AMCA

Publication 99
Standards Handbook

AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL

ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, INC.

The International Authority on Air System Components

 AMCA PUBLICATION 99

Standards Handbook

Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893
 © 2007 by Air Movement and Control Association International, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and
108 of the United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for
permission or further information should be addressed to the Executive Director, Air Movement and Control
Association International, Inc. at 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
Purpose of AMCA Standards

AMCA Standards are adopted in the public interest. They are intended to eliminate misunderstanding between the
manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist in selecting, specifying, and obtaining the proper product for the
particular need.

Existence of an AMCA Standard does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member from manufacturing
or selling products not conforming to the standard.

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Proposed standards are reviewed by the appropriate Standards Committees and by the Board of Directors before
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Review of Standards

AMCA Standards are regularly reviewed, but may also be reviewed at any time at the request of the membership
or by direction of the Board of Directors.

Disclaimer

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information and accepted industry practices. However, AMCA does not guarantee, certify or assure the safety or
performance of any products, components or systems tested, designed, installed or operated in accordance with
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or

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

99-0021-01 The Fan Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

99-0066-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

99-0068-03 The AMCA Vocabulary: Product Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

99-0070-01 The AMCA Vocabulary: Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

99-0098-00 Basic Series of Preferred Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

99-0100-76 Metric Units and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

99-0200-00 Charts & Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

99-0401-86 Classifications for Spark Resistant Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

99-1401-66 Operating Limits for Central-Station Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

99-2404-03 Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

99-2405-03 Inlet Box Positions for Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

99-2406-03 Designation for Rotation and Discharge of Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

99-2407-03 Motor Positions for Belt or Chain Drive Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

99-2408-69 Operating Limits for Single Width Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

99-2410-03 Drive Arrangements for Tubular Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

99-2412-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

99-2413-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Industrial Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . .66

99-2414-03 Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Tubular Centrifugal Fans . . . . . . . . . . . .67

99-3001-03 Dimensions for Axial Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

99-3404-03 Drive Arrangements for Axial Fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

The Fan Laws

Fan impellers differ from one another in many respects, even among those of the same type. One characteristic
that all share is that each individual impeller design can be uniquely related to the overall diameter of the impeller.
Because of this unique relationship, all impellers that share the same geometric design but differ only in size are
said to have similarity. Fan casings share in this unique relationship, with the casing being optimized with respect
to an impeller design so that aerodynamic performance goals are achieved. A fan design, then, is a geometrically
unique combination of fan impeller and fan casing. All sizes of fans produced according to this unique geometry
have similarity based on their respective diameters. Similarity is useful in that it enables the prediction of
aerodynamic performance: given the performance of a fan of a given diameter at a certain rotational speed and a
certain air density, the performance of that same unique geometry at another impeller diameter, or rotational speed
or air density can be determined.

Note that the variables that affect a fan's aerodynamic performance are: impeller diameter, rotational speed and air
density. Since these variables are expressed as ratios, they are dimensionless and are independent of the system
of units used, as long as the units are used consistently for each ratio.

The mathematical statements which describe the effects of these factors on aerodynamic performance for any
known performance point are known collectively as the FAN LAWS.

FAN LAWS FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

As with all laws, some similarity requirements must be met if the FAN LAWS are to be effective:

A. DESIGN GEOMETRY

Geometric similarity must exist between any two fan sizes; i.e., dimensions must be proportional and angularity
must be constant for all essential air passages of the impeller and the casing.

B. GAS DENSITY

As air moves through the fan, it is acted upon by the rotating impeller and there results a pressure rise. With a
pressure rise, one would expect that the gas undergoes compression. Compression, in turn, means a change in
gas density.

The compressibility coefficient (Kp) must be calculated for the condition. The supporting formulas for Kp originate
in Appendix C, ANSI/AMCA Standard 210-99.

C. REYNOLDS NUMBER

Reynolds number is one of many descriptors of fan performance, and further information is available in most
textbooks on fluid mechanics. For our purposes here, it is necessary to know that for a given fan design geometry,
there are many possible Reynolds numbers, and that there is a threshold value on either side of which fluids
behave differently. The similarity requirement here is that both sets of operating parameters result in Reynolds
numbers such that the effect of any difference between them is negligible. The implied requirement is that both of
the Reynolds numbers must be on the same side of the threshold value. For additional information on Reynolds
number, see Handbook of Fan Engineering, latest edition.

D. MACH NUMBER

Mach number relates to the velocity of a gas (air) as it passes into or through a fan. Similarity requires that the
Mach numbers for the two sets of parameters must be reasonably close. Just as was the case with Reynolds
number, there is a threshold value and a difference in performance on either side of the threshold. Since almost
all fans operate well below the threshold value for Mach number, no procedure for determining the threshold value
1
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

is given in this document.

Then for any given point on a fan performance curve, the relationship between a known performance point and
desired performance point c (converted) is given by the FAN LAWS.

THE FAN LAWS

1st LAW:

⎡ Qc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ K p ⎤
3

⎢ Q ⎥ = ⎢ D ⎥ ⎢ N ⎥ ⎢K ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ pc ⎥⎦

2nd LAW:

⎡ Ptc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ K p ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤
2 2

=
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ Pt ⎦ ⎣ D ⎦ ⎣ N ⎦ ⎢⎣ K pc ⎦⎥ ⎣ ρ ⎦

3rd LAW:

2 2
⎡ Pvc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ Pv ⎦ ⎣ D ⎦ ⎣ N ⎦ ⎣ ρ ⎦

4th LAW:

5
⎡ Hc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤
3
⎡ K p ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤
⎢H ⎥=⎢D⎥ ⎢N ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ K pc ⎥⎦ ⎣ ρ ⎦

5th LAW:

Psc = Ptc - Pvc

Where: Ptc and Pvc are established per the 2nd and 3rd FAN LAWS.

6th LAW:

⎡P ⎤
ηsc = η tc ⎢ sc ⎥
⎣ Ptc ⎦

Where: Psc is established using the 5th FAN LAW and Ptc is established using the 2nd FAN LAW.

In the above, subscript c denotes the new operating condition, and:

D = Impeller diameter
Dc = Impeller diameter, converted
N = Impeller rotational speed
Nc = Impeller rotational speed, converted
Q = Volume airflow rate
Qc = Volume airflow rate, converted
Pt = Pressure, total
Ptc = Pressure, total, converted
2
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

Pv = Pressure, velocity
Pvc = Pressure, velocity, converted
H = Power
Hc = Power, converted
Ps = Pressure, static
Psc = Pressure, static, converted
ηsc = Efficiency, static, converted
ηtc = Efficiency, total, converted

and Kp and Kpc are determined from:

⎡ ln (1 + x ) ⎤ ⎡ z ⎤
Kp = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ x ⎦⎣ ln(1 + z ) ⎦

Pt
x=
Pt1 + (Cb pb )

⎡ γ − 1⎤ ⎡ ChH ⎤
z=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ γ ⎦ ⎢⎣ Q ( Pt1 + [Cb pb ]) ⎥⎦

2 2
zc ⎡ Pt1 + Cb pb ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤ ⎡ γ ⎤ ⎡ γ c − 1⎤
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
z ⎣ Pt1c + Cb pbc ⎦ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ N ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ γ − 1⎥⎦ ⎣ γ c ⎦

−1
⎧⎪ ⎡ ⎛ η γ ⎞⎤ ⎡ z ⎤ ⎡ η γ ⎤⎡η γ ⎤ ⎡ z 2 ⎤ ⎫⎪
K pc = ⎨ ⎢1 + ⎜ t c − 1⎟ ⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ + ⎢ t c − 1⎥ ⎢ c c − 2⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ⎝ γ c − 1 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ γ c − 1 ⎦ ⎣ γ c − 1 ⎦ ⎣ 6 ⎦ ⎪⎭

An approximation derived from a series expansion, sufficiently accurate for Kp ≥ 0.9, and fan mechanical efficiency
ηt is given by:

QPt K p
ηt =
ChH

Note: For all fans, ηt=ηtc (for incompressible flow only)

Where:
Kp = Compressibility coefficient
Kpc = Compressibility coefficient, converted
x = A coefficient of convenience in the equation
z = A coefficient of convenience in the equation
Pt1 = Total pressure at fan inlet
Cb = Barometer constant: SI = 1 (I-P = 13.63)
Ch = Power constant: SI = 1 (I-P = 6362)
pb = Barometer pressure, Pa (in. Hg)
γ = Ratio of specific heats = 1.4

EXAMPLE:
The following example shows how the FAN LAWS, including compressibility, are applied in aerodynamic
performance predictions for a given fan design.

3
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

KNOWN PARAMETERS:
SI I-P

impeller diameter D 927 mm 36.5 inches

fan rotational speed N 1000 rpm 1000 rpm

air density ρ 1.152 kg/m3 0.072 lbm/ft3

volume airflow rate Q 7.952 m3/s 16850 cfm

total pressure Pt 953.7 Pa 3.84 in. wg

barometric pressure pb 97.359 kPa 28.75 in. Hg

power H 9299 W 12.47 hp

ratio of specific heats γ 1.4 1.4

CONVERSION PARAMETERS:
SI I-P

impeller diameter Dc 1524 mm 60 inches

fan rotational speed Nc 820 rpm 820 rpm

air density ρc 1.2 kg/m3 0.075 lbm/ft3

volume airflow rate Qc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

total pressure Ptc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

power Hc UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

barometric pressure pb 101.321 kPa 29.92 in. Hg

To determine the flow rate Qc and pressure Ptc, FAN LAWS 1 and 2 must be used. The GIVEN and CONVERTED
conditions provide all the information required for the calculations except Kp and Kpc.

Determine Kp:

⎡ ln (1 + x ) ⎤ ⎡ z ⎤
Kp = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ x ⎦ ⎢⎣ (
ln 1 + z ) ⎥⎦

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS IN SI UNITS:

Pt
x=
Pt1 + Cb pb

953.7
=
0 + ( (1)( 97359 ) )

4
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

953.7
=
97, 359

x = 0.0097957

⎡ γ − 1⎤ ⎡ ChH ⎤
z=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ γ ⎦ ⎢⎣ Q ( Pt1 + [Cb pb ]) ⎥⎦

⎡1.4 − 1⎤ ⎡
=⎢
(1)( 9299 ) ⎤
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 7.952 ( 0 + (1)( 97, 359 ) ) ⎥⎦

z = 0.0034317

⎡ ln(1 + x ) ⎤ ⎡ z ⎤
Kp = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ x ⎦ ⎢⎣ ln (1 + z ) ⎥⎦

⎡ ln (1 + 0.0097957 ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.0034317 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.0097957 ⎦ ⎢⎣ ln (1 + 0.0034317 ) ⎥⎦

K p = 0.99684

QPt K p
ηt =
ChH

⎡ ( 7.952 )( 953.7 )( 0.99684 ) ⎤

=⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ (1)( 9299 ) ⎥⎦

η t = 0.813 or 81.3%

To determine Kpc, calculate the factors in the necessary equations:

2 2
zc ⎡ Pt1 + Cb pb ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
z ⎣ Pt1c + Cb pbc ⎦ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ N ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦

⎡ 0+ (1× 97,359 ) ⎤ ⎡ 1.2 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ 2 ⎡1524 ⎤ 2

=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 + (1× 101, 321) ⎥⎦ ⎣1.152 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 927 ⎦

zc
= 1.81905
z

5
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

Then:

zc
( z ) = (1.81905 )( 0.0034317 ) = ( 0.006242 )
z

And:

⎡ (η t )( γ c ) ⎤ ⎡ ( 0.813 )(1.4 ) ⎤ ⎡1.1382 ⎤

⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ = 2.8455
⎣ γ c -1 ⎦ ⎣ 1.4 − 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0.4 ⎦

1
K pc =
⎛ 0.006243 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0062432 ⎞
1 + ( 2.8455 − 1) ⎜ ⎟ + ( 2 . 8455 − 1) ( 2 . 8455 − 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠

Then:

K pc = 0.994235

And to obtain the values for the unknowns at the converted conditions:

3
⎡1524 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Qc = 7.952 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 927 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 0.994235 ⎦

= 29.05 m/s3

2 2
⎡1524 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 1.2 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Ptc = 953.7 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 927 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣1.152 ⎦ ⎣ 0.994235 ⎦

= 18.10 Pa

5 3
⎡1524 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 1.2 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Hc = 9.299 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 927 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣1.152 ⎦ ⎣ 0.994235 ⎦

= 64.31 kW

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS IN I-P UNITS:

Pt
x=
Pt1 + Cb pb

3.84
=
0 + (13.63 )( 28.75 )

3.84
=
391.86

6
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

x = 0.0097994

⎡ γ − 1⎤ ⎡ ChH ⎤
z=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ γ ⎦ ⎢⎣ Q ( Pt1 + (Cb pb ) ) ⎥⎦

⎡1.4 − 1⎤ ⎡
=⎢
( 6362 )(12.47 ) ⎤
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.4 ⎦ ⎢⎣16, 850 ( 0 + (13.63 )( 28.75 ) ) ⎥⎦

⎡ 0 .4 ⎤ ⎡ 79334.14 ⎤
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1.4 ⎦ ⎢⎣16, 850 ( 0 + 391.86 ) ⎥⎦

⎡ ( 0.2857 )( 79334.14 ) ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ (16, 850 )( 391.86 ) ⎥⎦

⎡ ( 0.2857 )( 79, 334.14 ) ⎤

=⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ( 6, 602, 841) ⎥⎦

= ( 0.2857 )( 0.0120151)

z = 0.0034327

To determine Kpc, calculate the factors in the necessary equations:

2 2
zc ⎡ Pt1 + Cb pb ⎤ ⎡ ρc ⎤ ⎡ Nc ⎤ ⎡ Dc ⎤
=⎢ ⎥
z ⎣ Pt1c + Cb pbc ⎦ ⎢⎣ ρ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ N ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦

⎡ 0 + (13.63 )( 3.84 ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.075 ⎤ ⎡ 820 2

0 ⎤ ⎡ 60 ⎤
2

=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 + (13.63 )( 28.75 ) ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0.072 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 36.5 ⎦

= 1.818652

zc = (1.818652 )( 0.0034327 ) = 0.006243

And:

⎡ (η t )( γ c ) ⎤ ⎡ ( 0.813 )(1.4 ) ⎤ ⎡1.1382 ⎤

⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ = 2.8455
⎣ γ c -1 ⎦ ⎣ 1.4 − 1 ⎦ ⎣ 0.4 ⎦

7
 AMCA Standard 99-0021-01

1
K pc =
⎛ 0.006243 ⎞ ⎛ 0.0062432 ⎞
1 + ( 2.8455 − 1) ⎜ ⎟ + ( 2.8455 − 1) ( 2.8455 − 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠

Then:

K pc = 0.994262

And to obtain the values for the unknowns at the converted condition:

3 2
⎡ 60.0 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 0.075 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Qc = 16, 850 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 36.5 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 0.072 ⎦ ⎣ 0.99426 ⎦

= 61, 534 cfm

2 2
⎡ 60.0 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 0.075 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Ptc = 3.84 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 36.5 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 0.072 ⎦ ⎣ 0.99426 ⎦

= 7.2867 [Link]

5 3
⎡ 60.0 ⎤ ⎡ 820 ⎤ ⎡ 0.075 ⎤ ⎡ 0.99684 ⎤
Hc = 12.47 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 36.5 ⎦ ⎣1000 ⎦ ⎣ 0.072 ⎦ ⎣ 0.99426 ⎦

= 86.189 hp

8
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

The AMCA Vocabulary: Definitions

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – Pressure above a perfect vacuum; the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric
pressure.

ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS – A measure of surface unevenness; the distance between high and low points on a
surface.

ACFM (ACTUAL CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE) – Actual volume airflow rate through a plane of measurement, at
the existing air density, expressed in ft3/min.

ACMS (ACTUAL CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) - Actual volume airflow rate through a plane of measurement,
at the existing air density, expressed in m3/s.

ACTUATOR (OPERATOR) – A mechanism attached to a damper or adjustable louver to move its blades, or
attached to a vaneaxial fan to change impeller blade pitch. An actuator may be manually, electrically, pneumatically
or hydraulically powered.

ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION DEVICE – Any component having sound absorption as its primary function.

ADJUSTABLE PITCH – The ability to mechanically alter the angle (pitch) of an impeller blade with the impeller at
rest.

AIR CURTAIN (AIRSTREAM) – A directionally-controlled stream of air, moving across the entire height and width
of an opening, which reduces the infiltration or transfer of air from one side of the opening to the other and/or
inhibits the passage of insects, dust, or debris.

AIR CURTAIN AVERAGE CORE VELOCITY – The average of several air curtain core velocities measured along
the width of the air curtain.

AIR CURTAIN CORE VELOCITY – The peak air velocity of the air curtain as measured across the air curtain depth
at a specified distance from the discharge nozzle.

AIR CURTAIN DEPTH – The airstream dimension perpendicular to both the height and width of the opening being
protected.

AIR CURTAIN UNIT EFFICIENCY – The ratio of the air curtain output air power to the power input to the motor,
expressed as a percentage.

AIR CURTAIN UNIT RATED THROW – The distance away from an air curtain unit discharge nozzle to a point
where a specified minimum air velocity is achieved.

AIR CURTAIN UNIT VELOCITY PROJECTION – The average air curtain core velocity at specified distances from
the air curtain unit discharge nozzle.

AIR CURTAIN WIDTH – The airstream dimension perpendicular to the direction of airflow and parallel to the width
of the opening being protected.

AIR (GAS) DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of air or gas.

AIRFLOW RATE – See VOLUME AIRFLOW RATE or MASS AIRFLOW RATE

AIRFOIL – (1) A shape such that, when it is moved through air, has greater lift than drag. (2) A blade or vane having
a streamlined shape.
9
 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

AIR SYSTEM – An assembly of connected ducts, filters, conditioning devices, dampers, louvers and fans for the
purpose of moving air from one place to another in a controlled fashion.

AIR THROW – The horizontal or vertical axis distance an air stream travels after leaving an air outlet before the
air velocity is reduced to a specific terminal value.

AMCA TESTING LABORATORY – The association’s testing laboratory, currently located in Arlington Heights,
Illinois, or an independent laboratory licensed by AMCA to perform pre-certification performance tests and
performance check tests.

AMCA ACCREDITED LABORATORY – A laboratory equipped and staffed to conduct tests according to the
appropriate AMCA-accepted test method, and which has been inspected by an AMCA staff engineer and duly
approved for such testing.

ANECHOIC TERMINATION – A device placed at the end of a test duct to prevent excessive reflection of sound
waves back into the duct, thus reducing interference with the sound waves being measured.

ATTENUATE – To weaken a signal by reducing its amplitude.

ATTENUATION – The amount by which sound amplitude is decreased as it travels from a sound source to a
receiver located at a given point.

AVERAGE OUTLET VELOCITY – (1) The airflow rate of a fan per unit area of the fan discharge, calculated by
dividing the airflow rate by the area of the fan discharge. (2) The free-delivery airflow rate of an air curtain unit
divided by the face area of the discharge nozzle.

AXLE – A shaft on which a damper or louver blade rotates.

BACKPLATE – A circular plate, a component of a centrifugal fan impeller, which is attached to the fan hub and
serves as the major attachment for the impeller blades and as the means of transmitting torque to them.

BACKPLATE / CENTERPLATE LINER – A narrow strip of steel, ceramic or synthetic material, installed in sets,
each attached to the backplate / centerplate of an impeller, adjacent to an impeller blade, for the purpose of
protection against erosion.

BALANCING – The process of adding or removing mass on a rotor to move the center of gravity toward the axis
of rotation so as to reduce the unbalanced forces.

BAROMETRIC – Pertaining to a barometer or the results obtained by using a barometer.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE – The absolute pressure exerted by the atmosphere at a location of measurement.

BEARING LOSS – The power loss resulting from friction in the main bearings of a fan or motor.

BLADE – (1) The flow element of an impeller, which, by its shape and motion, generates airflow inside a fan,
transforming impeller rotational energy to kinetic energy of airflow. (2) A movable surface in a damper or louver
that can be rotated to control airflow. (3) A stationary louver surface intended to restrict the passage of water, sound
or other airborne materials, or to limit visual see-through.

BLADE ENTRY SEAL – The sealing arrangement through which a damper blade passes in a guillotine damper.

BLADE LINER – A steel, ceramic or synthetic material piece having the same size and shape as the fan blade,
which covers the fan blade face in part or completely for the purpose of protection against erosion.

BLADE PASSAGE FREQUENCY – The tone generated by the fan’s blades passing a fixed object and having a
frequency given by: f(Hz) = (number of blades × fan revolutions per minute) / 60.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

BLADE SUPPORT – (1) A structural member, located inside the duct section of a guillotine damper frame, which
supports the blade load when the damper is in the closed position; (2) A bracket that connects a stationary louver
blade to a rear-mounted structural support.

BLAST AREA – The outlet area of a centrifugal fan less the projected area of its cut-off.

BONNET – The portion of a guillotine damper that supports the damper blade when the damper is in the open
position. (1) OPEN TYPE: The damper blade is exposed to the atmosphere when blade is withdrawn from the duct.
(2) FULLY ENCLOSED (SEALED) TYPE: The entire bonnet encloses the damper blade when the damper is in the
open position.

CASING – see HOUSING

CENTERLINE SUPPORT – A method of supporting a fan housing at its centerline when necessary to control
differential thermal growth of the housing.

CENTERPLATE – see BACKPLATE

CERTIFIED RATING – A published performance rating of a product which AMCA has licensed to bear the AMCA
Certified Performance Rating Seal. The seller of the product certifies that the rating is in accordance with the
appropriate AMCA-approved test method and that the requirements of the AMCA Certified Ratings Program have
been met.

CERTIFIED RATINGS PROGRAM – The testing and licensing program established by AMCA International to verify
the published performance ratings of a product produced by a seller.

CHAMBER – (1) A test enclosure having a means for settling airflow, a cross sectional area larger than the
inlet/outlet of test equipment connected to it, and the capability for measuring airflow rate and pressure. (2) An
enclosure used to regulate airflow and to absorb sound.

CLASS STANDARD – An established minimum performance level of fan aerodynamic performance in terms of
pressure and airflow rate.

COMPRESSIBILITY – The characteristic of air or a gas whereby its density is a function of pressure.

COMPRESSIBILITY COEFFICIENT – A thermodynamic coefficient used to correct the perfect gas equation when
applied to air or gas.

CONTINUOUS LINE (CONTINUOUS BLADE) – A term describing a louver constructed with blades that present
an uninterrupted horizontal or vertical line to complement or enhance architectural features.

CONTROLLABLE PITCH IMPELLER – An axial impeller having a mechanism by which the pitch angle of all the
impeller blades can be changed while the impeller is rotating.

CORE AREA – The front cross-sectional area (product of minimum width and minimum height) of the front opening
of a louver assembly with the blades removed.

CORE AREA VELOCITY – The airflow rate through a louver divided by its core area.

CORROSION RESISTANT – A term descriptive of materials or surface treatments that reduce corrosive attack.

COUNTERBALANCE – Weights or springs that offset the unbalanced weight of an eccentrically pivoted damper
blade.

COUNTERWEIGHT – An adjustable or variable weight used to offset (counterbalance) an eccentrically pivoted

damper blade.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

CRITICAL SPEED, FIRST – The rotational speed of a fan corresponding to the lowest natural frequency of the
rotating fan impeller and shaft assembly when mounted on rigid supports without benefit of damping.

CUT-OFF – A baffle or plate at the narrowest radial distance between the impeller and the housing near the outlet
of a centrifugal fan, and which directs air away from the impeller and minimizes recirculation of air.

CURB – A roof penetration with a raised perimeter to seal against the weather and to facilitate installation of roof
mounted ventilation equipment such as a fan or hood.

DECIBEL – A dimensionless number expressing, in logarithmic terms, a level of sound pressure or power.

DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of a gas, liquid, or solid.

DETERMINATION – The complete set of measurements for a particular point of operation for a product under test.
The measurements must be sufficient to determine all performance variables.

DIFFUSER – (1) A duct discharge termination through a ceiling for the control and discharge of air. (2) A gradual
transition of a duct, located at a fan outlet, which increases in cross sectional area and permits a portion of velocity
pressure to be regained as static pressure; also known as an evasé.

DISCHARGE ANGLE – (1) The angle formed by the plane of an opening and the direction of an air curtain. (2)
The angle of air or other gas flow exiting an impeller.

DISCHARGE NOZZLE – An air curtain unit component that directs and controls the airstream.

DISCHARGE NOZZLE DEPTH – The inside nozzle dimension perpendicular to both the direction of airflow and
the width of the airstream.

DISCHARGE NOZZLE WIDTH - The inside nozzle dimension perpendicular to the direction of airflow and parallel
to the width of the airstream.

DISCHARGE STATIC PRESSURE – See FAN STATIC PRESSURE

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE - Air temperature measured by a temperature-sensing device without modification to

compensate for the effect of humidity.

DRY-BULB THERMOMETER – An ordinary thermometer, especially one with an un-moistened bulb; not influenced
by atmospheric humidity.

DUCT – A passageway used primarily for conveying air or other gas at low pressure.

DUCTED FAN – A fan having ductwork connected to the fan inlet, the fan outlet, or both.

DYNAMIC SIMILARITY – A comparison that uses ratios of forces due to elasticity, viscosity, gravity, surface
tension, inertia and pressure to show equivalence between two similar fans. The variables compared are fan
Reynolds number, point of operation, compressibility, gas specific heat ratio, and tip speed Mach parameter.

EFFICIENCY – A ratio of the useful energy provided by a dynamic application to the energy supplied to the system
at a specific point of operation.

END REFLECTION – A phenomenon that occurs whenever sound is transmitted across an abrupt change in area,
such as from the end of a duct into a room. When end reflection occurs, some of the sound is reflected back into
the smaller area of the duct and does not escape into the room.

ENERGY FACTOR – The ratio of the total kinetic energy of airflow to the kinetic energy corresponding to the
average air velocity.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

EQUIVALENT DIAMETER – The diameter of a circle having the same area as another geometric shape. For a
rectangular cross-section having width (a) and height (b), the equivalent diameter is given by: De = (4ab/π)0.5

EXPLOSION-PROOF APPARATUS – Apparatus enclosed in a case that is capable of withstanding an explosion

of a specified gas or vapor which may occur within it, and of preventing the ignition of a specified gas or vapor
surrounding the enclosure by sparks, flashes, or explosion of the gas or vapor within, and which operates at such
an external temperature that a surrounding flammable atmosphere will not thereby be ignited.

EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE – see FAN STATIC PRESSURE RISE

EVASÉ – see DIFFUSER

EXPANSION JOINT (FLEXIBLE CONNECTOR) – A flexible member used to attach a fan inlet and/or outlet to a
connecting duct.

FACE AREA – The total cross-sectional area of an air curtain unit discharge, a damper, louver, or duct.

FAN – (1) A device that uses a power-driven rotating impeller to move air or gas. The internal energy increase
imparted by a fan to air or a gas is limited to 25 kJ/kg (10.75 BTU/lbm). (2) A device having a power-driven rotating
impeller, without a housing, for circulating air in a room.

FAN AIR (GAS) DENSITY – The density of air or gas corresponding to the total pressure, total temperature, and
composition of the air or gas at a fan inlet.

FAN AIRFLOW RATE – The volume airflow rate at a fan inlet at fan air density.

FAN APPURTENANCES – Accessories added to a fan for the purpose of control, isolation, safety, static pressure
regain, erosion protection, etc. Common appurtenances include inlet box(es), inlet box damper, variable inlet vane,
outlet damper, vibration isolation base, inlet screen, belt guard, evasé or diffuser, sound attenuator, erosion
protection, and turning gear.

FAN BOUNDARIES – Limits defining the interfaces between the fan and the remainder of the air system and
delineated as the planes perpendicular to the airstream as it enters and leaves a fan. Various appurtenances, such
as an inlet box, inlet vane, inlet cone, silencer, screen, rain hood, damper, evasé or diffuser, may be included as
part of a fan between the inlet and outlet boundaries.

FAN EFFICIENCY, STATIC – see FAN STATIC EFFICIENCY

FAN EFFICIENCY, TOTAL – see FAN TOTAL EFFICIENCY

FAN EQUIPMENT – An assembly of a fan and its various appurtenances, as defined by the fan boundaries.

FAN IMPELLER POWER – The power delivered to a fan impeller, specifically, the fan shaft power minus the
bearing loss.

FAN INLET – The plane perpendicular to an airstream where the airflow first meets the inlet cone or the inlet box
furnished by the fan manufacturer.

FAN INLET AREA – The gross inside area measured at the plane(s) of the inlet connection(s). For converging
inlets, the inlet area is considered to be a plane perpendicular to the airstream where it first meets the inlet cone.

FAN OUTLET – The plane perpendicular to the airstream at the outlet opening of the fan or the manufacturer-
supplied evasé or diffuser.

FAN OUTLET AREA – The gross inside area measured at the plane of the outlet opening. For a roof ventilator, it
is the gross impeller outlet area for centrifugal types or the gross housing area at the impeller for axial types.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

FAN PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS – The pressure rise (total or static) and the volume airflow rate
generated by a fan, and its power consumption at any given point of operation.

FAN POWER INPUT – The power required to drive a fan and any elements in the drive train.

FAN POWER OUTPUT – The useful power delivered to the air or a gas, and which is proportional to the product
of the fan airflow rate, the fan total pressure, and the compressibility coefficient.

FAN REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless parameter for judging dynamic similarity of flow in geometrically
similar fans, relating inertia to viscous forces, and given by:

Re = πND2ρ / 60μ

where: Re = fan Reynolds number, dimensionless

π = 3.14159…
N = fan rotational speed, rpm
D = tip diameter of impeller, m (ft)
ρ = inlet air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
μ = absolute viscosity, Pa•s (lbm/ft•s)

FAN SHAFT – The spindle on which a fan impeller is mounted, and upon which it rotates.

FAN SHAFT POWER – The power delivered to the input end of a fan shaft, exclusive of drive losses other than
that due to the fan or motor bearings, and fan shaft seal friction.

FAN SOUND POWER – The ratio of sound power, radiated into a standard test duct, to a reference value of
1.0 × 10-12 watts.

FAN ROTATIONAL SPEED – The rotating speed of a fan impeller, in revolutions per minute.

FAN STATIC EFFICIENCY – A parameter consisting of fan total efficiency multiplied by the ratio of static pressure
to total pressure, at a given point of operation.

FAN STATIC PRESSURE – At a given point of fan operation, the difference between fan total pressure and fan
velocity pressure; the difference between static pressure at fan outlet and total pressure at fan inlet.

FAN STATIC PRESSURE RISE – At a given point of fan operation, the increase in static pressure between fan
inlet and fan outlet.

FAN TOTAL EFFICIENCY – At a given point of fan operation, a ratio equal to the fan power output divided by the
power input to the fan.

FAN TOTAL PRESSURE – At a given point of fan operation, the difference between total pressure at fan outlet and
fan inlet.

FAN VELOCITY PRESSURE – The pressure corresponding to the average air velocity at a specified fan outlet.

FILTER – A device used to separate vibration on the basis of frequency.

FIXED PITCH – A term descriptive of an axial impeller having all blades permanently secured at a given pitch
angle.

FLASHING – A sheet metal strip placed at the junction of intersecting building surfaces to resist the entrance of
water.

FLOW RATE – The volume flow rate of a gas at a specific gas density.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

FOUNDATION STIFFNESS – The lateral spring constant of the foundation as referenced to the fan bearing
centerline. Factors to be considered include the foundation block, the sub-soil, piles, if any, the concrete pier
supporting the steel fan supports, and the interface between the steel supports and the concrete pier.

FREE AREA – The minimum louver or damper area through which air can pass.

FREE AREA VELOCITY – The airflow rate through a damper or louver divided by its free area.

FREE AIR – see FREE AIR DELIVERY

FREE AIR DELIVERY – That point of operation where a fan or an air curtain unit operates against zero static
pressure.

FREQUENCY – The number of complete cycles in a unit of time. When applied to sound, it is the number of
complete pressure wave fluctuations which pass a given point each second. For a time period of seconds, the unit
of measure is the Hertz (Hz).

GAS DENSITY – The mass per unit volume of air or gas.

GAUGE PRESSURE – The value of a pressure when the reference pressure is the barometric pressure at the point
of measurement.

GEOMETRIC SIMILARITY – A comparison of the ratio of corresponding dimensions of two fans, including angles,
each dimension proportioned to impeller diameter. The proportional dimensions include material thickness,
clearances, and roughness, as well as airflow passages.

GUIDE VANES – Curved stationary vanes (stator vanes) located at the impeller inlet or discharge to reduce swirl
and to enhance static pressure regain from the airflow.

HEAD – (1) The upper or highest frame member of a damper or louver. (2) Fluid pressure expressed in terms of
height of water column.

HOUSING – A stationary enclosure for an impeller, having an inlet and an outlet, and designed to direct the flow of
air through the impeller and towards the outlet. The housing may also affect the energy transformation of the
airstream.

HOUSING SIDEPLATE LINER – A narrow strip of steel, ceramic or synthetic material fastened to the sideplate of
a centrifugal fan housing at the intersection of the sideplate and the scroll, for the purpose of erosion protection.

HUB – The center portion of an impeller, by which the impeller is connected to its shaft, and through which the shaft
transmits torque to the impeller.

HYDRAULIC DIAMETER – A characteristic dimension in Reynolds number calculations, taken normal to the fluid
flow and equal to four times the cross-sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter.

IDENTICAL MODULES – A standard for performance comparison wherein two fans have identical aerodynamic
designs, including fan impeller diameter, impeller tip width, number of blades, blade pitch, blade arc, blade size,
scroll configuration and angle of expansion, rotational speed, distance to the next adjacent fan or barrier, and
essentially the same inlet and outlet conditions. Motor frame size and drive are be the same if these are within the
airstream.

IMPELLER – The assembled rotating component of a fan, designed to increase the energy level of the airstream.

INDEPENDENT ACCREDITED LABORATORY – With respect to the AMCA International Accredited Laboratory
Program, a laboratory not owned by or affiliated with an AMCA member company but which has been designated
as an Accredited Laboratory by the AMCA Board of Directors for the purpose of performing pre-certification
performance tests, performance check tests, and challenge tests.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

INLET BOX – A component, similar to a duct elbow, which can be added to the inlet of an axial or centrifugal fan
for the purpose of directing airflow into the fan inlet in line with the axis of the fan shaft.

INLET FLOW PROFILE – The shape of the air velocity profile just upstream of a fan inlet and which indicates
variation in airflow through a plane extending across the airflow passage.

INTERFERENCE FIT – A mating condition of two components wherein the limits of size are so specified that an
interference always results when the mating components are assembled; either a press fit or a shrink fit.

JACKSHAFT – (1) A separate shaft used to operate multiple louver or damper sections. (2) An intermediate shaft
between motor and fan impeller.

JAMB – The vertical frame member on either side of a damper or louver.

JOURNAL – The part of a rotor that is in contact with or supported by a bearing in which it revolves.

KINEMATIC SIMILARITY – A relationship between airflow systems requiring that the ratios of all corresponding
velocities be similar for two fans to be considered similar. This includes corresponding velocities of the air or gas
and corresponding peripheral velocities of the impellers. The directions and points of application of all
corresponding vectors must be identical.

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY – The viscosity of a fluid divided by its mass density.

LINKAGE – A system of bar links, pivots, and rotating members for the transfer of force and motion to louver and
damper blades.

MACH NUMBER – A ratio of fluid velocity to the speed of sound in the same fluid.

MAKE-UP AIR – Outside air that is brought into a building to replace exhaust air and building leakage (exfiltration),
or process exfiltration.

MASS AIRFLOW RATE – The mass of air that passes through a given area in unit time and is obtained by
multiplying the volumetric airflow rate by the air density.

MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS RATING – The maximum continuous airflow, pressure and temperature values at which
the fan is specified to operate.

MEASUREMENT PLANE – The radial plane in the test duct, generally perpendicular to the airflow, at which
measurement(s) is(are) obtained.

MECHANICAL RUN-OUT – The total actual variation in the location of a shaft surface during a complete revolution
as determined by a stationary measuring device such as a dial indicator.

MOTOR POWER – The power delivered from the output shaft of the motor.

MULLION – A frame support member between multiple section louvers or dampers.

NATURAL FREQUENCY – The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of external forces and
exhibits a maximum response to an external input.

NON-DUCTED FAN – A fan without ductwork connected to either its inlet or its outlet.

NOSE PIECE (REPLACEABLE) – A sacrificial metal, ceramic or synthetic material piece added to the leading
edge of an airfoil blade for the purpose of erosion protection.

NOZZLE – A flow-measuring device having a streamlined entrance and a sharp-edged outlet perpendicular to its
longitudinal axis. Airflow rate through a nozzle is proportional to the square root of the differential pressure across
the nozzle and the throat area of the nozzle.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

OCTAVE BAND – A range of frequencies between two end frequencies selected such that the center frequency is
twice the center frequency of the next lowest band.

ONE-THIRD OCTAVE BAND – A band of frequencies resulting from the division of an octave band into three
smaller bands.

OPPOSED BLADE DAMPER – A damper constructed such that adjacent blades rotate in opposite directions.

OUTLET VELOCITY – The average velocity of air emerging from an outlet, measured in the plane of the outlet.

OUTLET VELOCITY UNIFORMITY – A measure of test velocity variation equal to the standard deviation of
measured test velocities divided by the average of those test values, the ratio being subtracted from one (1.0).

PACKING – Sealing material used to minimize or eliminate leakage at the shaft penetration of a housing or frame.

PARALLEL BLADE DAMPER – A damper in which the blades rotate in the same direction.

PARTIAL BLADE LINER – A narrow piece of metal, ceramic or synthetic material located at the intersection of the
impeller blade and backplate or centerplate for erosion protection.

PEAK DESIGN TEMPERATURE – The maximum temperature at which a piece of equipment can operate for a
specific duration.

POINT OF OPERATION – The relative position on a fan or air curtain unit performance curve corresponding to a
particular airflow rate, pressure, power consumption, and efficiency.

POINT OF RATING – The specified fan operating point on its characteristic curve.

POWER RATING - The amount of power consumed by the drive motor(s) of the air curtain unit.

PRESSURE – (1) Force per unit area; (2) Stress per unit volume of a fluid, corresponding to the energy per unit
volume of a fluid.

PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL – Commonly, the change in static pressure across a device. The term is seldom if
ever associated with velocity pressure or total pressure.

PRESSURE DROP – Commonly, (1) The static pressure difference between two points in an airflow system, due
to frictional resistance along system walls, or in passing over or through an obstruction; (2) A measure of the
resistance to airflow across a device, which is expressed as the difference in static pressure across the device at
a specific rate of airflow. The term is seldom if ever associated with velocity pressure or total pressure.

PRESSURE LOSS – The change in total pressure due to friction and turbulence.

PRODUCT LINE – A product or series of product sizes with a common design purpose and generally similar
aerodynamic features, but not necessarily homologous, cataloged under the same product description or name
and/or identifying references.

PROPELLER – A bladed device (impeller) that rotates on a shaft to produce a useful thrust of air or gas in a
direction parallel with the shaft axis.

PSYCHROMETRIC – Pertaining to the measurement and determination of water vapor content in atmospheric air.

RACKING – The twisting of a frame out of its intended planar arrangement.

RATE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE – The increase or decrease in temperature per unit time.

RELATIVE ROUGHNESS FACTOR – The measurement of surface unevenness, from peaks to valleys, divided by
a dimension such as pipe diameter.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

RESONANCE – A condition of high vibration response that occurs when the frequency of an external driving force
approaches the natural frequency of the system.

RESONANT FREQUENCY – See NATURAL FREQUENCY

RESONANT SPEED, DESIGN – The calculated fan rotational speed corresponding to the lowest natural frequency
of the combined fan shaft in bending, considering the fan rotor, oil film, bearing housing, and bearing supports, but
excluding the effect of foundation stiffness.

RESONANT SPEED, INSTALLED – The calculated fan rotational speed corresponding to the lowest natural
frequency of the combined fan shaft in bending, considering the fan rotor, oil film, bearing housing, and bearing
supports, and including the effect of foundation stiffness.

REYNOLDS NUMBER – A dimensionless number representing the ratio of internal forces to viscous forces at a
particular point of a fluid in motion. Its value is calculated as: the fluid’s density times the flow velocity at the point
of interest, multiplied by a characteristic length, and the product divided by the fluid’s viscosity.

Re = ρ (VD / μ) = (VD / ν )

where: Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless

ρ = inlet air density, kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)
V = Velocity of air, m/s (ft/s)
D = Diameter, m (ft)
μ = absolute viscosity, Pa•s (lbm/ft•s)
ν = kinematic viscosity, m2/s (ft2/s)

ROTOR – An assembly consisting of a fan impeller mounted on its shaft.

SAMPLING TUBE – A windscreen tube designed for minimum sensitivity to airflow noise, and designed to be
attached to a standard 13 mm (0.5 in.) microphone.

SCROLL LINER – A metal, ceramic or synthetic material piece attached to a fan scroll for the purpose of erosion
protection.

SEAL AIR – (1) Air introduced into the air chamber of an isolation damper at a pressure higher than that of gases
either upstream or downstream, to prevent passage of duct gas across the enclosed damper space. (2)
Pressurized air introduced into a shaft seal chamber to function as a leakage barrier to process gas. (3)
Pressurized air introduced into a housing around a furnace to prevent the escape of products of combustion.

SEATING TORQUE - The amount of torque required to compress the seals or hold the louver or damper blades in
the closed position.

SEISMIC QUALIFICATION – Documentation supplied with an item of equipment that substantiates the ability of
the equipment to withstand the effects of an earthquake of specified magnitude.

SHAFT – A cylindrical piece of metal, usually solid, that is used to support a rotating part such as a fan impeller,
and transmit torque to the supported component.

SHAFT SEAL – A device that creates a barrier over the circumference of a fan shaft or damper axle for the purpose
of limiting or preventing the passage of air or gas across the barrier.

SHALL and SHOULD – In this and other AMCA standards, the word shall is understood to be mandatory, and the
word should as advisory.

SHUT-OFF – That point of fan operation where the airflow rate is zero.

SHUTTER – See BACKDRAFT DAMPER

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

SILL – The bottom or lowest frame member of a louver or damper.

SIMILARITY – A ratio used to compare a given characteristic of two fans; when equated to unity, similarity is said
to exist for that characteristic. The ratios considered may be for dynamic, geometric, and/or kinematic
characteristics

SKEWING – The deviation of a frame from rectangularity or from a straight line.

SONE – (1) A unit of loudness corresponding to the loudness of a sound at a frequency of 1000 Hz and a sound
pressure of 0.02 microbar (40 dB); (2) A linear unit of sound loudness based on the perception of the average
human ear.

SOUND – An auditory sensation produced by the vibration of matter that results in propagation by variation of
pressure, particle displacement or density through an elastic medium.

SOUND ATTENUATION - See ATTENUATION

SOUND POWER LEVEL – The acoustic power rating of a sound source measured in decibels and equal to ten
times the logarithm (base 10) of the acoustic power in watts with reference to 1 × 10-12 watts.

SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL – The acoustic pressure at a point in space where a microphone or a listener’s ear
is situated. One decibel (dB) of sound pressure is defined as 20 times the logarithm (base 10) of the sound
pressure fluctuation with reference to 0.0002 microbars (20 micropascals).

SPECIFIC HEAT – The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of any
substance one degree to that amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a standard
substance one degree (usually water at 15°C (59°F)).

SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE – The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of a substance one degree at constant pressure.

SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT VOLUME - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass
of a substance one degree at constant volume.

SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO – The numeric ratio of the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that of the same
gas at constant volume.

STALL LIMIT – That point near the peak of an axial fan’s pressure curve (for a particular blade angle) that
corresponds to the minimum airflow at which the fan can be operated without instability.

STANDARD AIR – Air having a density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3), a specific heat ratio of 1.4, a viscosity of 1.819
× 10-5 Pa•s (1.222 × 10-5 lbm/ft-s) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (406.78 in. wg). Air at 20°C (68°F),
50% relative humidity, and 101.325 kPa (29.92 in. Hg) has these properties, approximately.

STANDARD AIR DENSITY – A density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbm/ft3), corresponding approximately to air at 20°C
(68°F), 50% relative humidity, and 101.325 kPa (29.92 in. Hg).

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – A reference pressure (assumed to be at sea level) defined by the
International Civil Aeronautics Organization (ICAO) as 101.325 kPa. In I-P units the corresponding values are
14.696 psi or 29.921 in. Hg at 32°F.

SCFM (STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE) – The volume airflow rate through a plane of measurement,
corrected to standard air density of 0.075 lbm/ft3.

SCMS (STANDARD CUBIC METERS PER SECOND) - The volume airflow rate through a plane of measurement,
corrected to standard air density of 1.2 kg/m3.

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 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

START-OPEN PRESSURE – The differential pressure across a backdraft or pressure relief damper at which the
blades begin to rotate towards the open position.

STATIC PRESSURE – That portion of air pressure that exists by degree of compression only.

STATIC REGAIN – (1) The conversion of velocity pressure at a small area into static pressure at a larger area by
slowing the gas or air velocity by means of a diffuser or an evasé; (2) The amount of static pressure gained by
conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure.

STATIC TEMPERATURE – The temperature that exists by virtue of the internal energy of the air alone. If a portion
of the energy is converted to kinetic energy, the static temperature is decreased accordingly.

STOP – An angle or rigid strip used to close the gap between a blade edge and frame at the top and bottom of a
damper or a louver.

SUB-FRAME (BUCKFRAME) – A frame installed in a wall opening to facilitate the mounting or removal of a louver.

SUB-SILL (EXTENDED SILL) – A shaped metal flashing installed at the bottom of a wall opening to facilitate water
drainage.

SURGE LIMIT – A point near the peak of a centrifugal fan’s performance pressure curve that defines the minimum
airflow rate at which a fan can be operated without instability.

SYSTEM EFFECT FACTOR – A decrease in fan performance capability, observed as a pressure loss that results
from the effect of fan inlet restrictions / obstructions, fan outlet restrictions or other conditions influencing the
performance of the fan when it is installed in a system.

SYSTEM PRESSURE LOSSES – The sum of the static pressure losses due to friction, shock, dissipation of
velocity pressure at the system discharge and the static pressure differences between the entry and discharge
openings of an air system. System pressure losses are total pressure losses.

TEMPERATURE, DESIGN – The minimum or maximum temperature at which a fan or damper can be continuously
operated.

TEMPERATURE, DESIGN AIR – (1) That air temperature at which a heating, ventilating or air conditioning system
or apparatus is designed to maintain (indoor design) or to operate against (outdoor design). Outdoor design
temperature is usually give for both minimum and maximum conditions. (2) The maximum and/or minimum gas
temperature for specification of process control equipment.

TEMPERATURE, OPERATING – The air temperature in the fan under actual normal operating conditions.

TERMINATING DUCT – Where a fan under test for sound and equipped with both inlet and outlet ducts, one duct
contains the sound pressure measurement device. The duct on the opposite side may be equipped with an
anechoic termination and is known as the terminating duct.

TEST – A series of determinations for various points of operation of a fan, damper, louver, airflow measurement
station or air curtain unit.

TEST BLOCK – The operating test point above and beyond the Maximum Continuous Rating that demonstrates
the fan margin to the customer.

TEST DUCT – (1) A duct section of prescribed length that is defined originally in ANSI/AMCA 210 (and
subsequently in AMCA standards 500-D and 500-L), and which is used to control and measure airflow rate and
pressure. (2) A duct that functions as the sound measurement section and has an anechoic termination.

TIP SPEED – The peripheral velocity at the tips of a fan impeller.

20
 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

TIP SPEED MACH PARAMETER – A dimensionless number expressing the ratio of a fan impeller’s peripheral
velocity to the local velocity of sound at the fan inlet.

TOTAL PRESSURE – The air pressure that exists by virtue of the degree of compression and rate of motion of
flowing air. It is equal to the algebraic sum of the velocity pressure and the static pressure at a point. Thus, if the
air is at rest, the total pressure will equal the static pressure.

TOTAL TEMPERATURE – The temperature that exists by virtue of the internal and kinetic energy of the air. If the
air is at rest, the total temperature will equal the static temperature.

TORSIONAL CRITICAL SPEED – The fan rotational speed that corresponds to the natural frequency in torsion of
its power transmission system, including driver, drive train components, and the fan rotor.

TURNING GEAR – An intermittent fan drive arrangement consisting of a motor, a speed reducer, and a
unidirectional engagement clutch fastened to the outboard end of a fan shaft or motor shaft through a flexible
coupling. The turning gear rotates the complete rotating assembly at a low speed to prevent distortion in the rotor
assembly due to uneven cooling. The turning gear may be sized to have the capability of starting the main rotor.
Axial fans generally do not require a turning gear.

VANE – (1) A stationary curved surface used to straighten or direct airflow, (2) A flat or curved surface that can be
rotated about an axis to direct airflow.

VARIABLE PITCH IMPELLER – An axial impeller having a mechanism or mechanisms by which the pitch angle
of each impeller blade can be changed while the impeller is at rest.

VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – AXIAL – A parameter characterizing air velocity distortion within a
measuring plane at a constant radius in a circular duct, and in a direction parallel to the fan shaft centerline in a
rectangular duct. It is expressed as a percentage of the mean velocity of the air at the fan inlet

VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – INLET FLOW – An indicator of the variation in the airflow field at the
inlet plane of a fan. It is calculated by applying the principle of standard deviation, using velocity measurements
taken in a matrix form in a transverse plane across the flow field and expressed as a percentage of the mean
velocity of the air at the fan inlet.

VELOCITY DISTORTION PARAMETER – TRANSVERSE – A parameter characterizing the air velocity distortion
within a measuring plane in a radial direction for a circular duct and at a right angle to the fan shaft in a rectangular
duct. It is expressed as a percentage of the mean velocity of the air at the fan inlet.

VELOCITY PRESSURE – That portion of air pressure that exists by virtue of rate of motion only.

VELOCITY PROFILE – A graphic presentation of the distribution of velocities, shown parallel to the general
direction of flow, in a moving fluid.

VELOCITY PROJECTION – The average core velocity at several distances from a discharge nozzle of an air
curtain unit.

VIBRATION – The continuing periodic motion of an elastic system having properties of amplitude, frequency, and
phase, with values generally reported as displacement, velocity, or acceleration.

VISCOSITY – A proportionality factor relating the shearing stress to a unit rate of change in the velocity of the
flowing gas or liquid. Also known as ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY or DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, depending on whether the
value is defined in terms of force or terms of mass.

VOLUME AIRFLOW RATE – The volume of air that passes through a given area in unit time.

VOLUTE - See HOUSING

21
 AMCA Standard 99-0066-01

WAVELENGTH – In a wave, the distance between two adjacent points that have the same phase. For sound
waves, wavelength is determined by dividing the speed of sound in the medium through which the wave
propagates by the frequency of the sound.

WET-BULB DEPRESSION – The difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures at the same location.

WET-BULB TEMPERATURE – The temperature measured by a temperature sensor covered by a water-

moistened wick and exposed to air in motion. When properly measured, wet-bulb temperature is a close
approximation of the temperature of adiabatic saturation.

WET-BULB THERMOMETER – A thermometer having a sensing bulb covered with cloth, usually muslin or
cambric, and saturated with water.

WHEEL – See IMPELLER

WIND-MILLING – The reverse-direction rotation of a fan rotor due to a flow of natural air into the fan housing when
the fan driver is not energized.

22
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

The AMCA Vocabulary: Product Definitions

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on August 6, 2003

ABRASION RESISTANT FAN (or DAMPER) - A fan or damper designed to minimize abrasion, having parts
subject to wear constructed of materials that are abrasion resistant and/or are easily replaceable.

ACOUSTICAL DUCT SILENCER – An air duct section containing sound absorbing materials that reduce the
transmission of sound through the air passage.

ACOUSTICAL LOUVER - A louver incorporating sound absorbing material to reduce sound transmission across
an opening.

ADJUSTABLE LOUVER - A louver in which the blades may be rotated either manually or mechanically.

AIR CURTAIN UNIT – An air moving device that produces a curtain of air.

AIR DIFFUSER - A duct discharge termination located in a ceiling and arranged to direct airflow, or to promote air
mixing.

AIRFLOW MEASUREMENT STATION - A multiple-point sensing device used to measure the airflow in a duct and
which consists of a single or multiple array of sensors in permanent position across the duct system.

1. DIFFERENTIAL (VELOCITY) PRESSURE OUTPUT TYPE - Converts air velocity into a differential
(velocity) pressure signal which correlates to the velocity or volume of air flowing through a duct.

2. ELECTRONIC OUTPUT TYPE - Converts air velocity into an electronic signal that correlates directly and
proportionally to the velocity of the air volume flowing through a duct.

AIR-HANDLING UNIT - A packaged assembly of air-conditioning components (coils, filters, fan, humidifier, and so
forth) that provides for treatment of air before it is distributed.
1. BLOW-THROUGH – Fan is mounted upstream of a heat exchanger.
2. CENTRAL STATION – Does not include a source of heating or cooling.
3. COOLING – Includes a means for cooling air.
4. COOLING – HEATING – Includes the means for both heating and cooling air.
5. DRAW-THROUGH – Heat exchanger(s) are mounted upstream of the fan.
6. HEATING – Includes a means for heating air.

AXIAL FAN - A fan in which the airflow is predominately parallel to the impeller’s axis of rotation.

BACKDRAFT DAMPER - A damper which, when mounted in a duct or opening, permits airflow in one direction
only.

BALANCING DAMPER - A damper used to regulate the airflow in an air system.

BAROMETRIC DAMPER - A backdraft damper having an adjustable start-open pressure and used for gravity
ventilation or other low velocity applications.

BATH FAN – A fan used to exhaust air from a bathing / toilet area for the primary purpose of moisture and/or odor
removal.

BIFURCATED FAN - A direct-driven fan having the airstream-mounted drive motor separated from the airstream
by means of a compartment or tunnel.

23
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

BLAST DAMPER – A damper that reacts to sudden pressure changes in an air system, to either relieve the air
pressure, or to isolate a space from the rapid pressure rise.

BLOWER – A fan that operates against air system resistance downstream of the fan; a Forced Draft Fan.

BOX FAN – A fan used in an office or residential application and having the motor and impeller enclosed in an
approximately square box having a handle.

CAST-IRON VOLUME FAN – A fan having a housing made of cast iron.

CENTRIFUGAL CEILING/WALL EXHAUSTER – A factory-assembled fan consisting of one or more centrifugal

impellers connected to a motor and enclosed in a housing; usually including an inlet grille and a backdraft damper,
and intended for installation in a ceiling or a wall.

CEILING DAMPER - A device intended to protect an air duct opening in a fire-rated ceiling assembly and which
operates to interrupt airflow automatically in the event of fire to restrict the passage of flame and heat.

CEILING EXHAUST FAN - A fan mounted in a ceiling and which serves to exhaust air from a room.

CEILING FAN - A propeller fan supported from a ceiling and which serves to circulate air within a given space; also
known as an air circulation fan.

CENTRIFUGAL FAN - A fan in which a gas, such as air, is moving in a primarily axial direction upon entering the
impeller and has its direction changed by the impeller blades to an essentially radial flow at the impeller discharge.
The impeller is generally contained in a volute housing

CIRCULATING FAN - A fan used for moving air within a space, and which is unconnected to any ducting, and is
usually without a housing.

COMBINATION LOUVER-DAMPER - A louver having both stationary and eccentrically pivoted movable blades
that can be opened and closed.

COMBUSTION AIR BLOWER – A centrifugal fan that serves to supply pressurized air to a burner system
combusting gas, oil, or other fuel.

CONTRA-ROTATING FAN - An axial flow fan having two impellers arranged in series and rotating in opposite
directions.

CONVEYING FAN - A fan suitable for conveying solids (e.g., wood chips, textile waste, pulverized material, or
dust).

CORROSION RESISTANT FAN – A fan having an impeller and housing constructed of materials that resist
corrosion, or having airstream or exterior components surface-treated to minimize the corrosive effect of certain
chemicals or compounds.

CROSS-FLOW FAN - A fan in which the fluid path though the impeller is in a direction substantially at right angles
to its axis with air both entering and leaving radially at its periphery.

DAMPER – A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an opening, duct or confined cross-section by
varying the cross-sectional area.

DESTRATIFICATION FAN - An air circulation fan located in a room to move warm air from the ceiling downward
or to mix air in a given space.

DOWNDRAFT FAN – An exhaust fan that serves to remove heated air and moisture by inducing air to flow down
to a fan inlet located below a cooking surface.

DUST FAN - A fan that serves to extract dust-laden air.

24
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

ELECTRIC AIR HEATER – A space heater having electric resistance elements as the heat source and a fan for
the circulation of heated air.

EVAPORATIVE COOLER – An assembly consisting of a fan or fans and other necessary equipment to cool by
evaporation the airflow created by the fan(s).

FACE-AND-BYPASS DAMPER – A pair of dampers that operate together but with opposite motion, to direct an
airstream either through or around a heat transfer device.

FIRE DAMPER - A device arranged to interrupt airflow automatically through part of an air system so as to restrict
the passage of flame, and installed in a fire-related wall or floor to close automatically in the event of a fire in order
to maintain the integrity of the fire-rated separation.

FIXED LOUVER - A louver having immovable blades.

FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION FAN - An additional induced draft fan placed in series with and downstream of
an induced draft fan to overcome losses of retrofit air pollution control devices.

FORCED DRAFT FAN – A high pressure / high volume fan used to supply primary and secondary combustion air
to a furnace / boiler and its exhaust system. See also: COMBUSTION AIR BLOWER and BLOWER.

GAS RECIRCULATION FAN – An induced draft fan used to redirect boiler gases through the furnace,
superheaters, economizers and to overcome losses in connecting ductwork

GAS TIGHT FAN (DAMPER) – A fan or damper constructed with seals and gaskets at all housing penetrations to
minimize gas leakage through the housing and appurtenances.

GENERAL PURPOSE FAN - A fan suitable for handling clean air that does not exceed a temperature of 80°C
(176°F), or 40°C (104°F) if the motor or the fan bearings are in the airstream.

GOGGLE DAMPER – A damper having a single sliding blade that has a cut-out opening matching the inside
dimension of the duct to which it is attached. The blade slides in tracks and may be positioned to either allow or
restrict the passage of air or gas.

GRAVITY ROOF VENTILATOR - A roof mounted hood or louvered penthouse that uses the difference in air density
or internal building pressurization to vent air into or out of a building.

GRILLE - A perforated or bladed covering for an air inlet or outlet.

GUILLOTINE DAMPER - A damper used for isolation purposes and having a blade or blades that are withdrawn
from the duct area when the damper is fully open.

GUILLOTINE DAMPER, DOUBLE-BLADE - A guillotine damper having two parallel blades, the space between
them capable of being pressurized to prevent duct gas leakage across the space between the blades when the
damper is in the closed position.

HAZARDOUS LOCATION FAN (DAMPER) - A fan or damper equipped with electrical equipment having
enclosures tested as suitable to contain internal combustion without ignition of atmospheres external to the
enclosures. The fan or damper itself is of spark resistant construction.

HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATOR – A fan-powered assembly utilizing a heat exchanger or heat recovery
material(s) to transfer energy from exhaust air to replacement air.

HEAVY DUTY DAMPER – A channel frame air control device intended to be fastened between flanged duct
sections and constructed to withstand the elevated temperatures, pressures and contaminated gas flows of
industrial processes.

HIGH PRESSURE FAN – A fan serving to supply air to an industrial process at relatively low airflow and relatively
high pressure.
25
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

HOT GAS FAN - A fan constructed of materials capable of operating continuously at elevated temperature

INDUCED DRAFT FAN – A high pressure fan located downstream of a boiler/furnace which draws air or induces
products of combustion from the boiler and discharges them through the exhaust system; any fan which induces
airflow into the fan inlet.

INDUSTRIAL FAN – A fan constructed of materials capable of withstanding the elevated temperatures, pressures
and contaminated gas flows of industrial processes.

INLET VANE (RADIAL) DAMPER – A round damper intended for installation at or in a fan inlet and which controls
and/or pre-swirls air entering the fan impeller. The damper blades are mounted radially and operate in parallel.
The cylindrical (external) type has a sleeve or channel frame that allows mounting directly to the exterior of a fan
inlet. The cone (nested) type has blades supported by the centrifugal fan inlet cone. Either type may be
constructed such that the blades are cantilevered from the outer attachment or are in addition supported by a
center hub that may itself contain the operating mechanism.

IN-LINE FAN – A fan designed to be mounted between duct sections with air inlet and outlet being in an axial
direction.

ISOLATION DAMPER - A low leakage damper intended to regulate or stop the airflow in branches of a duct
system.

ISOLATION DAMPER, MAN-SAFE – A damper containing an isolating system to seal off flue gases so that men
without breathing apparatus or other special equipment may safely enter the isolated section.

JET FAN - A fan mounted at the ceiling of a vehicular tunnel and which induces airflow by entrainment of air with
that streaming from the fan outlet.

KITCHEN FAN – A centrifugal or axial fan located in a kitchen area and which serves to exhaust heat and moisture.

LOUVER - A device comprising multiple blades which, when mounted in an opening, permits airflow but inhibits the
entrance of water or other elements.

MAKE-UP AIR UNITS - A packaged assembly consisting of a heat source and fan(s) serving to supply fresh,
tempered, replacement air for that exhausted from a building.

MATERIAL HANDLING FAN - see CONVEYING FAN

MECHANICAL DRAFT FAN – A generic term of classification applying to any of the fans used in a furnace or boiler
system, including Forced Draft, Induced Draft, Primary Air, Overfire Air, Gas Recirculation, Seal Air, and Flue Gas
Desulfurization fans.

MIXED FLOW FAN - A fan in which the airflow through the impeller is intermediate between the centrifugal and
axial flow types, the air moving both axially and radially.

MULTI-STAGE FAN - A fan having two or more impellers that work in series, with guide (stator) vanes between the
impellers.

NON-CLOGGING FAN - A fan having an impeller designed to minimize clogging by virtue of its shape or by use of
special materials. The fan may also incorporate other features to allow use of cleaning sprays and to facilitate the
removal of any resulting materials.

OVERFIRE AIR FAN – A fan that serves to deliver additional (excess) air downstream of the fuel burners in a boiler
for the purpose of improving combustion.

PACKAGED FAN – see UTILITY SET

PARTITION FAN - A fan installed in or on a partition and used for moving air from one air space to another.

26
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

PASSIVE THROUGH-THE-WALL INLET – A device mounted in an outside wall of a building and which serves to
allow the entrance of ambient air to replace that which has been exhausted.

PEDESTAL FAN – A propeller fan intended for mounting on a stand having a base and column.

PENTHOUSE - A roofed structure incorporating louvers or louver blades in all or part of the walls and usually
located on the roof of a building.

PLENUM FAN - A fan having an un-housed centrifugal impeller that draws air into the impeller through an inlet
located in a barrier wall, and having a driver located on the same side of the barrier as the impeller.

PLUG FAN – A fan having an un-housed impeller arranged such that the system into which it is inserted may act
as a housing, allowing air to be drawn into impeller inlet, and constructed such that the driver is located outside the
duct system

PORTABLE PERSONNEL COOLER – A type of air circulator fan having the impeller and motor enclosed in a
common safety-guarded housing that is mounted on wheels or casters and which serves primarily to provide
cooling for personnel.

POSITIVE PRESSURE VENTILATOR – A portable fan that can be positioned relative to an opening of a confined
space and cause it to be positively pressurized by discharge air velocity. It is principally used by firefighters to
mitigate the effect of smoke and is also used to assist in inflating hot air balloons.

POWER ATTIC VENTILATOR – A fan used to exhaust air from an attic.

POWER GENERATION FAN – see MECHANICAL DRAFT FAN

POWER ROOF/WALL VENTILATOR (PRV) - A fan consisting of a centrifugal or axial impeller with an integral
driver in a weather-resistant housing and with a base designed to fit, usually by means of a curb, over a wall or
roof opening.

PRESSURE BLOWER (TURBO BLOWER) - see HIGH PRESSURE FAN

PRESSURE RELIEF DAMPER – A type of backdraft damper having an adjustable start-to-open pressure and
which is capable of maintaining a relatively constant pressure at various airflows and which closes upon a decrease
in differential pressure.

PRIMARY AIR FAN – see COMBUSTION AIR FAN

PROPELLER FAN - An axial fan having an impeller comprised of symmetrical and equally spaced blades
extending radially from a central hub and which is mounted in an orifice plate or ring.

RANGE HOOD – A hood located above a range, stove, grill, or oven and which serves to exhaust hot air, fumes
or moisture directly to a building’s exterior or through filtering media for discharge back into the room.

REGISTER - A grille equipped with an integral damper or control valve.

REVERSIBLE AXIAL-FLOW FAN - An axial fan capable of changing impeller rotation so that air may be moved in
either direction along the fan’s axis of rotation.

SEAL AIR FAN – (1) A fan that serves to pressurize an enclosure around a furnace or boiler to prevent the escape
of burned gases into ambient air. (2) A fan supplying air to a shaft seal chamber as a leakage barrier to process
gas. (3) A fan supplying air to the chamber of an isolation damper to prevent the passage of duct gases across
the enclosed space.

SIGHT-PROOF LOUVER - A louver that cannot be seen through from any direction.

27
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-0068-03

SMOKE (LEAKAGE RATED) DAMPER - A damper intended to: (1) restrict the spread of smoke in HVAC systems
that are designed to be automatically shut down in the event of a fire or (2) control the movement of smoke when
the HVAC system is operational in a building having a smoke management system.

SMOKE MANAGEMENT FAN (SMOKE VENTILATION FAN) – A fan that serves to exhaust smoke and heated air
from a building and which may be certified to remain operable after exposure to a given temperature for a given
duration.

SPARK RESISTANT FAN (or DAMPER) - A fan or damper constructed to reduce the potential for spark generation
when the airstream is potentially explosive.

STATIC VENTILATING DEVICE – A device that passively exhausts air from a building by venting.

TABLE FAN – An air circulator fan intended for use on a desk, table or counter top; it may also be provided with
the means for being mounted to a wall.

TEMPERATURE CONTROL DAMPERS – A pair of dampers intended to be operated together to provide a total
airflow at a given temperature. Two different airflows are regulated by simultaneous damper adjustments.

TUBE AXIAL FAN - An axial flow fan with the impeller in a cylindrical housing and without guide vanes to straighten
the discharged air.

TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN - A fan having a centrifugal impeller within a cylindrical housing discharging the
air in an axial direction.

UTILITY SET - A centrifugal fan designed as a packaged unit, ready to run, either belt-driven or directly connected
to an electric motor.

VANE AXIAL FAN - A fan comprised of an axial impeller in a cylindrical housing having guide vanes located
upstream or downstream of the impeller, or both.

VENTILATOR - A device that serves to supply air into or exhaust air from a building.

VOLUME CONTROL DAMPER - A device which, when mounted in a duct or opening, is used to vary the volume
of air flowing through the duct or opening and which can be operated manually or mechanically, and can have one
or more blades.

WET GAS FAN - A fan that serves to move air that contains particles of water.

WHOLE-HOUSE FAN – A fan mounted in the ceiling or attic wall of a house and from which it serves to exhaust
air and which incorporates a backdraft damper.

28
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

The AMCA Vocabulary: Symbols

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

A area of cross section m2 ft2

A duct width m ft

Ae area-orifice equivalent to system m2 ft2

Ao area-nozzle with no loss m2 ft2

ah absolute humidity, (mass)H20 / (mass)dry air kg/kg lbm/lbm

B minimum distance between the sill and bottom blade mm in.

B duct height m ft

BPF blade pass frequency Hz Hz

BW band width Hz Hz

b flow-induced absorption coefficient dB dB

C dynamic loss coefficient --- ---

C combined free field response correction dB dB

C nozzle discharge coefficient --- ---

C minimum distance between adjacent blades mm in.

Cm constant for tip speed Mach number --- ---

Cn nozzle discharge coefficient --- ---

Cp specific heat at constant pressure J/kg-K Btu/lbm-ºF

Cv specific heat at constant volume J/kg-K Btu/lbm-ºF

C1 free field microphone correction response dB dB

C2 frequency response correction of sampling tube dB dB

(normal incidence)

C3 flow velocity correction for frequency response dB dB

required by sampling tube

C4 modal correction for the frequency response dB dB

required by sampling tube

29
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

c speed of sound m/s ft/s

D diameter of duct or impeller m ft

De equivalent diameter m ft

De/y ratio of straightener cell size (dia. to thickness of cell) --- ---

Dh hydraulic diameter m ft

DI diameter of intermediate duct m ft

DT diameter of terminating duct m ft

DVM digital voltmeter --- ---

D1-6 diameters along anechoic termination --- ---

d orifice diameter m ft

dBA estimated sound pressure level at a location --- ---

using "A" weighing network

E energy factor --- ---

E system resistance curve --- ---

Ei1-in duct inlet end correction dB dB

Eo1-on duct outlet end correction dB dB

Ev volts, direct current, output signal Vdc Vdc

of thermal flow sensor

e orifice plate end reflection dB dB

eper permissible specific unbalance μm or (g•mm)kg in. or (lb in.)/lb

ex per unit uncertainty in x --- ---

F beam load kg lbf

FLA full load amps amps amps

f coefficient of friction --- ---

f frequency Hz Hz

fc cut-off frequency Hz Hz

G water volume flow rate L/s gpm

G balance quality grade --- ---

30
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

g acceleration due to gravity m/s2 ft/s2

H fan power input kW hp

H actual louver height mm in.

Ha air power of air curtain kW hp

HL power transmission loss kW hp

Hm power input to motor kW hp

Hmo motor power output kW hp

Ho fan power output kW hp

Hr fan impeller power kW hp

Hsr fan shaft power kW hp

H/T axial fan hub-to-tip ratio --- ---

I index in transverse direction for velocity matrix --- ---

j index in axial direction for velocity matrix --- ---

K system effect factor --- ---

K loss coefficient relevant to a specific damper --- ---

design sample

KE friction chart correction factor for elevation --- ---

KM friction chart correction factor for roughness --- ---

Kp compressibility coefficient --- ---

KT friction chart correction factor for temperature --- ---

kW kilowatts, electric power kW kW

L length m ft

L minimum distance between louver jambs mm in.

Le equivalent length of straightener m ft

Lm average sound level from multiplexing six duct dB dB

stations or continuous circular traverses

ΔLmax maximum difference of microphone dB dB

readings (nose cone - sampling tube)

Lp sound pressure level re: 20 μPa dB dB

31
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

Lp average sound pressure level at the measuring plane dB dB

Lpmax maximum sound pressure level within the measuring

duct dB dB

Lpmin minimum sound pressure level within the measuring

duct dB dB

Lp1,pn corrected sound pressure level of the fan dB dB

Lp1-p6 sound pressure levels at each of six stations dB dB

in the test duct

Lpb1,pbn recorded sound pressure level of room background dB dB

as measured over the normal microphone path

Lpm1,pmn recorded sound pressure level of fan and room dB dB

background as measured over the normal
microphone path

LpNC corrected sound pressure level with nose cone dB dB

Lpq1,pqn corrected sound pressure level of reference sound

source dB dB

Lpqm1,pqmn recorded sound pressure level of RSS and room dB dB

background as measured over the normal
microphone path

LpST corrected sound pressure level with the sampling tube dB dB

ΔLt turbulence noise suppression value dB dB

Lw sound power level, re: 1 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LwA sound power level of fan (A-weighted; for dB dB

each band or summarized)

LWA sound power level, A-weighted, re: 1 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWF capacity fraction, re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWG generalized sound power level, re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWi sound power level at the inlet, re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWiA sound power level at the inlet, A-weighted, dB dB

re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts

LW1,Wn total sound power of the test fan dB dB

LWi1,Win sound power transmitted to the inlet duct of the fan dB dB

32
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

LWK specific sound power level, re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWmi measured sound power level from the inlet, dB dB

re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts

Lwmi1,wmin measured sound power at the open inlet of a fan dB dB

LWmo measured sound power level from the outlet, dB dB

re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts

Lwmo1,wmon measured sound power at the open outlet of a fan dB dB

LWo sound power level at the outlet, re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts dB dB

LWoA sound power level at the outlet, A-weighted, dB dB

re: 1.0 × 10-12 watts

LWr1,Wrn sound power level rating of the reference sound source dB dB

LWo1,Won sound power transmitted to the outlet duct of the fan dB dB

Lx,x' length of duct between planes x and x' m ft

L1-5 lengths along anechoic termination m ft

l length of moment arm mm in.

la output signal of thermal flow sensor mAdc mAdc

M Mach number --- ---

M chamber dimension m ft

M rotor mass kg ---(see W)

Mt tip speed Mach parameter --- ---

N rotational speed rev/min. rev/min.

NLA no-load amps A A

NPH nameplate power kW hp

NPV nameplate volts V V

n number of readings --- ---

P pressure Pa in. wg

ΔP pressure differential or pressure drop across Pa in. wg

device being tested

ΔPc pressure drop of combined dampers Pa in. wg

33
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

PL plane of measurement --- ---

ΔPn pressure differential across nozzle Pa in. wg

ΔPn pressure drop of damper "n" Pa in. wg

Ps static pressure or fan static pressure Pa in. wg

ΔPs pressure loss across damper Pa in. wg

ΔPs fan static pressure rise Pa in. wg

ΔPs static pressure regain from diffuser/evasé Pa in. wg

Psx static pressure at plane x Pa in. wg

Pt total pressure or fan total pressure Pa in. wg

ΔPt total pressure loss due to friction Pa in. wg

Ptx total pressure at plane x Pa in. wg

Pv velocity pressure or fan velocity pressure Pa in. wg

Pvx fan velocity pressure or velocity at plane x Pa in. wg

ΔPx-x' pressure differential between planes x and x' Pa in. wg

p atmospheric pressure kPa in. Hg

pb corrected barometric pressure kPa in. Hg

pe saturated vapor pressure at tw kPa in. Hg

pp partial vapor pressure kPa in. Hg

px absolute pressure at plane x kPa in. Hg

Q airflow rate or fan airflow rate m3/s cfm

Q directivity factor --- ---

Qd tested device airflow rate m3/s ft3/min

Qi interpolated airflow rate m3/s ft3/min

Qr test reference airflow rate m3/s ft3/min

Qx airflow rate at plane x m3/s ft3/min

R gas constant J/kg-K ft-lb/lbm-ºR

R room constant m2 ft2

34
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

R reflection constant --- ---

Re Reynolds Number; Fan Reynolds Number --- ---

RSS reference sound source --- ---

r radius m ft

r ratio of duct area to orifice area --- ---

r index in the radial direction in the measuring plane --- ---

r radial distance from test duct centerline to m ft

sampling tube location

rh relative humidity % %

S area or areas of test duct m2 ft2

S aspect parameter --- ---

S total loudness index sone sone

SEF system effect factor --- ---

SF outlet or inlet area of fan m2 ft2

SR system resistance factor m4 ft4

sm maximum octave band loudness index sone sone

T number of grid velocity measurements in the --- ---

transverse direction

T torque N-m lbf-in.

T absolute inlet total temperature or absolute temperature K ºR

Ta length of transitions T1, T2, or T3 m ft

t number of velocity measurements at a given radius --- ---

r taken in circumferential increments

t temperature ºC ºF

td dry-bulb temperature ºC ºF

tt total (stagnation) temperature ºC ºF

tw wet-bulb temperature ºC ºF

U number of grid velocity measurements in the --- ---

axial direction

35
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

Uper permissible residual unbalance g•mm lb in.

u number of velocity measurements at a given angle θ --- ---

taken at radial increments

V velocity or average velocity m/s ft/min.

V mean velocity at plane 1 m/s ft/min.

Va velocity profile distortion in axial direction % %

(parallel to the fan impeller shaft)

I mean velocity for each of the T traverses m/s ft/min.

j mean velocity along each of the U grid stations m/s ft/min.

r mean velocity at a given radius r from duct center m/s ft/min.

^ velocity profile distortion in transverse direction % %
Vt
(perpendicular to the fan impeller shaft)

Vθ mean velocity at a given angle θ in the measuring plane m/s ft/min.

v velocity at any point m/s ft/min.

W power input to motor kW W

W rainfall rate mm/hr in./hr

W actual louver width mm in.

W rotor weight (see M) lbm

w weight of water gram ozm

X plotting variable --- ---

ΔX absolute uncertainty in X --- ---

x function used to determine Kp --- ---

x peak air velocity along test plane m/s ft/min.

Y nozzle expansion factor --- ---

y thickness of straightener element mm in.

Z altitude m ft

z function used to determine Kp --- ---

α static pressure ratio for nozzles --- ---

β diameter ratio for nozzles --- ---

36
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SYMBOL OR
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION SI I-P

γ ratio of specific heats --- ---

ε absolute surface roughness height m ft

η motor efficiency % %

ηac air curtain unit efficiency % %

ηs fan static efficiency % %

ηt fan total efficiency % %

θ index in the circumferential direction in the --- ---

measuring plane

λ wavelength m ft

μ absolute viscosity Pa•s lbm/ft•s

ν kinematic viscosity m2/s ft2/s

ρ air density kg/m3 lbm/ft3

ρs air density at standard conditions kg/m3 lbm/ft3

ρx air density at plane x kg/m3 lbm/ft3

σn standard deviation of quantity n --- ---

airflow direction --- ---

α average absorption coefficient for each surface --- ---

α average room absorption coefficient --- ---

ω angular velocity (of a rotor) rad/s rad/s

37
 AMCA Standard 99-0070-01

SUBSCRIPT

a atmospheric conditions

b barometric pressure

c converted or calculated value

d dry-bulb temperature

g static pressure

r reading

w wet-bulb depression

x generalized quantity (A,b,..., ρ)

x plane 0,1,2,.... as appropriate

x,x' between planes x and x'

0 plane 0 (general test area)

1 plane 1 (fan inlet)

2 plane 2 (fan outlet)

3 plane 3 (Pitot traverse station)

4 plane 4 (duct piezometer station)

5 plane 5 (nozzle inlet station in chamber)

6 plane 6 (nozzle discharge station)

7 plane 7 (outlet chamber measurement station)

8 plane 8 (inlet chamber measurement station)

38
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0098-00

Basic Series of Preferred Numbers

Percentage
Basic Series Theoretical values
differences
between
SERIAL
basic series
NUMBER Base 10
Calculated and
R5 R 10 R 20 R 40 Mantissa of calculated
Values
logarithms values (%)

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 000 1.000 0

1.06 1 .025 1.0593 +0.07
1.12 1.12 2 .050 1.1220 -0.18
1.18 3 .075 1.1885 -0.71
1.25 1.25 1.25 4 .100 1.2589 -.071
1.32 5 .125 1.3335 -1.01
1.40 1.40 6 .150 1.4125 -0.88
1.50 7 .175 1.4962 +0.25
1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 8 .200 1.5849 +0.95
1.70 9 .225 1.6788 +1.26
1.80 1.80 10 .250 1.7783 +1.22
1.90 11 .275 1.8836 +0.87
2.00 2.00 2.00 12 .300 1.9953 +0.24
2.12 13 .325 2.1135 +0.31
2.24 2.24 14 .350 2.2387 +0.06
2.36 15 .375 2.3714 -0.48
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 16 .400 2.5119 -0.47
2.65 17 .425 2.6607 -0.40
2.80 2.80 18 .450 2.8184 -0.65
3.00 19 .475 2.9854 +0.49
3.15 3.15 3.15 20 .500 3.1623 -0.39
3.35 21 .525 3.3497 +0.01
3.55 3.55 22 .550 3.5481 +0.05
3.75 23 .575 3.7584 -0.22

Note: This reference standard is in harmony with ISO 497:1973. Those who wish to explore the topic of
preferred numbers should refer to the ISO standard.

39
 AMCA Standard 99-0098-00

Percentage
Basic Series Theoretical values
differences
between
SERIAL
basic series
NUMBER Base 10
Calculated and
R5 R 10 R 20 R 40 Mantissa of calculated
Values
logarithms values (%)

4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 24 .600 3.9811 +0.47

4.25 25 .625 4.2170 +0.78
4.50 4.50 26 .650 4.4668 +0.74
4.75 27 .675 4.7315 +0.39
5.00 5.00 5.00 28 .700 5.0119 -0.24
5.30 29 .725 5.3088 -0.17
5.60 5.60 30 .750 5.6234 -0.42
6.00 31 .775 5.9566 +0.73
6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 32 .800 6.3096 -0.15
6.70 33 .825 6.6834 +0.25
7.10 7.10 34 .850 7.0795 +0.29
7.50 35 .875 7.4989 +0.01
8.00 8.00 8.00 36 .900 7.9433 +0.71
8.50 37 .925 8.4140 +1.02
9.00 9.00 38 .950 8.9125 +0.98
9.50 39 .975 9.4406 +0.63
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 40 1.000 10.0000 0

Note: This reference standard is in harmony with ISO 497:1973. Those who wish to explore the topic of
preferred numbers should refer to the ISO standard.

40
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0100-76

Metric Units and Conversion Factors

Supersedes AMS-100-76 - Reviewed 1983

U.S. Customary AMCA Standard (1) Conversion (4)

Units Metric (SI) Unit Factor

VOLUME FLOW cfm cubic meter per second 0.00047195

m3/s

PRESSURE in. wg pascal 248.36

Pa or N/m2

POWER hp watt 745.70

W or J/s

TORQUE lbf-in newton meter 0.11298

N•m

DENSITY lbm/ft3 kilogram per cubic meter 16.018

kg/m3

SPEED (2) rpm revolution per second 0.016667

rps

VELOCITY fpm meter per second 0.0050800

m/s

DIMENSIONS in. millimeter 25.400

mm

MOMENT OF INERTIA lbm-ft2 kilogram meters squared 0.042140

kg•m2

STRESS lbf/in2 pascal 6894.8

Pa or N/m2

TEMPERATURE (3) °F kelvin (°F + 459.67)/1.8

Notes:

1. The choice of the appropriate multiple or sub multiple of an SI unit is governed by convenience. The multiple
chosen for a particular application should be the one which will lead to numerical values within a practical range
(i.e. kilopascal for pressure, kilowatts for power, megapascal for stress, and liters/second for volume flow.)

2. The second is the SI base unit of time. Although outside SI, the minute has been recognized by CIPM as
necessary to retain for use because of its practical importance.

3. The kelvin is the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature and is preferred for most scientific and
technological purposes. The degree celcius (°C) is acceptable for practical applications.

4. Multiply “Customary” unit by this factor to obtain AMCA Standard except for kelvin temperature.

41
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Charts and Tables

Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude Chart (SI)

Z t p ρ μ ν c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Air Dynamic Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound

m °C kPa kg/m3 Pa•s m2/s m/s

0 15.00 101.32 1.230 1.793×10-5 1.456×10-5 340.43
100 14.35 100.13 1.215 1.790×10-5 1.473×10-5 340.05
200 13.70 98.94 1.201 1.786×10-5 1.487×10-5 339.66
300 13.05 97.77 1.189 1.784×10-5 1.500×10-5 339.28

400 12.40 96.61 1.177 1.780×10-5 1.512×10-5 338.89

500 11.76 95.46 1.166 1.777×10-5 1.524×10-5 338.51
600 11.11 94.32 1.155 1.774×10-5 1.536×10-5 338.19
700 10.46 93.20 1.145 1.771×10-5 1.546×10-5 337.73

800 9.81 92.08 1.134 1.768×10-5 1.559×10-5 337.34

900 9.16 90.98 1.123 1.765×10-5 1.571×10-5 336.95
1000 8.51 89.88 1.112 1.761×10-5 1.584×10-5 336.57
1100 7.86 88.80 1.102 1.758×10-5 1.595×10-5 336.18

1200 7.21 87.72 1.091 1.755×10-5 1.609×10-5 335.79

1300 6.56 86.66 1.080 1.751×10-5 1.621×10-5 335.40
1400 5.90 85.61 1.069 1.748×10-5 1.635×10-5 335.01
1500 5.25 84.56 1.058 1.745×10-5 1.649×10-5 334.62

1600 4.60 83.53 1.047 1.741×10-5 1.663×10-5 334.22

1700 3.95 82.50 1.037 1.738×10-5 1.676×10-5 333.83
1800 3.30 81.49 1.026 1.735×10-5 1.691×10-5 333.44
1900 2.65 80.49 1.016 1.732×10-5 1.705×10-5 333.05

2000 2.00 79.49 1.006 1.728×10-5 1.718×10-5 332.66

2100 1.35 78.51 0.996 1.725×10-5 1.732×10-5 332.26
2200 0.70 77.54 0.986 1.722×10-5 1.746×10-5 331.87
2300 0.53 76.57 0.976 1.718×10-5 1.760×10-5 331.48

2400 -0.60 75.62 0.967 1.715×10-5 1.774×10-5 331.08

2500 -1.25 74.68 0.957 1.712×10-5 1.789×10-5 330.69
2600 -1.90 73.74 0.948 1.708×10-5 1.802×10-5 330.29
2700 -2.55 72.82 0.938 1.705×10-5 1.818×10-5 329.90

2800 -3.20 71.91 0.929 1.702×10-5 1.832×10-5 329.50

2900 -3.85 71.00 0.919 1.699×10-5 1.845×10-5 329.10
3000 -4.50 70.11 0.909 1.695×10-5 1.865×10-5 328.71
3100 -5.15 69.23 0.900 1.692×10-5 1.880×10-5 328.31

3200 -5.80 68.35 0.890 1.689×10-5 1.898×10-5 327.51

3300 -6.46 67.48 0.880 1.685×10-5 1.914×10-5 327.11
3400 -7.11 66.62 0.871 1.682×10-5 1.931×10-5 326.70
3500 -7.76 65.77 0.862 1.679×10-5 1.948×10-5 326.70

42
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Standard Atmospheric Data Versus Altitude Chart (I-P)

Z t p ρ μ ν c
Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Air Dynamic Kinematic Speed of
Pressure Density Viscosity Viscosity Sound

ft °F in. Hg lbm/ft3 lbm/ft-s ft2/s ft/s

-1000 62.6 31.02 .0787 1.212×10-5 1.538×10-4 1120.7
-500 60.8 30.47 .0776 1.208×10-5 1.556×10-4 1118.8
0 59.0 29.92 .0765 1.205×10-5 1.576×10-4 1116.9
500 57.2 29.38 .0754 1.202×10-5 1.595×10-4 1115.0
1000 55.4 28.86 .0743 1.198×10-5 1.614×10-4 1113.1
1500 53.7 28.33 .0732 1.195×10-5 1.633×10-4 1111.1
2000 51.9 27.82 .0721 1.192×10-5 1.653×10-4 1109.2

2500 50.1 27.32 .0710 1.189×10-5 1.673×10-4 1107.3

3000 48.3 26.82 .0700 1.185×10-5 1.694×10-4 1105.3
3500 46.5 26.33 .0689 1.182×10-5 1.714×10-4 1103.4
4000 44.7 25.84 .0679 1.179×10-5 1.735×10-4 1101.4

4500 43.0 25.37 .0669 1.175×10-5 1.757×10-4 1099.5

5000 41.2 24.90 .0659 1.172×10-5 1.778×10-4 1097.5
5500 39.4 24.43 .0649 1.169×10-5 1.800×10-4 1095.6
6000 37.6 23.98 .0639 1.165×10-5 1.823×10-4 1093.6

6500 35.8 23.53 .0630 1.162×10-5 1.846×10-4 1091.7

7000 34.0 23.09 .0620 1.158×10-5 1.869×10-4 1089.7
7500 32.3 22.65 .0610 1.155×10-5 1.892×10-4 1087.7
8000 30.5 22.22 .0601 1.152×10-5 1.916×10-4 1085.7

8500 28.7 21.80 .0592 1.148×10-5 1.904×10-4 1083.8

9000 26.9 21.39 .0583 1.145×10-5 1.965×10-4 1081.8
9500 25.1 20.98 .0574 1.142×10-5 1.990×10-4 1079.8
10000 23.3 20.58 .0565 1.138×10-5 2.015×10-4 1077.8

43
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Psychrometric Density Table (SI)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C Barometric Pressure kPa

97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5

-2.0 1.244981 1.263273 1.282390 1.302927 1.324194 1.340401
-1.5 1.242122 1.260977 1.280094 1.300086 1.322000 1.337965
-1.0 1.239396 1.258667 1.277753 1.297353 1.319731 1.335505
-0.5 1.236782 1.256345 1.275377 1.294710 1.317400 1.333027
0.0 1.234260 1.254012 1.272975 1.292141 1.315018 1.330532
0.5 1.231812 1.251672 1.270553 1.289629 1.312595 1.328024
1.0 1.229423 1.249325 1.268119 1.287163 1.310140 1.325506
1.5 1.227079 1.246973 1.265679 1.284731 1.307661 1.322979
2.0 1.224768 1.244618 1.263236 1.282324 1.305166 1.320447
2.5 1.222480 1.242261 1.260796 1.279934 1.302659 1.317912
3.0 1.220207 1.239902 1.258360 1.277553 1.300147 1.315376
3.5 1.217942 1.237545 1.255931 1.275177 1.297634 1.312841
4.0 1.215680 1.235188 1.253510 1.272800 1.295123 1.310307
4.5 1.213416 1.232834 1.251098 1.270421 1.292618 1.307778
5.0 1.211147 1.230483 1.248697 1.268037 1.290121 1.305254
5.5 1.208871 1.228135 1.246304 1.265645 1.287634 1.302735
6.0 1.206587 1.225792 1.243921 1.263247 1.285157 1.300224
6.5 1.204295 1.223453 1.241546 1.260842 1.282692 1.297720
7.0 1.201994 1.221119 1.239179 1.258431 1.280239 1.295225
7.5 1.199687 1.218791 1.236817 1.256015 1.277798 1.292738
8.0 1.197375 1.216468 1.234459 1.253595 1.275367 1.290260
8.5 1.195060 1.214150 1.232105 1.251173 1.272946 1.287790
9.0 1.192743 1.211838 1.229752 1.248752 1.270533 1.285328
9.5 1.190428 1.209530 1.227399 1.246334 1.268128 1.282875
10.0 1.188116 1.207227 1.225045 1.243920 1.265728 1.280428
10.5 1.185810 1.204927 1.222689 1.241512 1.263332 1.277988
11.0 1.183512 1.202631 1.220330 1.239113 1.260938 1.275553
11.5 1.181224 1.200338 1.217968 1.236723 1.258544 1.273122
12.0 1.178948 1.198047 1.215603 1.234343 1.256148 1.270693
12.5 1.176683 1.195757 1.213236 1.231974 1.253747 1.268266
13.0 1.174432 1.193466 1.210866 1.229616 1.251342 1.265837
13.5 1.172192 1.191174 1.208497 1.227266 1.248928 1.263406
14.0 1.169963 1.188879 1.206131 1.224925 1.246506 1.260970
14.5 1.167742 1.186581 1.203771 1.222588 1.244075 1.258527
15.0 1.165527 1.184277 1.201420 1.220251 1.241632 1.256073
15.5 1.163312 1.181965 1.199084 1.217911 1.239178 1.253607
16.0 1.161092 1.179644 1.196770 1.215560 1.236712 1.251125
16.5 1.158860 1.177313 1.194483 1.213191 1.234235 1.248624
17.0 1.156606 1.174968 1.192231 1.210795 1.231747 1.246101
17.5 1.154320 1.172609 1.190025 1.208361 1.229250 1.243553
18.0 1.151991 1.170232 1.187875 1.205877 1.226746 1.240975

44
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Psychrometric Density Table (SI) (Continued)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - kg/m3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °C Barometric Pressure kPa

97 98.5 100 101.5 103 104.5

18.5 1.148567 1.167391 1.185062 1.203323 1.225071 1.240138
19.0 1.146325 1.164887 1.182780 1.200987 1.222584 1.237641
19.5 1.144073 1.162437 1.180492 1.198647 1.220116 1.235154
20.0 1.141813 1.160033 1.178197 1.196304 1.217665 1.232675
20.5 1.139548 1.157668 1.175897 1.193957 1.215229 1.230205
21.0 1.137279 1.155335 1.173591 1.191607 1.212804 1.227740
21.5 1.135008 1.153029 1.171279 1.189254 1.210388 1.225283
22.0 1.132735 1.150742 1.168962 1.186898 1.207980 1.222830
22.5 1.130461 1.148470 1.166639 1.184537 1.205577 1.220383
23.0 1.128188 1.146207 1.164311 1.182174 1.203177 1.217939
23.5 1.125917 1.143949 1.161977 1.179806 1.200778 1.215499
24.0 1.123646 1.141691 1.159639 1.177435 1.198380 1.213061
24.5 1.121378 1.139431 1.157295 1.175060 1.195979 1.210625
25.0 1.119111 1.137164 1.154946 1.172681 1.193576 1.208190
25.5 1.116846 1.134888 1.152592 1.170298 1.191169 1.205755
26.0 1.114582 1.132601 1.150234 1.167912 1.188756 1.203320
26.5 1.112318 1.130299 1.147871 1.165521 1.186338 1.200883
27.0 1.110055 1.127983 1.145503 1.163126 1.183912 1.198445
27.5 1.107790 1.125650 1.143131 1.160726 1.181480 1.196003
28.0 1.105523 1.123300 1.140754 1.158323 1.179039 1.193559
28.5 1.103253 1.120932 1.138373 1.155915 1.176591 1.191110
29.0 1.100978 1.118548 1.135988 1.153503 1.174134 1.188656
29.5 1.098695 1.116147 1.133599 1.151086 1.171669 1.186196
30.0 1.096404 1.113730 1.131206 1.148664 1.169195 1.183730
30.5 1.094102 1.111299 1.128809 1.146239 1.166714 1.181257
31.0 1.091787 1.108856 1.126408 1.143808 1.164226 1.178775
31.5 1.089456 1.106402 1.124004 1.141372 1.161731 1.176286
32.0 1.087106 1.103942 1.121596 1.138932 1.159230 1.173786
32.5 1.084735 1.101478 1.119184 1.136487 1.156724 1.171277
33.0 1.082339 1.099014 1.116769 1.134037 1.154213 1.168756
33.5 1.079915 1.096553 1.114351 1.131582 1.151700 1.166224
34.0 1.077460 1.094100 1.111930 1.129122 1.149185 1.163679
34.5 1.074970 1.091661 1.109506 1.126656 1.146669 1.161121
35.0 1.072440 1.089240 1.107079 1.124186 1.144155 1.158549
35.5 1.069867 1.086844 1.104649 1.121710 1.141644 1.155963
36.0 1.067247 1.084478 1.102216 1.119229 1.139139 1.153361
36.5 1.064575 1.082149 1.099780 1.116742 1.136640 1.150743
37.0 1.061846 1.079865 1.097342 1.114250 1.134151 1.148108
37.5 1.059056 1.077632 1.094902 1.111753 1.131673 1.145455
38.0 1.056198 1.075460 1.092459 1.109249 1.129210 1.142784

45
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F Barometric Pressure in. Hg

28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0

30 .07703 .07839 .07974 .08111 .08245 .08380
31 .07687 .07822 .07957 .08093 .08228 .08363
32 .07671 .07806 .07940 .08075 .08210 .08345
33 .07654 .07789 .07924 .08058 .08193 .08327
34 .07638 .07772 .07907 .08041 .08175 .08310
35 .07621 .07756 .07890 .08024 .08158 .08292
36 .07605 .07739 .07873 .07807 .08141 .08274
37 .07589 .07723 .07856 .07990 .08123 .08257
38 .07573 .07706 .07840 .07973 .08106 .08239
39 .07557 .07690 .07823 .07956 .08089 .08222
40 .07541 .07674 .07806 .07939 .08072 .08205
41 .07525 .07657 .07790 .07922 .08055 .08187
42 .07509 .07641 .07773 .09705 .08038 .08170
43 .07493 .07625 .07757 .07889 .08021 .08153
44 .07477 .07609 .07740 .07872 .08004 .08135
45 .07461 .07592 .07724 .07855 .07986 .08118
46 .07445 .07576 .07707 .07838 .07970 .08101
47 .07429 .07560 .07691 .07822 .07953 .08084
48 .07413 .07544 .07674 .07805 .07936 .08066
49 .07397 .07528 .07658 .07788 .07919 .08049
50 .07381 .07512 .07642 .07772 .07902 .08032
51 .07366 .07496 .07625 .07755 .07885 .08015
52 .07350 .07479 .07609 .07739 .07868 .07998
53 .07334 .07464 .07593 .07722 .07852 .07981
54 .07318 .07447 .07576 .07706 .07835 .07964
55 .07302 .07431 .07560 .07689 .07818 .07947
56 .07287 .07415 .07544 .07673 .07801 .07930
57 .07271 .07399 .07528 .07656 .07784 .07913
58 .07255 .07383 .07512 .07640 .07768 .07896
59 .07240 .07367 .07495 .07623 .07751 .07879
60 .07224 .07352 .07479 .07607 .07734 .07862
61 .07208 .07336 .07463 .07590 .07718 .07845
62 .07193 .07320 .07447 .07574 .07701 .07828
63 .07177 .07304 .07430 .07557 .07684 .07811
64 .07161 .07288 .07414 .07541 .07668 .07794

46
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Psychrometric Density Table (I-P)

Density of Saturated Air for Various Barometric Conditions - lbm/ft3

Dry-Bulb
Temp. °F Barometric Pressure in. Hg

28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.0

65 .07145 .07272 .07398 .07525 .07651 .07770
66 .07130 .07256 .07382 .07508 .07634 .07760
67 .07114 .07240 .07366 .07492 .07618 .07744
68 .07098 .07224 .07350 .07475 .07601 .07727
69 .07083 .07208 .07333 .07459 .07584 .07710
70 .07067 .07192 .07317 .07442 .07568 .07693
71 .07051 .07176 .07301 .07426 .07551 .07676
72 .07035 .07160 .07285 .07410 .07534 .07659
73 .07020 .07144 .07268 .07393 .07517 .07642
74 .07004 .07128 .07252 .07377 .07501 .07625
75 .06988 .07112 .07236 .07360 .07484 .07603
76 .06972 .07096 .07220 .07343 .07467 .07591
77 .06956 .07080 .07203 .07327 .07451 .07574
78 .06940 .07064 .07187 .07310 .07434 .07557
79 .06925 .07048 .07171 .07294 .07417 .07540
80 .06909 .07032 .07155 .07277 .07400 .07523
81 .06893 .07015 .07138 .07261 .07383 .07506
82 .06877 .07000 .07122 .07244 .07366 .07489
83 .06861 .06983 .07105 .07227 .07349 .07472
84 .06845 .06967 .07089 .07211 .07333 .07454
85 .06829 .06950 .07072 .07194 .07316 .07437
86 .06812 .06934 .07056 .07177 .07299 .07420
87 .06796 .06917 .07039 .07160 .07281 .07403
88 .06780 .06901 .07022 .07143 .07264 .07385
89 .06764 .06885 .07005 .07126 .07247 .07368
90 .06748 .06868 .06989 .07109 .07230 .07351
91 .06731 .06852 .06972 .07092 .07213 .07333
92 .06715 .06835 .06955 .07075 .07195 .07316
93 .06698 .06818 .06938 .07058 .07178 .07298
94 .06682 .06801 .06921 .07041 .07161 .07280
95 .06665 .06785 .06904 .07024 .07143 .07263
96 .06648 .06768 .06887 .07006 .07126 .07245
97 .06632 .06751 .06870 .06989 .07108 .07227
98 .06615 .06734 .06853 .06972 .01091 .07209
99 .06598 .06717 .06835 .06954 .07073 .07191
100 .06581 .06700 .06818 .06937 .07055 .07174

47
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Dry Air Density Correction Factor (SI)

(Multiply Standard Air Density, 1.2 kg/m3 × the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, m Sea Level 300 600 900 1200
Barometer, mm Hg 759.97 733.47 707.46 682.43 657.90
kPa 101.32 97.79 94.32 90.98 87.71
Air Temp. °C -20 1.22 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.00
0 1.12 1.04 1.01 .97 .94
20 1.03 .97 .94 .90 .87
40 .95 .91 .88 .85 .81
60 .93 .86 .83 .80 .77
80 .85 .80 .78 .75 .72
100 .79 .76 .73 .70 .68
120 .77 .72 .70 .67 .65
140 .73 .69 .67 .64 .62
160 .69 .65 .63 .61 .59
180 .65 .61 .59 .57 .55
200 .62 .57 .55 .53 .51
220 .57 .56 .54 .52 .50
240 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
260 .56 .53 .51 .49 .47
280 .54 .52 .50 .48 .46
300 .52 .50 .48 .46 .44
320 .50 .48 .49 .45 .43
340 .49 .46 .48 .43 .41

Altitude, m 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700

Barometer, mm Hg 634.34 611.3 588.98 567.17 546.30
kPa 84.57 81.50 78.52 75.62 72.83
Air Temp. °C -20 .97 .93 .91 .87 .84
0 .90 .87 .84 .81 .80
20 .84 .81 .78 .75 .72
40 .78 .75 .73 .70 .68
60 .74 .71 .69 .67 .64
80 .69 .67 .65 .63 .60
100 .65 .63 .61 .59 .58
120 .62 .61 .59 .57 .58
140 .60 .58 .56 .54 .53
160 .57 .55 .53 .51 .49
180 .53 .51 .50 .49 .47
200 .49 .47 .47 .45 .43
220 .48 .46 .45 .43 .42
240 .47 .46 .46 .43 .41
260 .45 .44 .43 .41 .39
280 .44 .43 .42 .40 .38
300 .43 .41 .40 .38 .37
320 .41 .40 .39 .37 .35
340 .40 .39 .37 .36 .34

48
 AMCA Standard 99-0200-00

Dry Air Density Correction Factor (I-P)

(Multiply Standard Air Density, 0.075 lbm/ft3 × the Factor to obtain Density at Condition B.)
Altitude, ft. -1000 Sea Level 1000 2000 3000 4000
Barometer, in. Hg 31.02 29.92 28.86 27.82 26.82 25.84
in wg. 422.2 407.5 392.81 378.6 365.0 351.7
Air Temp. °F -40 1.31 1.26 1.22 1.17 1.13 1.09
0 1.19 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.03 0.99
40 1.10 1.06 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.92
70 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.86
100 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.81
150 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.75
200 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
250 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64
300 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
350 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56
400 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53
450 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50
500 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47
550 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
600 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43
700 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39
800 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36
900 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33
1000 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31

Altitude, ft. 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000

Barometer, in. Hg 24.90 23.98 23.09 22.22 21.39 20.58
in wg. 338.9 326.4 314.3 302.1 291.1 280.1
Air Temp. °F -40 1.05 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.87
0 0.95 0.91 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79
40 0.88 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73
70 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69
100 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65
150 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60
200 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55
250 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.58 0.51
300 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
350 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
400 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
450 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.40
500 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
550 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36
600 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
700 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32
800 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29
900 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27
1000 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25

49
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-0401-86

Classifications for Spark Resistant Construction

Adopted 2-12-86; Reviewed 1986; Supercedes 99-0401-82

Fan applications may involve the handling of potentially explosive or flammable particles, fumes, or vapors. Such
applications require careful consideration of all system components to insure the safe handling of such gas
streams. This AMCA Standard deals only with the fan unit installed in that system. The Standard contains guidelines
which are to be used by both the manufacturer and user as a means of establishing general methods of
construction. The exact method of construction and choice of alloys is the responsibility of the manufacturer;
however, the customer must accept both the type and design with full recognition of the potential hazard and the
degree of protection required.

TYPE CONSTRUCTION

A All parts of the fan in contact with the air or gas being handled shall be made of nonferrous
material. Steps must also be taken to assure that the impeller, bearings, and shaft are adequately
attached and/or restrained to prevent a lateral or axial shift in these components.

B The fan shall have a nonferrous impeller and nonferrous ring about the opening through which the
shaft passes. Ferrous hubs, shafts, and hardware are allowed provided construction is such that
a shift of impeller or shaft will not permit two ferrous parts of the fan to rub or strike. Steps must
also be taken to assure that the impeller, bearings, damper blades and shaft are adequately
attached and/or restrained to prevent a lateral or axial shift in these components.

C The fan shall be so constructed that a shift of the impeller or shaft will not permit two ferrous parts
of the fan to rub or strike.

Notes:

1. No bearings, drive components or electrical devices shall be placed in the air or gas stream unless they are
constructed or enclosed in such a manner that failure of that component cannot ignite the surrounding gas
stream.

2. The user shall electrically ground all fan parts.

3. For this Standard, nonferrous material shall be any material with less than 5% iron or any other material with
demonstrated ability to be spark resistant.

4. The use of aluminum or aluminum alloys in the presence of steel which has been allowed to rust requires
special consideration. Research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and others has shown that aluminum impellers
rubbing on rusty steel may cause high intensity sparking.

The use of the above Standard in no way implies a guarantee of safety for any level of spark resistance. “Spark
resistant construction also does not protect against ignition of explosive gases caused by catastrophic failure or
from any airstream material that may be present in a system.”

This Standard applies to:

Centrifugal Fans
Axial and Propeller Fans
Power Roof Ventilators

This Standard applies to ferrous and nonferrous metals. The potential questions which may be associated
with fans constructed of FRP, PVC or any other plastic compound were not addressed.

50
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-1401-66

Operating Limits for Central-Station Units

Adopted 11-30-66; Reviewed 1983

1. This standard includes the following total static

pressure classifications:

Class A Total static pressure of 0 inches to

3 inches maximum of water gauge.

Class B Total static pressure of 3 inches to

5.5 inches maximum of water gauge.

Class C Total static pressure over 5.5 inches

of water.

2. Total static pressure includes the internal static

pressure losses.

51
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2404-03

Drive Arrangements for Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

1 SWSI 1 or For belt or direct drive.

12 (Arr. 1 with
Impeller overhung on shaft, two
sub-base) bearings mounted on pedestal
base.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independant pedestals, with
or without inlet box.

2 SWSI 2 For belt or direct drive.

Impeller overhung on shaft,

bearings mounted in bracket
supported by the fan casing.

Alternative: With inlet box.

3 SWSI 3 or For belt or direct drive.

11 (Arr. 3 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals, with
or without inlet box.

3 DWDI 6 or For belt or direct drive.

18 (Arr. 6 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings supported by
the fan casing.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals, with
or without inlet boxes.

4 SWSI 4 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan.
Motor mounted on base.

Alternative: With inlet box.

5 SWSI 5 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan.
Motor flange mounted to
casing.

Alternative: With inlet box.

52
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2404-03

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

7 SWSI 7 For coupling drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 3,

with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

7DWDI 17 For coupling drive.

(Arr. 6 with
Generally the same as Arr. 3
base for motor) with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

8 SWSI 8 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 1

with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: Bearings mounted

on independent pedestals with
or without inlet box.

9 SWSI 9 For belt drive.

Impeller overhung on shaft, two

bearings mounted on pedestal
base.

Motor mounted on the outside

of the bearing base.

Alternative: With inlet box.

10 SWSI 10 For belt drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 9

with motor mounted inside of
the bearing pedestal.

Alternative: With inlet box.

53
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2405-03

Inlet Box Positions for Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on May 9, 2003

Notes:

1. Position of inlet box and air entry to inlet box is determined from the drive side as defined below:

a. On single inlet fans: The drive side is that side which is opposite of the fan inlet.

b. On double inlet fans:

1) With a single driver: That side with the driver is considered as the drive side.

2) With multiple drivers: That side with the higher total power is considered as the drive side. If the total
power on each side is equal, then that side which has the fixed (non-expansion) bearing is considered
as the drive side.

2. Position of inlet box is determined in accordance with diagrams. Angle of air entry to box is referred to the top
vertical axis of fan in degrees as measured in the direction of fan rotation. Angle of air entry to box may be
any intermediate angle as required.

3. Positions 135º to 225º in some cases may interfere with floor structure.

54
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2406-03

Designation for Rotation and Discharge of Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise Clockwise

Up Blast Top Angular Up Top Horizontal Top Angular Down Down Blast Bottom Angular Down Bottom Horizontal Bottom Angular Up
CW 360 CW 45 CW 90 CW 135 CW 180 CW 225 CW 270 CW 315

Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise Counterclockwise

Up Blast Top Angular Up Top Horizontal Top Angular Down Down Blast Bottom Angular Down Bottom Horizontal Bottom Angular Up
CCW 360 CCW 45 CCW 90 CCW 135 CCW 180 CCW 225 CCW 270 CCW 315

Notes:

1. Direction of rotation and angular reference is determined from the drive side as defined below:

a. On single inlet fans: The drive side is that side opposite the fan inlet.

b. On double inlet fans:

1) With a single driver: That side with the drive is considered the drive side.

2) With multiple drivers: That side with the higher total power is considered the drive side. If the total
power on each side is equal, then the side that has the fixed (non-expansion) bearing is considered
the drive side.

2. Direction of discharge is determined in accordance with diagrams. Angle of discharge is referred to the top
vertical axis of fan and designated in degrees as measured in the direction of fan rotation. Angle of discharge
may be any intermediate angle as required.

3. A fan inverted for ceiling suspension or rotated for side wall mounting will have its direction of rotation and angle
of discharge determined when fan is located as if floor mounted.

4. This standard is in harmony with ISO 13349. In ISO 13349, CCW fans are referred to as LG, i.e., Left or
Gauche, while CW fans are referred to as RD, i.e, Right or Droit-handed rotation.

55
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2406-03

METHODS OF DESIGNATION OF THE ANGULAR POSITION OF

COMPONENT PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL FAN

360 0
360 0

315 0 45 0

45 0 315 0

270 0 270 0
900 900

1350 225 0 225 0 1350

180 0 180 0

CCW Example 1 CW Example 2

Outlet CCW 315° Outlet CW 360°

Inspection door CCW 135° Inspection door CW 45°
Inlet box CCW 45° Inlet box CW 360°
Motor CCW 360° Motor CW 135°

56
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2407-03

Motor Positions for Belt or Chain Drive Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

Note:

Location of motor is determined by facing the drive side of the fan and designating the motor position by letters W,
X, Y or Z as the case may be.

57
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. AMCA Standard 99-2408-69

Operating Limits for Centrifugal Fans

Adopted 10-20-69; Reviewed 1983; Supercedes 2408-69
20

19

To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,

18 as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
17
performance" limit for that Class.

16

15

14
13½" @ 3780
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water

13 Ratings may be published

in this UPPER RANGE.
12
mi
nim

Typical Class II
um

11 Fan is required to be physically capable

characteristic curve. of performing over this range.
pe
rfo
rm

10
an
ce
CL

9
AS

8½" @ 3000 CLASS III

SI

SELECTION ZONE
II

8
m
in
im
um

7
6¾" @ 5260
pe
rfo
rm

6
an
ce

CLASS II
CL

5 5" @ 2300 SELECTION ZONE

AS
m

S
in

II

4¼" @ 4175
im

4
um LA
C
pe SS
rfo I

Ratings may be published

rm

3 in this LOWER RANGE.

an

CLASS I
2½" @ 3200
ce

SELECTION ZONE
2

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute

Figure 1 - Ventilating Airfoils & Backwardly Inclined - Single Width

58
 AMCA Standard 99-2408-69

19
To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,
as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
18
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
performance" limit for that Class.
17

16

15

14
13½" @ 3970
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water

13

12 Ratings may be published

in this UPPER RANGE.
mi
nim

11
Fan is required to be physically capable
um

of performing over this range.

pe

10
rfo
rm
an
ce

9
CL

8½" @ 3150
AS

8 CLASS III
SI
m

SELECTION ZONE
in

II
im
um

7
pe
rfo

6¾" @ 5520
rm

6
an
ce
CL

5 5" @ 2415 CLASS II

AS

SELECTION ZONE
m

S
in

II

4¼" @ 4380
i
m CL

4
um A
pe S I
rfo
S

Ratings may be published

rm

3 in this LOWER RANGE.

an

2½" @ 3360
ce

CLASS I
2 SELECTION ZONE

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute

Figure 2 - Ventilating Airfoils & Backwardly Inclined - Double Width

59
 AMCA Standard 99-2408-69

20

19
To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,
18 as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
performance" limit for the Class.
17

16

15

14
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water

13

12

11 10¾" @ 4600

10
Ratings may be published
Fan is required to be physically
m

in this UPPER RANGE.

in

capable if performing
im

9
um

over this range.

pe
rfo

8
rm
an
ce

CLASS III
CL

7 SELECTION ZONE
6¾" @ 3640
AS
S
m

III
in
im

6
um

5½" @ 6100
pe
rfo
rm

5
an
ce
CL

4" @ 2800 CLASS II

AS

4 m SELECTION ZONE
S

in
II

im 3½" @ 4900
um
CL pe
3 AS rfo
S rm
I an
CLASS I ce Ratings may be published
2 SELECTION ZONE 2" @ 3700 in this LOWER RANGE.

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute

Figure 3 - Ventilating Forward Curved - Single Width

60
 AMCA Standard 99-2408-69

20

19
To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,
18 as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
performance" limit for that Class.
17

16

15

14
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water

13

12

11 10¾" @ 4800
Ratings may be published
10
in this UPPER RANGE.
m

Fan is required to be physically

in

capable of performing
im
um

9 over this range.

pe
rfo
rm

8
an
ce
CL

7 6¾" @ 3800 CLASS III

AS

m SELECTION ZONE
in
S

im
III

6 um
pe 5½" @ 6400
rfo
rm
5 an
ce
CL
4" @ 2900 CLASS II AS
4 m S
in SELECTION ZONE II
im
um
3½" @ 5150
CL pe
3 AS rfo
S rm Ratings may be published
I an
CLASS I ce in this LOWER RANGE.
2 SELECTION ZONE 2" @ 3900

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute

Figure 4 - Ventilating Forward Curved - Double Width

61
 AMCA Standard 99-2408-69

20

19
To be designated as meeting the requirements of a specified Class,
18 as defined in this Standard, a fan must be physically capable of
operating safely at every point of rating on or below the "minimum
17
performance" limit for that Class.

16

15

14
13½" @ 2050
STATIC PRESSURE (SP) inches of water

13

12
Ratings may be published

mi
in this UPPER RANGE. Fan is required to be physically

nim
11 capable of performing

um
over this range.

pe
10

rfo
rm
an
ce
9

CL
8½" @ 1630 CLASS III

AS
SELECTION ZONE

S
8

III
m
in
im
um

7
6¾" @ 2950
pe
rfo
rm

6
an
ce
CL

5" @ 1250
AS

5 CLASS II
m
S

in SELECTION ZONE
II

im
um 4¼" @ 2350
4
CL pe
AS rfo
S rm Ratings may be published
3 I an
CLASS I ce in this LOWER RANGE.
SELECTION ZONE 2½" @ 1800
2

0 1000 2000 3000

OUTLET VELOCITY (OV) feet per minute

Figure 5 - Tubular

62
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2410-03

Drive Arrangements for Tubular Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on May 20, 2003

Motor
Left ARRANGEMENT 1
For belt drive. Impeller overhung on a shaft
supported by bearings mounted within casing.
Motor mounted independent of casing.
Horizontal discharge.
View Facing Outlet

ARRANGEMENT 4
For direct drive. Impeller overhung on motor
shaft. Motor supported within casing. For
horizontal or vertical discharge. Duct mounting
shown.

View Facing Outlet

360
ARRANGEMENT 9
315 45 For belt drive. Impeller overhung on a shaft
supported by bearings mounted within casing.
270 90
Designed for mounting of motor on outside of
casing in one of the standard locations shown.
For horizontal and vertical discharge. Duct
225 135 mounting shown.
180
Motor Shown in Position 360
View Facing Outlet

Arrow designates the direction of airflow. Vertical Mounting

Rotation of fans is determined by viewing from the fan outlet end.

Specify either up blast or down blast discharge for vertically-mounted fans.

The locations of motors, supports, access doors, etc., are determined by

viewing the outlet of the fan and resting location 180 on the floor as shown for
Arrangement 9.

Arrangements 4 and 9 can be furnished with supports for floor, wall or ceiling Ceiling-Mounting Brackets
mounting. The position of these supports determines which motor locations are
available for motor placement. Generally motor locations 135, 180, and 225
are not available on floor, wall or inverted ceiling-mounted fans and motor
locations 45, 90, 270 and 315 may not be available for ceiling-hung fans.

Another method of mounting vertical fans is shown in the view on the right.
Specify fan to be furnished with ceiling-mounting brackets, floor mounting
brackets, or both.
Floor-Mounting Brackets
63
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2412-03

Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on August 7, 2003

Outlet Area Max Outlet Area Max

(Inside dimensions) Impeller Diameter (Inside dimensions)
A×B D A×B
SWSI DWDI SWSI DWDI
Notes:
m2 m2 mm inches ft2 ft2
0.081 0.145 311 12.25 0.86 1.55 1. SWSI = Single width, single inlet fan.
0.083 0.149 *315 DWDI = Double width, double inlet fan.
0.098 0.176 343 13.50 1.05 1.89
2. Precise outlet area:
0.105 0.189 *355 15.00 2.33
0.121 0.218 381 1.29 SI
0.133 0.240 *400 SWSI:
0.146 0.263 419 16.50 1.57 2.82 OA(m2) = 0.833 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
0.169 0.304 *450
0.179 0.322 464 18.25 1.91 3.45 DWDI:
OA(m2) = 1.5 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
0.208 0.375 *500 20.00 4.14
0.215 0.387 508 2.30
I-P
0.261 0.470 *560
SWSI:
0.266 0.479 565 OA(ft2) = 5.74967 × 10-3 (D(in.))2
22.25 2.85 5.12
0.323 0.581 622
24.50 3.45 6.21
0.331 0.595 *630 DWDI:
OA(ft2) = 1.034941 × 10-3 (D(in.))2
0.392 0.705 686 27.00 4.19 7.54
0.420 0.756 *710
3. A fan conforming to this Standard shall not
0.484 0.871 762 30.00 5.17 9.31
exceed the impeller diameter or maximum
0.533 0.960 *800 outlet area shown.
0.585 1.054 838 33.00 6.26 11.27
0.6775 1.215 *900 *Preferred sizes in SI and in accordance with
ISO 13351.
0.716 1.289 927 36.50 7.66 13.79
0.833 1.500 *1000
0.871 1.568 1022 40.25 9.31 16.77
64
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2412-03

Outlet Area Max Outlet Area Max

(Inside dimensions) Impeller Diameter (Inside dimensions)
A×B D A×B
SWSI DWDI SWSI DWDI
Notes:
m2 m2 mm inches ft2 ft2
1.045 1.882 *1120 1. SWSI = Single width, single inlet fan.
1.065 1.916 1130 44.50 11.39 20.49 DWDI = Double width, double inlet fan.
1.291 2.324 1245 49.00 13.80 24.85
2. Precise outlet area:
1.302 2.344 *1250 30.46
1.582 2.848 1378 54.25 16.92 SI
1.633 2.940 *1400 SWSI:
1.935 3.484 1524 60.00 20.70 37.26 OA(m2) = 0.833 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
2.133 3.840 *1600
2.342 4.215 1676 66.00 25.05 45.08 DWDI:
OA(m2) = 1.5 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
2.700 4.860 *1800
2.865 5.157 1854 73.00 30.64 55.15
I-P
3.333 6.000 *2000
SWSI:
3.506 6.310 2051 80.75 37.49 67.48 OA(ft2) = 5.74967 × 10-3 (D(in.))2
4.181 7.526 *2240
4.259 7.665 2261 89.00 45.54 81.98 DWDI:
OA(ft2) = 1.034941 × 10-3 (D(in.))2
5.190 9.342 2496 98.25 55.50
99.90
5.208 9.375 *2500
122.40 3. A fan conforming to this Standard shall not
6.358 11.445 2762 108.75 68.00
exceed the impeller diameter or maximum
6.533 11.760 *2800 outlet area shown.
7.742 13.935 3048 120.00 82.80 149.03
8.269 14.884 *3150 *Preferred sizes in SI and in accordance with
ISO 13351.
9.439 16.990 3366
10.502 18.904 *3550 132.50 100.94 181.70

65
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2413-03

Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Industrial Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

C
Inside Dia.

Outlet Area Impeller Inlet Diameter, Impeller Outlet Area

Max (Inside Diameter Maximum at Point of Diameter Max (Inside
Dimensions) D* Connection (Inside D Dimensions) Notes:
AxB Diameter C) AxB
m2 mm mm inches inches ft2 1. Maximum impeller diameter:
0.020 *280 *160
0.031 *355 *200 (SI) = 1.75 x maximum inlet
0.049 *450 *250 inside diameter; rounded up
11 19.13 0.66 to next highest standard SI
0.078 *560 *315 impeller size.
13 22.63 0.92
15 22.13 1.23 (I-P) = 1.75 x maximum inlet
1.26 *710 *400 inside diameter.
17 29.63 1.58
19 33.00 1.97 2. A fan conforming to this
0.196 *900 *500 standard shall not exceed
21 36.50 2.41 the impeller diameter or
0.246 *1000 *560 maximum outlet area shown.
23 40.00 2.89
0.312 *1120 *630 *Preferred sizes in SI and in
26 45.13 3.69 accordance with ISO 13351.
0.396 *1250 *710
29 50.50 4.59
0.503 *1400 *800
33 57.50 5.94
0.636 *1600 *900
37 64.38 7.47
0.785 *1800 *1000
41 71.25 9.17

0.985 *2000 *1120 45 78.25 11.04

49 85.25 13.10
1.227 *2240 *1250
54 93.75 15.90
1.539 *2500 *1400

60 104.25 19.63
2.011 *2800 *1600
66
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2414-03

Impeller Diameters & Outlet Areas for Tubular Centrifugal Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on April 17, 2003

AIR
D
FLOW

Outlet Area Impeller Outlet Area

Maximum Diameter Maximum
(π r2) D (π r2)
m2 mm inches ft2
0.145 311 12.25 1.55
0.149 *315
0.176 343 13.50 1.89
0.189 *355 Notes:
0.218 381 15.00 2.33
0.240 *400 1. Precise outlet area=
0.263 419 16.50 2.82
0.304 *450 SI: OA(m2) = 1.5 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
0.322 464 18.25 3.45
I-P: OA(ft2)=1.034941 × 10-2(D(in.))2
0.375 *500
0.387 508 20.00 4.14
2. A fan conforming to this Standard shall not
0.470 *560
exceed the impeller diameter or maximum outlet
0.479 565 22.25 5.12 area shown.
0.581 622 24.50 6.21
0.595 *630 3. Outlet areas in SI and I-P units are not exactly
0.705 686 27.00 7.54 equal due to rounding of sizes in the respective
0.756 *710 systems.
0.871 762 30.00 9.31
0.960 *800 *Preferred sizes in SI and conforming to ISO 13351.
1.054 838 33.00 11.27
1.215 *900
1.289 927 36.50 13.79
1.500 *1000
2.568 1022 40.25 16.77
1.882 *1120
1.916 1130 44.50 20.49
2.324 1245 49.00 24.85

67
 ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-2414-03

AIR
D
FLOW

Outlet Area Impeller Outlet Area

Maximum Diameter Maximum
(π r2) D (π r2)
m2 mm inches ft2
2.344 *1250
2.848 1378 54.25 30.46
2.940 *1400
3.484 1524 60.00 37.26 Notes:
3.840 *1600
4.215 1676 66.00 45.08 1. Precise outlet area=
4.860 *1800
5.157 1854 73.00 55.15 SI: OA(m2) = 1.5 × 10-6 (D(mm))2
6.000 *2000
I-P: OA(ft2)=1.034941 × 10-2(D(in.))2
6.310 2051 80.75 67.48
7.526 *2240
2. A fan conforming to this Standard shall not
7.665 2261 89.00 81.98
exceed the impeller diameter or maximum outlet
9.342 2496 98.25 99.90 area shown.
9.375 *2500
11.445 2762 108.75 122.40 3. Outlet areas in SI and I-P units are not exactly
11.760 *2800 equal due to rounding of sizes in the respective
13.935 3048 120.00 149.03 systems.
14.884 *3150
16.990 3366 132.50 181.70 *Preferred sizes in SI and conforming to ISO 13351.
18.904 *3350

68
AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-3001-03

Dimensions for Axial Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on May 22, 2003

MOTOR I.D.
FAN SIZE

CUTAWAY VIEW
(Motor Support Not Shown)

Fan Size
Outlet Area
(Casing ID)
m2
mm
200 0.031
224 0.039
250 0.049
280 0.062
315 0.078
355 0.099
400 0.126
450 0.159
500 0.196
560 0.246
630 0.312
710 0.396
800 0.503 Notes:
900 0.636
1000 0.785 1. This standard is not limited to the range of
1120 0.985 sizes listed. Smaller and larger fan sizes
1250 1.23 conforming to the R20 series, with the
1400 1.54 1000mm size as a base, may be included.
1600 2.01 See AMCA 99-0098, Basic Series of Preferred
1800 2.54 Numbers.
2000 3.14
2240 3.94 2. Fan size is based upon casing ID; impeller
2500 4.91 diameter is slightly smaller.
2800 6.16
3150 7.79
3550 9.90

69
 AMCA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ANSI/AMCA Standard 99-3404-03

Drive Arrangements for Axial Fans

An American National Standard - Approved by ANSI on June 10, 2003
Note: All fan orientations may be horizontal or vertical

ISO 13349
AMCA Drive Alternative Fan
Drive Description Fan Configuration
Arrangement Configuration
Arrangement

1 1 For belt or direct drive.

12 (Arr. 1 with
Impeller overhung on shaft, two
sub-base) bearings mounted either
upstream or downstream of the
impeller.

Alternative: Single stage or two

stage fans can be supplied with
inlet box and/or discharge
evasé.

3 3 For belt or direct drive.

11 (Arr. 3 with
Impeller mounted on shaft
sub-base) between bearings on internal
supports.

Alternative: Fan can be

supplied with inlet box, and/or
discharge evasé.
4 4 For direct drive.

Impeller overhung on motor

shaft. No bearings on fan. M M
Motor mounted on base or M M

integrally mounted.

Alternative: With inlet box

and/or with discharge evasé.
7 7 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 3

M M
with base for the prime mover.

Alternative: With inlet box

and/or discharge evasé.

8 8 For direct drive.

Generally the same as Arr. 1

with base for the prime mover. M M

Alternative: Single stage or two

stage fans can be supplied with
inlet box and/or discharge
evasé.
9 9 For belt drive.

Generally same as Arr. 1 with

motor mounted on fan casing,
and/or an integral base.
M
Alternative: With inlet box
and/or discharge evasé
70
 AIR MOVEMENT AND CONTROL
ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONAL, INC.
30 West University Drive
Arlington Heights, IL 60004-1893 U.S.A.
Tel: (847) 394-0150 Fax: (847) 253-0088
E-Mail : info@[Link] Web: [Link]

The Air Movement and control Association International, Inc. is a not-for-profit international association of the
world’s manufacturers of related air system equipment primarily, but limited to: fans, louvers, dampers, air
curtains, airflow measurement stations, acoustic attenuators, and other air system components for the industrial,
commercial and residential markets.