic achievement were more likely to have a higher rate of school

absence. It may be expected that there is a reciprocal relationship between academic

achievement and student absenteeism. In other words, while student absenteeism may

affect academic achievement, academic achievement may affect absenteeism as well.

 14

Thus, it is hypothesis that previous absenteeism would predict previous academic

achievement in turn previous academic achievement would predict current

absenteeism.
 15

References

AIP Conference Proceedings 1974, (2018). Factors influencing student absenteeism

in the university. [Link]

Conel, E. (2022). Factors affecting absenteeism among junior high school students in
a public school. International Journal of Studies in Education and Science (IJSES),
3(2), 105-118.

Kelly, K. (2014). The Problem of School Absenteeism: What You Need to Know.
Retrieved on September 13, [Link]:[Link]
schoollearning-with-childs-school/working-with-childs-teacher/theproblem of-
chronic-absenteeism-what-you-need to-know.

Reid, K. (2014). An essential guide to managing attendance at your school: Practical

resources for all school managers. Routledge.

Foreign Literature

[Link]
college-of-criminology-and-justice-education/practical-research-1/28777572

[Link]
OF-STUDENTS-doc?
utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google_pmax&utm_campaign=Scribd_Google_Perf
ormance-
Max_RoW_UGC&utm_term=&utm_device=c&gclid=Cj0KCQiA2eKtBhDcARIsAE
GTG41j1ASwYwpbpLmbWfq-2Nsd-6Vt-sCEqb1MMbFi6EMVzA5bT-
U0vBIaAiaIEALw_wcB

Local Literature
 16

[Link]
Student-Performance-According-to-Philippine/