LNCT

woKIRC rOMARDS

Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

OBJECTIVE:Perform experiment to verify Kirchhoff's laws using two mesh circuits.

For network analysis Kirchhoff's Voltage law forms the basis on which different theorems and
corollary are developed,
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Trainer Kit
2 Multimeter& Connecting ports

KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW:

THEORY:

The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is zero consider closed loop ABC
R1
A

In clockwise direction starting from pointA

R2
the algebraic sum of the voltage is
+
VAB
VBC-V,=0
Itages, first mark the polarity of each voltage as shown
above.
Now go round closed path and consider any voltage whose plus terminal is reached first as
positive & whose negative terminal is reached first as negative)
Thus in above closed loop starting from A, clockwise,
VAB s positive
VBc is positive

Vr is Negative
There by VaB + VBC – V,= 0

(Exp. no. )1
Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of
Electrical Engineering

REDMI NOTE 6 PRO

MI DUAL CAMERA
 LNCT
PROCEDURE:

R1 R2
R4 R5

TE1 E2
R
TY
R7

1. Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Consider a closed loop CABDXC clockwise. Measure the voltage and tabulate
the
results.
3. While measuring the voltage say VCa connect the positive terminal of voltmeter to C and
negative terminal of voltmeter to A. if meter reads voltage say 4V then VcA =+4
4. If meter shows negative value then reverse the meter terminal and measure the voltage, if
meter reads voltage say 4V, then VcA= - 4.
,
5. Repeat the above process for VAB VaD, Vxc, Vpx (-E), and tabulate the result
By Kirchhoff's law in a closed loop CABDXC algebraic sum of the voltage over a loop should
be zero.i.e. VcAt VAB + VBD + Vpx + VxC =0, hence result if verified.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Calculation for left mesh
Notation Measure
Sr.
(ABDXCA) to verify KVL by using Write comment based
value of on caleulation done in
No of voltage voltage equation Vcat VAB + VBD + Vpxt
measured left column
(in Volt) Vxc

VCA
2 VAB
3 VBD
4 Vpx (-E)
Vxc

Comments On Above Reading in the Observation Table:If the reading in the second last column
is zero, it means law is verified otherwise the value calculated in last column is the ortoe

The law can also be verified for closed loop AEYFBA

As VAg + VEy Vyr (E:) + VEB + VBA =0 (Theoretically or expected)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of

(Exp. no. I)2
Electrical Engineering
 Odd 931ON IWg3

wOKING
LNCt
Or can also be verified for closed loop CAEYFBDXC as by students, but it will not recorded in
the laboratory file.
VCA + VAE + VEY + Vyr + VEB + VBD+ VDx + Vxc= 0(Theoretically or
expected)

KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW:

THEORY:
The algebraic sum of the current entering and leaving any point in a circuit must
equal zero or stated another way the algebraic sum of the currents into any points of the circuit
must equal the algebraic sum of the currents out of that point
An algebraic sum means combing positive and negative values.
All currents into a node is positive and all currents directed away from that point is negative.
For a given node a I and I; is positive as they are into the
node a and I; is negative as it is out the node for node a we
A can write the equation
As I + h- =0
We can rewrite the above equation as I+h=13
i.e. current into node A = current out from node A.
Kirchhoffs current law is really the basis for the practical rule in parallel circuits that the total
line current must equal the sum of branch current.

IL=I+h+l;

PROCEDURE:
1. Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect Red terminal of ammeter to R, and negative terminal of ammeter to A, as shown in

figure

RI mA R2
R4

SVE2
RO RI
W

Y
XO

(Exp. no. l)3

Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
MI REDMI

DUAL

Measure current from resistance R. to node A if meter reads positive (say = 10 mA)
NOTE note the reading as
CAMERA

mA
I|=+10
(Current is flowing into node A
6 through resistance R)
PRO T meter show negative value then reverse the meter connection & read value (say T0 mA)
Note the reading as
I|= -10mA
(This means current is flowing out from node A through
resistance R)
3. Now connect Red terminal of ammeter to R and negative terminal
of ammeter to A, as
shown in figure

12 E

R1 I1
mA R2
R4 R5

R3
Y
gVE1 sVE2
R6 R

Note current l, if meter reads, i.e. current is flowing into node A through resistance R.
Note l2=+5 mA (say)

If meter shows negative value reverse meter connection & note meter reading (say 5 m)
Now as current is flowing out form node A to resistance R2 h=-5 mA
4. Nowy connect Red terminal of ammeter to K3 and negative terminal of ammeter to A as
shown in figure. Note meter reading. A 12
= E
5. If meter reads positive value,l; R1 I1
RA R2
+5 mA(Current into node A)
reverse the
If meter reads -ve value, R3
X
as
polarity of meter and note reading
gVE1
current isflowing out of node A R6 5VE2
R7
l,=-5mA (say) D

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of Electrical (Exp. no. I)4
Engineering
ORCOMI

LNCTr
woEIRC ToWARDE BEC ITNE
ST

Tabulate the value of I,

,, and l3, Now write Kirchhoff's current equation,
For node As I, + h t+ I; =0
NOTE
Verify the result by substituting the values of l, I,, Is.
6. The above process can also follow to verify the Kirchhoffs current law at node B. The
6 verification of the law can be done by students practically without lodging the readings in the
PRO observation table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Calculate I+I+ls Write comment

Sr. KCL at I,(m. Iy(m.
to verify KCL based on calculation
No Node Amp.) (m. Amp.) Amp.) done in left column

1
A

Comments On Above Reading Of Observation Table:lf the reading in second last column is
zero, it means law is verified otherwise the value calculated in last column is the error due to

instruments.

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Make sure that all the electrical connections are correct before switching any circuit.

(2) Switch on the supply, only after getting the circuit checked by the proper person guiding
the experiment.

(3) Allthe connections made as per the circuit diagram.

(4) Choose the Instruments of appropriate rating.

Note:[Link]-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be

written on pages without lines at appropriate location using pencil only.
2. Rest other write-up of this laboratory mamual will be written on pages with lines by blue and
black for headings.
Both side of
3.

pages will be utilized

4. Write the next experiment write-up from fresh page.

(Exp. no. 1)5

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 OO
ALNCT

Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)

REDMI
MI EXPERIMENT NO. 2
DUAL

NOTE
OBJECTIVE: Perform experiment to verify Thevenin's Theorem using Trainer kit.
CAMERA

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
6
PRO
1
Trainer Kit
2. Cords
THEORY

Thevenin's theorem states that current flowing through a load resistance RL

connected across any two terminals of a linear, active bilateral network is given by
Voc/ (Rt + RL), Where Voc is the open circuit voltage (i.e. voltage across the two

terminals when R
is removed) and Rt is the internal resistance of the network as
viewed back into the open circuited network when all voltage sources replaced by
their internal resistance.
PROCEDURE:
1
Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2 through patch cords i.e. disconnect
the load resistance (R) from output terminals and measure open circuit
voltage (Vn) by connecting 15V range analog voltmeter across points R.
2. To measure the resistance across X & Y point, disconnect voltage source
(12V) and short the A & B points as shown in fig 3 now connect DMM
(Digital Multimeter) across X & Y points, set the mode of DMM at
resistance and note down the value of resistance across X & Y points.
3. To measure the current from load resistance R. connect the circuit as
shown in fig 4 i.e. connect current meter of 1 5mA range in series of load
resistance
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
X
A
500 90

12 V 100

Fig. 1
25 50 100
B

(Exp. no.2)1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 OO*EDMI

R1 R3
MI A

DUAL 500 90
V
V R2
100 VTh =
NOTE
12
R2 Fig. 2
CAMERA volts (R1+R2)
Voltmeter
Y Thevenin's or DMM
6
Voltage
PRO R1 R3
A
500
90
R1.R2
100R2 RTh
(R1+R2)
+ R3
Fig. 3

Thevenin's
Resistance

A
X
R th 15mA

Vh SRL Fig. 4

Y I=Va/(RatR)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Practical Value Theoretical Value

Sr. % Error =[{(r-(L
No. Rh RL (ohms)
Vth Rt RL
Je}x 100] *(()
(volts) (ohms ( Amp) (volts) fahms) (ahms) ([Link])

RL 25
2
Rg-50
3 RLs-100

CALCULATION: (Students will calculate the values to fill the column

of V Rth
and I; theoretically by using the above equations given in fig 2,3 & 4)

(Exp. no.2)2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 ALNCt

MIREDMI
DUAL
RESULT:
Both the value is comparable within practical limitation. Thus theorem is
NOTE verified.
CAMERA

PRECAUTION:
6
PRO
1
Make sure that all the electrical connections are correct before switching
any circuit.
2 Switch on the supply, only after getting the circuit checked by the proper
person guiding the experiment.
3 All the connections made as per the circuit diagram.
Choose the instruments of appropriate rating.

Note:1. All write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory

mamual will be writen on pages without lines at appropriate location using
pencil
only.
2. Rest other write-up of
this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by
blue and black for headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment write-up from
fresh page.

(Exp. no.2)3
Department of Electrical and Electronies Engineering Department
/ ofElectrical Engineering
 LNCT
OO woKIRE 1Oaes st TIE

Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)

DUAL
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
REDMI

OBJECTIVE:- Perform experiment to verify Superposition Theorem using Trainer kit.

NOTE APPARATUS REQUIRED:
CAMERA
Trainer Kit of MARS make (ME-592D)
1.
2. Digital Multimeter&& Connecting ports
6 -
THEORY:
PRo
According to this theorem, if there are a number of [Link]. acting simultaneously in any
linear bilateral network then each e.m.f. Acts independently of the other i.e. as if the other e.m.f
did not exist. The value of current in any conductor is the sum of the currents due to each e.m.f.
Similarly, voltage across any conductor the algebraic sum of the voltages which each e.m.f.
Would have produced while acting singly. In other words, current is or voltage across, any
conductor of the network is obtained by superposing the currents and voltages due to each e.m.f. in
the network.
Hence this theorem may be stated as follows:
In a network of linear resistances containing more than one generator (or source of e.m.f)
the current which flows at any points is the sum of all the currents which would flow at that point
if each generator were considered separately and all the other generators replaced for the time
being by resistances equal to their internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:--

E|& Ez both in circuits

Make connection as shown in circuit diagram with E,& E, in circuit. Make power on. Note
themilliameter reading I,. Note: - While measuring current I; through resistance R the
value of current should be taken as positive if it flows fromC to A & negative
ifit flows
fromA to Cin all steps 1,2, & 3.
D

R1
50 Ohm söhm
W R2
10 Ohm
V
12 E1 5V
TE2

2 E, in circuit:
Now make connection as shown with E; omitted.
Note: Current I& its polarity I, is positive if flows from C to A & negative if flowsfrom
A to C.
A D

50 Ohm soohm
R2
10 Ohm
12 VT E1

(Exp. no. 3)1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical
/ Engineering
 woe
LNCr
TOowL

REDMI
MI
DUAL

E
3. in Circuit:
NOTE
Make connection as shown with E
omitted. Note the current I, with polarity
CAMERA

6 R1 soohm
PRO 50 Ohm
R2
10 Ohm
5V E2

OBSERVATION TABLE:(This table for

is the current in R, branch only to verify the theorem)
Practical values (P) Theoretical values (T)
% Error = [{0Dr
Sr. (41)r(Whe (I")P (IWhe (r(Wh ((wh De)x100))
No (WhenE,& (WhenE,al This error
Eg nEjalone nE,& E, enE,alone enE,alone
one calculation for
connected) connected) connected) connected) connected)
connected) total current only)

Comment on above calculated error:..

As per superposition Theorem,
I| =1'+1"
Substitute the values in above equation & verify the result.

4. As Rili =R I;+ Ril"

i.e. voltage across resistance can also be obtained using superposition theorem.
With Ej& E, in circuit
Make connection as shown in circuit diagram measure the voltage VCA across
resistor R
with Ej& E, in circuit. The polarity of VCA should be considered as positive C
if is positive
with respect to A. otherwise VcA S to be noted as negative.

5 Measure the voltage V across R

with Ez omitted. Note the reading with proper polarity.
(Connection as per step 2)

6 Measure the voltage V, across R

with Ej omitted. (Connection as per step3)

(Exp. no. 3)2

Department of
Electricaland Electronics Engineering/Department of Electrical
Engineering
 ALNCTr

MI
REDMI FOLLOWING EQUATIONS FOR THEORATICAL CALCULATION:
DUAL
Calculate the theoretical current (Ii)r, (I1r, (I",using Ohm's law & compare the values with
observed values.
NOTE
Ejx(R2 + R3) + E2 xR2
CAMERA
For step l (Total current through R,calculated) (I1=
(R, + Ra) x (R + R3) - (R,)'
6
E
PRO
For step 2 (Current through R, calculateddue to E, only) (Ii)r=
R + {(R, x R3) + (R2 + R)}

ExR2
For step 3 (Current through R, calculated due to E, only) (I|"F
{Rsx(R, + Ra )} + (Rx Ra)

RESULT:Since error calculated is under the practical limitations, the theorem is verified.

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Make sure that all the electrical connections are correct before switching any circuit.

(2) Switch on the supply, only after getting the circuit checked by the proper person guiding
the experiment.

(3) All the connections made as per the circuit diagram.

(4) Choose the Instruments of appropriate rating.

Note:1al write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory mamual will be
written on pages without lines at appropriate location using pencil only.
2. Rest other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and
black for headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write
the next experiment write-up fromfresh page.

(Exp. no. 3)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of
Electrical Engineering
 LNCIr
woRKINE towARS BriNC TNE

Basic Electrical & Electronies Engineering (BT-104)

EXPERIMENT N0.4

OBJECTIVE:Perform experiment to measure Active and Reactive power consumed by single

phase inductive load while connected to single phase AC supply.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sr. No. Apparatus Type Range Qty.

Variac /Autotransformer 1-Phase 230/0-270 V 1

2
Voltmeter MI 0-300V 2
3 Ammeter MI 0-5A 2
4
Wattmeter Dynamometer 0-375W, 5/10A, 0-300V
5 Rheostat 50 2,5 A
6 Variable Inductance 1-¢ 0-10m H

THEORY:
The power, which is actually consumed or utilized in an a.c circuit, is called true power or
active power or real power.
As power is consumed only in resistance & a pure inductor & a pure capacitor do not consume
any power in a cycle. Since in a half cycle whatsoever power is received by an inductor or a
capacitor from the source, same amount of power is returned to the source in next half cycle. This
power which flows back & forth or reacts upon itself is called reactive power. It does not do any
useful work in circuit.
1. Therefore True power or Active power = Voltage x Current in phase with voltage
= VxI Cos 0 watt.
2. Reactive power = Voltage x current (90 ° out of phase with voltage)
-VxISin 9 =V ISin 0.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
375W,5A, 300V
0-5A

Rh

230V AC
50 Hz Supply Variable
0-300 V
Inductance

(Exp. no. 4)1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
/
 OOMI
LNCT
woRINE TOKS

PROCEDURE:
Connect the Instrument, Autotransformer & Load as shown in fig 2 (a) & setup to
REDMI
1.

DUAL Autotransformer to zero position.

2. Switch on the supply & adjust the Autotransformer till a suitable voltage.
3. Vary the voltage by Autotransformer & take down the various readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter
NOTE
& Wattmeter.
CAMERA

OBSERVATIONS: (Take five readings from the experiment measured at closer to rated voltage)
6
PR0 Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter Caleulate Calculate
Sr. cos® sin0
Reactive Power caleulated
Readings Reading Reading Q-Vxxsin® (in VAr)
No V(in volts) I(in Amps) P(in Watts)
eP/Vs -((-cos0)1
1

2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS:
1. Calculate the value of P.F (Cos 0) for different set of readings using the following equation:
Cos @= [Wattmeter Reading / (Voltmeter Reading x Ammeter Reading)]
2. Calculate the value of Reactive power as
= VI (1
Q=VI Sin 9
-Cose )2
RESULT:Power consumed by the circuit at different voltages is shown in table.

COMMENTS:
1)On results - In Inductive circuit reactive power is always less than the active power. And also
the power factor of the circuit is less than unity.
2) Possible errors:
i) Parallax error.
i1) Use of defective instruments.
ii) Use of higher range instruments.
iv) Wrong connections.
V) Instruments not properly calibrated.
3) Utility of Experiment:
This experiment is carried out to measure the active or real power utilized by 1-phase a.c.
circuit. This test also will give the sufficient data for finding out the power factor of the circuit
and also reactive power drawn by the circuit.

Note:LAllwrite-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be

written on pages withou lines at appropriate location using pencil only.
2. Rest other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and
black for headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment write-up fromfresh page.
5. In any experiment, if more than one calculation are same type then write only one calculation
of

steps as a sample.
(Exp. no. 42
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of ElectricalEngineering
 DO
LNCT
SAGROBOEO
wOREINE rorArs sEINC

MIREDM Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)

DUAL

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
NOTE
AMERA

OBJECTIVE: Study Name plate specification of single phase transformer and perform Ratio
&
and Polarity test on single phase Transformer.
PRo
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sr. No. Apparatus Type Range Qty.

Transformer |- Phase 230 V/ 146 V 1

2 Auto transformer 1-Phase 230/0-270 V 1

3
Voltmeter MI 0-300 V 2

4 Voltmeter MI 0-600 V 1

THEORY:
(A). Theoretically it may seem that transformers may be built to handle any voltage or current. But in
reality there are limit to both the voltage & the current. The nameplate rating of a power transformer
usually contains

1. Volt-amperes KVA
2. Voltage Ratio Rated Primary voltage / secondary voltage = V2/ VIvolt or kV.
3. Frequency 50 Hz
4. Type l¢ or 3
5. Equivalent Impedance
(B)Transformation Ratio:

The induced e.m.f per phase in primary & secondary windings of a transformer is given by e.m.f in
primary E, =4.44 f¢ N. Induced e.m.f in secondary E, =V & E, = Va.

Hence the transformation Ratio ( K )=V/V,=T;/T,.

(C) Polarity Test:

Each the terminals of primary as well as secondary winding of a transformer is alternatively

of

positive & negative with respect to each other. It is essential to know the relative polarities at any
instant of the primary & secondary terminals for making correct connections if the transformers are to
be opened in parallel or are to be used in a 3 circuit.

When vievwed from the primary side the terminals are marked Aj& A,. Now terminals A, is
connected to one end of secondary winding & a voltmeter is connected between Az & other end of
secondary winding. When voltmeter reads the difference

(ViV), the transformer is said to posses a subtractive polarity & when voltmeter reads
(Exp. no. 5)1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of Electrical Engineering
 OO LNCt
Woci
GOLLEGES

(V, +V) the transformer has additive

polarity. Subtractive polarity means that same
are connected. While polarity means polarity terminals
that it polarity terminals are connected.
REDMI
MI PROCEDURE:
DUAL
(a) Transformation Ratio Test :

NOTE6 1. Connect the circuit as per fig & set up Auto transformer zero
to position.
CAMERA 2. Switch on a.c supply &
adjust the auto transformer till a suitable (below
3. Record the voltages V across rated) voltage.
the primary & V,across secondary.
4. Vary the Auto transformer & repeat step
3, take at least 5 readings.
5. Switch of the supply.
PRO
(b) Polarity Test:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig.2 & set up Auto transformer zero
to position.
2. Switch on the single-phase a.c.
supply.
3. Record the voltages V1, V2& V;.If V, is less than V,
the polarity is subtractive otherwise
additive.
4. Vary the auto transformer & repeat step
[Link] at least 5 readings.
S. Switch
off the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V3
0-600V

A1
a1

1-Ph 230V AC (V1)

50Hz Supply v2)
0-300V 0- 30OV

Additive Polarity Test

0-600V
A1 a1

1-Ph 230V AC (vi)

50Hz Supply
0-300V 0- 30OV
A2

Subtractive Polarity Test

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Exp. no. 5)2

/ Department of Electrical Engineering
 DORDMI

LNCIr
OBSERVATION:
MI
DWAI (a) Name plate rating: Write down all specifications marked on nameplate.
(b) Transformation ratio Test:

NOTE
CA
[Link] Vi (volts)
Vi(volts) Transformation ratio caleulated of given
MERA
transformer is
6 K= V/V,
PRO

(c) Transformer Polarity Test:

Additive Polarity(when reading of V, is the sum of Subtractive Polarity(when reading of V, is the

Vj& V) difference of V& V)
S V
V; V
% Errort(V,-(V V
V % Error([Vs-(V
No (volts) (volts) (vols) 4V)]X100)/N, (volts) (volts) volts) V:))X100)N,

% Error-{[V,-(V +V»XI00}/V % Error ={[V, -(V,-V)]X100}/V,

RESULT: The transformation ratio of given transformer is (refer I table of

observation),.......
COMMENTS:
1) On results - IfV, read
V+V; (In case of Additive polarity) and Vy read V-V, (incase of
negative polarity) then there is no error otherwise find the %error.

2) Possible errors:

Parallax error.
(ii) Use of defective instruments.
(iii) Use of higher range instruments.
(iv) Wrong connections.
(V) Instruments not properly calibrated.

3)Utility of Experiment: This experiment is carried out to check the polarity of transformerwindings.
This is used for parallelconnectionof two transformers.

Note:LAll write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be
written on pages without lines at appropriate location
using pencil only.
2. Rest other write-up
of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and black
for headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment
write-up from fresh page.
5. In any experiment, if more than one
calculation are of same type then write only one calculation
steps as a sample.

(Exp. no. 5)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department Electrical
/ of Engineering
 O
REDMI LNCTr
MI
DUAl
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)
NOTE EXPERIMENT NO. 6
CAMEDA

6 OBJECTIVE: Perform experiment to measure line voltage, line current, phase voltage, phase
PRO
current for 3 phase balanced star and delta connected resistive load. Calculate total power
consumed by the above 3- phase resistive load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Resistive Lamp bank load: 600W

Three phase balanced supply: 415 V, 50 Hz.
Two Voltmeters: 300V & 600 V
Two Ammeters: 2 A
THEORY: A three phase supply system supplies power to a load. The load may by connected in
star or delta. Now our interest is to verify the relations between the phase quantities
and line
quantities and to relate the currents, voltages and power, in the circuit under balanced conditions.
Observing the circuits in fig.1, we note the following relations:

3 ph
supply

Fig. 1
3-Phase delta Connected Load

Y-connected load:

Vi=V3 Vgh:
.1
Power =3x (Power in each phase)=3 (Vphxlphcoso ) =V3 x Vix ILcos¢

In eq. 1, coso, is the power factor and is the phase angle between Vph and lph and hence is
solely decided by ZL. Observing the figures 2. to 5, the following relations can be written down

(Exp. no. 6)1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 O

MIREDMI
LNCTr
DUAL

NOTE a
CAMERA
Vph

6
PRO
Vph vph V 3 ph
supply

Fig. 2, Phase Star Connected Load

for a delta-connected load:

V=Vphi
I=3 Iphi
Power =3x (Power in each phase)-3 (Vphxlpthcos$ ) =V3x
Vx Ihcos ..4
Note that the terms on the right hand side
of eq. 2 and eq. 4 are same. Here also, cos is the
power factor and is the angle between Vph
and Igh Which is solely decide by load impedance,

1200

Lit

120
120°

Fig.3 Three Phase currents for a delta

connected load Fig4 Al the three Line currents
shown

both the cases (namely delta and star loads), the power is expressed
In
in terms of line quantities
are
V and I. the line terminals always available and hence these quantities (namely
can be easily measured.
V and I)
PROCEDURE: (a) Star connected load.

1. Connect the circuit as per the diagramn shown in Fig. 5.

(Exp. no. 6)2

Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of
Electrical Engineering
 OREDMI

MI
LNCT
wOREINE

Switch on the
DIIAT
2. 3 phase balanced supply.
3. Take the reading of Voltmeters and Ammeters.
NOTE
GAMER 4. Switch off the supply.

(b) Delta connected load.

6 Repeat the above procedure for the load connected in Delta, as shown in Fig.6.
PRO
A

Phase current, 0-2A

Line current

0-2 amp Prase

Votze (0
ac 300V,c

Line Voltage
(0-600V, a.c.)
Y

3 Phase Meters 3Phase load

Supply (Y-Conn)

Fig. 5 Experimental set-up for 3-Phase Y-connected Load

0-5 amp ne Current)

LC.

0300V, ac.
0-2 amp
(Phase vpltage) LC. (Phase current)
440 V3 Ph|
Supply I ILine votagel

(Lamp Load)

N
3 Phase loed, A -Conn,
Meters
3 Phase with mmeters for
Supply measuring phase currents

Fig. 6 Experimental set-up for 3-Phase A-connected Load

(Exp. no. 6)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of Elecirical Engineering
 OO

LNCr
MI REDM

DUAL
OBSERVATION TABLE:

(Only one reading will be taken from experiment,

CAMERA the table's I" row is common for both Star
and Delta load)

Line Phase Total power (P) consumed

[Link]. Line Phase
Voltage Voltage (Vpa) Current (I) Current (L) Dy S-phase Load in Watts,
(V) in volts in volts in Amps in Amps P-3xVpax,xeos=3x
Vx Ieos¢
When load is connected in Star
1

When load is connected in Delta

CALCULATIONS: The total power consumed in

the three phase balanced resistive load
calculated by using the following equations, is
whether the load is connected in star or
P= 3x (Power in each phase) =3 (VphxIphcos¢ ) delta form:
or =V3 x Vix Icoso
(Note:Since load is resistive so, we take cos
=1)
CHECK FROM ABOVE READING:
(For Star Load):

(a) I-a (Actual relation )

Space to
write
(b) V-V3V,(Actual relation ) values
according
For Delta Load): to the given
actual
(a) I,-V31,a(Actual relation ) relation to
verify that
the answer
(b) V=V(Actual relation ) come closer
or

Check the above four condition by taking

the values from the observation table. These
condition should come closer the actual four
values.

no. 6)4
Department of Electrical and Electronics (Exp.
Engineering Department
/ of
ElectricalEngineering
 DO

MDUAL
REDMI

LNCT
woasN TOWAeDS EINC TNE

NOTE RESULTS: We have the value of voltage and current for line and phase connection with
the
CAMERA help of measuring instruments. The measured values are correct and verify the equations as
given in the above article of Theory.
&
PRO PRECAUTIONS:

Connect the circuit as per the diagram and get verify the circuit by concerned staffbefore
1.
switch on the supply.
2. You are performing this experiment with the voltage of 415 V, which is more
dangerous,
so be careful.
3. Don't make any connection loose to avoid spark.
4. Don't lean on the experiment table, when the supply is
live.

Note:LAll write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be
written on pages without lines at appropriate location using pencilonly.
2. Rest other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and
blackfor headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment write-up from
fresh page.
5.
In any experiment, if more than one calculation are of
same type then write only one
caleulation steps as a sample.

(Exp. no. 6)5

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 LNCT
MI Basie Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)
DUAL
EXPERIMENT NO. 7

CAMERA
OBJECTIVES:
To Perform Open Circuit & Short Circuit Test on a Single Phase Transformer for the followings:
1. To calculate the leakage resistance & leakage reactance of Transformer winding
2. To determine the copper losses.
3. To calculate the no load parameters of the equivalent circuit of transformer.
4. To determine the iron loss.

APPARATUS REQUIRED in Open Cireuit Test

Sr. No. Apparatus Type Range Qty.

Transformer -
1
Phase 2KVA, 146 / 220V,50Hz 1

Variac/ Auto- transformer -

2
1
Phase 230/0-27OV 1

V
3. Voltmeter MI 0-150 1

4
Ammeter MI 0-1-2A
5 Wattmeter Dynamometer 0-75w, 0 - 2.5 / 5A, 0-150 -300V 1

APPARATUS USEDin Short Circuit Test

Sr. No. Apparatus Type Range Qty.

Transformer 1-Phase, 2KVA, 146/ 230V, 50Hz 1

2 Variac/ Auto 1-Phase 230/0-270V

transformer
3 Voltmeter MI 0-15- 30 V
4 Ammeter MI 0-10 A

5. Wattmeter Dynamometer 0-375W, 5/10A ,50V

THEORY of Open Cireuit Test :

This test is carried out determine the no load loss or core loss or iron loss & no load
current I, which is helpful in finding the no-load parameters R,& X, of the transformer.
This test is usually carried out on low voltage side of transformer i.e a Wattmeter W, a voltmeter
V & ammeter A are connected in low voltage winding (say primary). The primary winding is
then connected to the normal rated voltage V1 & frequency as given on the plate of transformer.
The secondary is kept open or connected to the voltmeter V' as shown in the fig.
Since the secondary (high voltage winding) is open, the current drawn by the primary is
no load current lo measured by the ammeter A. The value of no load current L, is very small
usually 2 to 10 % of the rated full load current. Thus, the copper loss in the primary is negligibly
small & no copper loss in the secondary as it open. Therefore, wattmeter reading W, only
(Exp. no. 6)1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of Electrical Engineering
 LNCT
represents the core or iron losses for all practical purposes. These core
losses are constant at all
the loads. The voltmeter V' if connected on the secondary
side measures the secondary induced
voltage V.
The ratio of voltmeter readings, V2/ Vi gives the transformation ratio of
I thetransformer.
NOTE The phasor diagram of the transformer at no load is shown in fig.2 (a)
Let the wattmeter reading = Wo
Voltmeter reading = V,
& Ammeter reading l,
6
PRO
Then the iron losses of the transformer
Iron losses, P,= Wo= Vol, Coso
.No load power factor, Cos¢o - W/ V, lo
Working /core loss current component,
I= 1,Cos o
Magnetizing current component, Lm =
No load parameter, i.c.,
=I'- I,Sin,
Equivalent resistance, Ro =Vo/ Iw

Equivalent reactance, X, = V,/ Im

The iron losses measured by this test are required for the calculation of efficiency
of the
transformer.

PROCEDURE for Open Circuit Test:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig & set up the autotransformer to zero position.
2. Adjust this supply voltage to the transformer with the help of Autotransformer to230V with
secondary windings open.
3. Record the ammeter, voltmeter & wattmeter readings.
4. Vary the supply voltage with the help of autotransforner & enter the readings in the
observation table.
5. Switch off the supply.

OBSERVATIONSTABLE for Open Circuit Test

[Link] Voltmeter readings Ammeter Readings Wattmeter Readings

V, in volts I, in Amps W, in Watts
1

CALCULATIONS for Open Circuit Test:

With the measurements made in this test pick up the current (Io) & power (Wo) corresponding o
the rated voltage (VJ).There is another way to plot the phasor between Vo and Ioand
then obtain
the core loss current as well as magnetizing current, corresponding to the rated voltage.

(Exp. no. 6)2

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 LNCT
Calculate the following parameter:

REDMI
Wo Wattmeter Reading
Coso =
V,xl, (Voltmeter Reading x Ammeter Reading)
NOTE
Iron loss = W, watt.

6
Working / Core loss current component,
I= 1,Cos o
PR0 Magnetizing current component, Im
=VI-I= I,Sind
Wo Wattmeter reading Vo Vo
Ro --
or = or = ----in Ohms
(calculated core loss current) I, Cos¢.

Vo Vo
-
Xo= --.0r= in Ohms
I, Sin¢, Lm

RESULT:
Power Consumed by the transformer as Core loss Watts at rated voltage &Transformer's
core parameters are Ro ..........
Ohm, Xo........... Ohm.

COMMENTS:
Core loss component resistance & reactance is very high in comparison to resistance &leakage
reactance of winding.

THEORY of Short Circuit Test:

This test is carried out to find the full load copper loss W& equivalent resistance,
reactance & impedance referred to the metering side. In this test one
of the winding usually L.V
winding is short-circuited. An ammeter of practically zero resistance may be connected the
in
short-circuited winding. It may be used to get additional information of current flowing through
it.
Low voltage (usually 5 to 10 %o of rated voltage) of rated frequency through auto transformer is
applied to H.V winding through wattmeter & ammeter. A voltmeter is connected to measure
the
supply voltage V. Circuit is completed as shown in fig. Supply voltage Vi is so adjusted that the
current in the winding is equal to full load current. Since, applied voltage is very low, flux linked
with the core is very small. Hence, iron losses are very small & they can be neglected. The
wattmeter reading gives the full load copper loss Wc of transformer.
With the measurements made in this test pick up the current Ie Voltage Vscand power Wse and
plot the curve between VsçandIsc , Wsc and Isc.

Then calculate the following parameters as:

Wse

(Exp. no. 6)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 Vsc
Z

MI REDMI

DUAL
X= Vz

NOTE
CAMERA
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-75W,1A,150V
0-1-2A
L
6
PRO

230 V v)0-150V

(A) Circuit Diagrame for Open Circuit LV.

Test H.V.

375W, 10A, 50V

0-10A

230 V 0-50 V

(B) Circuit Diagrame for Short Circuit Test H.V. LV.

PROCEDURE for Short Circuit Test:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & set up the autotransformer to zero
position.
2. Switch on the supply & apply the voltage gradually with the secondary
winding terminals
shot circuited. Keep in mind that only 10 -12 % of the rated voltage is sufficient to
circulate full rated current in the short-circuited winding.
3. Adjust the input voltage to obtain
50%, 75%, 125% rated full load current in secondary.
Record the instrument readings in the observation table.

OBSERVATIONS:

[Link] Voltmeter readings Ammeter readings Wattmeter readings

Vsg in volt Lse
in Amp. Wc in watt.
1.

(Exp. no, 6)4

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical
/ Engineering
 ALNCTr
REDM
MI
DIIAlCAMER

CALCULATIONS for Short Circuit Test:

NOTE With the measurements made in this test, pick up the voltage (Vsc) & power (Wsc)
and
corresponding rated current (Igc).

Calculate the following parameter:

6
PRO
Wsc Wattmeter Reading

(Ammeter Reading)

Copper loss at rated current = Wse Watt.

Z=

Where: r- equivalent resistance of both the winding refer to HV side, xF equivalent leakage
reactance of both the winding refer to HV side and z= equivalent impedance of both the
windingrefer to HV side.

RESULT:
Power Consumed by the transformer as Copper loss .....
Watts at rated current& Transformer's
winding parameters are r-r-r/2 =. Ohm, x-X2X/2 -.
.Ohm.

COMMENTS:
Resistance of winding is very low in comparison to leakage reactance of winding.

Utility of Experiment:

This experiment is carried out to verify the design data for the mass production. These testare
covered in routine test as per standard. This test also will give the sufficient data for finding
out the parameters of the equivalent circuit. Therefore this equivalent circuit can be used to
find out the performance data in order to compare with design technical data like efficiency,
power factor etc at any load.

Note:[Link] write-up which is enclased by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be
written on pages
2.
a
withou lines appropriate location using pencil only.
Rest other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and
black for headings.
3. Both side pages will be utilized
of

4. Write the next experiment write-up from fresh page.

5. In any experiment, if more than one calculation are ofsame type then write only one
calculation steps as a sample.

(Exp. no. 6)5

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
LNCT
woEKINC TOeASLEGTE

Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)

EXPERIMENT NO. 08

OBJECTIVE: Study of construction and working principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor.

THEORY: The three phase induction moto is the most popular electric drive. Its basic

principle of operation is induction and hence the name induction motor. Induction is a

phenomenon of an induced voltage in a coil due to a changing flux established by either

another coil or the same coil.

CONSTRUCTION: An induction motor has a stator (a stationary member) and a rotor (a

rotating member) separated by an air gap, as in any rotating machine as in fig.l the windings

on the stator are fed from an a.c. source. Due to alternating current through the stator

windings, a magnetic field varying with time is established in the air gap.

Stator Air
gap

Rotor

Fig. I Basic Rotating Machine

The rotor conductors are placed in this field and hence there is an induced emf in these,

which circulates the Rotor current, since it is a winding with closed path. The rotor current

(Exp. no. 8)1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of
Electrical Engineering

REDMI NOTE 6 PRO

MI DUAL CAMERA
 LNCt
through the rotor winding and the magnetic field in the
air gap produce a torque which is

responsible for the rotation of the rotor.

In its constructional aspect, there we say further that, the stator winding
is distributed in the
stator slots placed all over its periphery. The rotor
winding is also accommodated in rotor
slots all over the rotor periphery and electrically it has a closed path.

The rotor winding may be either of the Squirrel cage type or of the Wound rotor type with
these rotors the induction motors are classified as:
() Squirrel cage induction motor (i) the
wound rotor or the slip ring induction motor.

Squirrel Cage Rotor: The squirrel cage rotor has one conductor in each rotor slot.
At both
ends of these conductors, the end rings are connected. Thus
the end rings provided the short
circuited or closed path for the rotor conductors. With the
points O and O' joined together as
shown in fig. 2, the rotor conductors (also called as bars) and
the end rings look like the cage
for a bird. Hence this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor.
A sketch has been shown in

fig. 3, with different parts of the rotor.

The important features of this rotor are:

) It has a compact and stout construction, and hence it is trouble free.

(ii) There are no external connections to be made with the rotor winding. Hence
there are
no rotating contacts or the slip rings thus adding to
its ruggedness. There is no
maintenance required for the bearings.

(iii) Since external connections are not there, its characteristics cannot
be changed by
adding external resistance. This is the only disadvantage.

(Exp. no. 8)2

Department of Electrical and Electronies Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering

REDMI NOTE 6 PRO

MI DUAL CAMERA
LNCT
(iv) The squirel cage bars, the end rings and the end ring projections for fanning action

are generally made of integral (i.e. one piece) casting and hence the rotor is sturdy.
This is shown in a half sectional view of rotor in fig. 4.

Magnetic
Core of the
rotor
-Bars
-Slots
Sqimel cage
bar End ring

end ring
-Rotor circumference Shatt

Fig. 2 Developed view of squirrel Fig.3 Sketch showing Parts of rotor

cage bars and end rings

End rings
Projections in end
action
rings for fanning

Rotor
Rotor- bars core
in rotor slots

End ring

Shaft

Fig.4 Half sectional view of the squirrel cage rotor

(V) The squirrel cage winding is suitable for any number of stator winding poles. This is

an advantage when the number of poles on the stator winding is to

be changed (i.e.

speed control etc.)

(Exp. na. 8)3

Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of
Electrical Engineering

REDMI NOTE 6 PRO

MI DUAL CAMERA
 LNCT
(vi) Considering all these, it is the most suitable general purpose
drive for pump, tool etc.

Wound rotor (i.e. Phase Wound Rotor):

The phase wound rotor carries the rotor winding which a polyphaser a.c. is winding.
The number
of poles on the stator and the rotor winding must be equal, for the motor operation. The rotor

winding ends (three in number for a 3 phase rotor winding) are connected to
slip rings. The slip
rings are mounted on the shaft as shown in fig. 5. The rotor winding ends are connected to these

slip rings and the stationary brushes make contact with these slip rings. Thus the outside circuit

is connected to the bush loads, the stationary brushes make contact with rotating slip
electrical
rings. Summarizing the outside circuit is connected to the rotor winding,
with the help of the
brush slip ring arrangement.

Conducting
portion

Shaft

Conducting
portion
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram showinga slip-ring

Basic Principle of Operation: The three phase voltage applied to the three phase stator winding

produces a rotating magnetic field. Refer to [Link] which three coils A, B and C are located with

their axes spaced 120 degree (electrical) apart mutually .these carry the three phase currents ia, ib

and ic respectively. With oas the angular frequency (-2nf) in radians/s. of the supply, and
with

(Exp. no. 814

Department of Electrical and Electronies Engineering/ Department of
Electrical Engineering

REDMI NOTE 6 PRO

MI DUAL CAMERA
 ALNC
woINC 1ewA ENE

the phase sequence of a-b-c (i.e. b follows a and c follows b, 120° electrical i.e. 1/3 d cycle
later) the expressions for the currents are'

I,-(2)2 I cos ot
,-(2) I cos (ot-120°)

L-(2)I cos(ot+120°)
Where Iis the r.m.S. current through the coils. Let it be required to find the magnetic field along
OX at any instant 't'.

axis of coil 'c

axis of coil 'A'

120

120

/axis of coil 'B'

Fig. 3-phase stator currents producing rotating field

PR0
The stator coil produces a magnetic field along its axis. The field established is proportional to
6
the current. In one half of the a.c. cycle, the field may be directed towards the centre and for the
NOTE

other half, away from the centre. This difference is taken into account by attacking +ve or -ve

sign to the current for the two halves of the a.c. cycle. REDMI

(Exp. no. 8)5

Department gf Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
/ of
Electrical Engineering
 LNCIt
oEINE ToRARS BNC TE
Three currents are flowing through three coils a,b,
and c as per the above current equations. Due
to this currents the rotating magnetic field is set up in
the air gap between rotor and stator. This
magnetic flux cut the conductor of rotor which is
placed out side of rotor body. The emf is

induced in the rotor conductors and due the

emf, the current will flow in rotor conductors.
Current carrying conductor will set magnetic
field which interact with the field
of stator
conductor. This interaction of field will lead to torque
and rotor start rotating in the direction of
rotation of stator field. As the rotor rotating the
relative speed between the stator field and rotor
body is decreasing, the rotor current
also decreasing and finally the torque is also decreasing.
This phenomena will help the rotor to reach near to
the synchronous speed (i.e. the speed
of
stator field rotation). Since rotor can not
attain the speed of synchronous value, the induction
motor willalways rotate at slip speed (i.e. the
speed less than the synchronous speed). Suppose,

if the rotor reach at the speed of synchronous, the rotor will not
have current in the conductor.
Since the relative speed between stator field and rotor
body become zero, so there is no induced
emf and followed by current. At this instance, the torque
become zero. It means the rotor can not
rotate at synchronous speed.

Note:lAll write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual willbe
written on pages without lines at appropriate location using pencil
only.
Rest other write-up
2.
of
this laboratory manual will PRO
be written on pages with lines by blue and
black for headings.
3. Both side ofpages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment 6
write-up fromfresh page.
5. In any experiment, NOTE
if more than one calculation are same type then write only one
of

calculation steps as a sample.

REDMI

Department of Electrical and Electronics (Exp. no. 8)6

Engineering / Department of
Electrical Engineering
 LNCTr
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)
EXPERIMENT NO. 09

OBJECTIVE:
Perform experiment on Half adder circuit & full adder circuit using XOR, AND and NAND gates.

HALE ADDER CIRCUIT:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Logic trainer kit, Logic gates: AND (C 7408), XOR (IC 7486), NAND (IC 7400).
AIM:
A half adder can add two bits at a time. Its outputs are SUM and CARRY.. for two bit addition SUM will
be 1, if only one input is X-OR operation). CARRY will be one, when both inputs are 1 (AND
1

operation). So, by using one AND gate and one X-OR gate, a half adder circuit can be constructed.
Boolean expressions for the outputs are:
SUM = AB' +
A'B =AB
CARRY= AB

TRUTH TABLE:

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link]. ol>
A B SUM CARRY

1 0 0
2
3 0
4 1 1 0 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SUM
XOR
PRo

6
CARRY NOTE
AND

Half adder using XOR and AND gates

(Exp. no. 9)1REDMI

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering

 ALNCT

A SUM
X-OR

CARRY
NAND NAND

Half adder using XOR and NAND gates

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power
supply.
2. Connect logic sources to the inputs of the adder.
3. Connect output from SUM and CARRY to logic indicators.
4. Apply various input combinations to the adder.
5. Observe the SUM and CARRY outputs, verify the truth table for each input/output combination.
6. Switch off the ac power supply.

TESTING AND SOLUTION:

|Write observations in following tables and check the output:
HALF ADDER
SUM (Volts) CARRY (Volts)
A SUM CARRY (Write 5 wherever digital output is ']' and 0' wherever digital
output is 0).
0
0 1

1
1 1

RESULT: The design of the full adder circuits was done and their truth tables were verified.
FULL ADDER CIRCUIT:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Logic trainer kit, Logic gates: AND (C 7408), XOR (IC 7486), NAND ((C 7400), OR (1C 7432). PR0

AIM:
6
A combinational circuit which performs the arithmetic sum of three input bits is called full adder.
The three input bits include two significant bits and a previous carry bit. A full adder circuit can be NOTE

implemented with two half adders and one OR gate.

REDMI
(Exp. no. 9)2

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

/
 LNCT
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT OUTPUT
[Link]. B
A C SUM CARRY
1 0
2 1 1
3 1 1

4 0 1 1 1
1
5 0
6 1 0 1 1
7 1 1 1
8 1 1 1 1 1

DESIGN:
From the truth table the expression for sum and carry bits of the output can be obtained as,
SUM =ABC+ A'BC' + AB'C+ ABC
CARRY= A'BC + AB'C+ ABC' + ABC
Using Karnaugh maps the reduced experiment for the output bits can be obtained as,

SUM
BC B'C B'C BC BC'
A

A
1 0 (
A
1

CARRY
BC B'C B'C BC BC'
A

A -1

A 0 1 1

(Exp. no. 9)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering / Department of Electrical Engineering

 LNCT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A
XOR
B XOR

AND
AND

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.

2. Connect logic sources to the inputs of the adder.

3. Connect output from SUM and CARRY to logic indicators.

4. Apply various input combinations to the adder.

5. Observe the SUM and CARRY outputs, verify the truth table for each input/output
combination.

6. Switch off the ac power supply.

PRO

6
NOTE

(Exp. no. 9)4 REDMI

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

/ of Electrical Engineering
TESTING AND SOLUTION:
Write observations in following tables and check the output:

FULL ADDER
SUM (Volts) CARRY (Volts)
A B SUM CARRY (Write '5" wherever digital output is '1'and '0
wherever digital output is 0).

0 1

0 1

1 1
1

1 1 1

RESULT:
The design of the full adder circuits was done and their truth tables were verified.

All write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be writen on
Note:
pages
1.

without lines at appropriate location using pencil only.

2. Rest other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and black for
headings.
3. Both side of pages will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment write-up
from fresh page.
5. In any experiment, if more than one calculation are of
same type then write only one calculation steps as a
sample.

PRO

NOTE

(Exp. no. 9)5 REDMI

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering

 LNCT
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering (BT-104)
EXPERIMENT NO. 10

OBJECTIVE:
Study and verify truth table for various Logic Gates like AND, OR, NAND, NOR, EXOR and
EXNOR gates, using trainer kit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Logic trainer kit, Connecting wires.

THEORY:
In digital electronics a gate is a logic circuit with one a more input signal occur for certain
combination input signal. Gates are digital (two states) circuits because the input & output signal are
of

either low are high voltage gates are often called logic because they can be analyzed with Boolean Algebra.

NOT GATE:
Also called inverter, an inverter is a gate with one input signal the output is always the
opposite of input state logic symbol.

[Link]. INPUT OUTPUT

1 1
Input O-Output
2 0

AND GATE:
The output signal is high only when all input are high, if A & B are input then output Y can
be written as

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].
A B
1 0 0 PRO
2 1
3 1 0 0 6
4 1 1 1
REDMINoTE

(Exp. no. 10)1

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering

 ALNCT

OR GATE:
The output will be high when any one of the input's are high otherwise the output is low.

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].
B Y

1 0 0
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1

NAND GATE:
It
is a universal gate because it can implement all the other gates. Its output is low
when all the inputs are high. The output can be written as.

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].
A B Y

1 0 1
2 0 1 1
2 1 1
4 1 1

NOR GATE:
This is also a universal gate. It produce a high output when all inputs are low.

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].

1 0 1
2
3 1
4 1

EXOR GATE:
The exclusive feature mean that the XOR circuit selects only certain combinations of
input pulse. The operation is like parallel switch. For a EX-OR gate the output is only
high for odd
numbers of 1's in input.
(Exp. no. 10)2

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical

/ Engineering
 INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].
B Y

1 0
2 1 1
Y
m
3 1 0 1

1 1

EXNOR GATE:
EXNOR gate the compliment of EXOR gate. For a EXNOR gate the equations
given as.

INPUT OUTPUT
[Link].
A B Y

1 1
2 1
3 1 0
4 1 1 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Take an IC (say 7400 for NANDgate).
2. Connect +5 V to pin 14 and ground to pin 7.
3. Give input to two pins (1 and 2 according to the configuration of the IC).
4. Use multimeter to measure the output voltage at pin 3 for each input combination and check
state by LED.
5. Repeat process for other IC'.

RESULT: The truth tables of allgates are verified.

Note:1. All write-up which is enclosed by rectangular box in this laboratory manual will be written on
pages without lines at appropriate location using pencil only.
2. Rest
other write-up of this laboratory manual will be written on pages with lines by blue and blackfor
headings.
3. Both side of pages
will be utilized
4. Write the next experiment
write-up fromfresh page.
3. n any experiment, more than one calculation are same type then write only one calculation steps as a
if of

sample.

(Exp. no. 10)3

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering

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