Introduction to Conic Sections

and Circles
Conic Sections
• In Mathematics, a conic section (or simply conic) is the intersection of a
plane and a double-napped cone. However, in analytic geometry, a conic may
be defined as a plane algebraic curve of degree two.
: Ax? + Cy2
general second-degree equation Bxy + + Dx +
Ey + F = 0

• There are four types of conic sections: circle (special kind of ellipse when
the tilted plane turned horizontal), ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola. None of
the intersections will pass through the vertices of the cone
Types of Conic Sections

1. Circle - when the right circular cone is

cut by a plane perpendicular to the x-axis
of the cone
2. Ellipse - when the plane intersects one of
the pieces of the cone and its axis but is
not perpendicular to the axis or a plane
intersects only one to form bounded
curve

3. Parabola - when the plane intersects

only one cone to form an unbounded curve
and the plane must be parallel to one side
of the cone
4. Hyperbola - when the plane (not
necessarily vertical) intersects both cones
to form two unbounded curves (each called
a branch of the hyperbola)
 There are few special cases of •
how a plane intersects the
vertex of the cone. These are
known as degenerate conic. The
last three cases of the
intersection of the plane and
then double right circular cone
are obviously not curves that is
why they are not conics but are
referred to as degenerate
conic sections - point line, and
the two intersecting lines
• Degenerate Conic is generated
when a plane intersects the
vertex of the cone
Definition and Standard Form of Equation of a Circle
• A circle may also be considered a special kind of ellipse (for the special case
when the tilted plane turned horizontal)
• The definition of a circle as the collection of all points (x,y) that are
equidistant from a fixed point (h,k) leads to the standard equation of a circle
(x- h)2 k)) r
+
(y =
- standard form
-

X +
y2 + DX +
Ey + F =
0 -
general form

- E El
-

shortcut for center :

-

• ?? When the center and radius of the circle are given, you can easily form the
equation of a circle in the standard form because it provides you with all
you need to know about the equation of the circle ?
Examples;
1. A circle with center ( ) is tangent to the y-axis. What is the radius,
5, 6

equation of the circle in standard form, and is the circle also tangent to
the x-axis
solution : locate the Center (5, 6) in the Cartesian plane

C ·

-
> center
5

[ 7
-
2 -
I I 2 34 5 6

V
Because the circle is tangent to the y-axis, therefore, the y-axis is
perpendicular to the radius. The center of the circle is units away from the 5

y-axis. Thus, the radius is 5 units. With center at ( 5 6 ), and radius is 5 ,

units, write the standard equation of the circle

(X h) 2 k)2 22
-
+ (y - =

5)2 2
52/(x 5)2 6)2
(x + (y 6) +
(y 25
-
- = - -
=

we can also write the equation of a circle in general form: x2 +

yz + Ax +
By + c 0
=

:
steps
-

expand the two squares of binomials

5(2 4)2
(x + (y 25
-
-
=

x2 10x + 25 +
yz 12y 36 25
=
-
-

arrange the terms in

descending order of exponents

x +
yz 10x
12y + 25 + 36 25
-
-
=

combine similar terms and to zero

-

equate

yz 36
10x
12y +
2
+ =
0
-
-

2. Determine the standard form of the equation of the circle whose diameter
has endpoints A( ) and B( 4. ) -
2
,
3 -
I

Solution: to establish this equation, you are required to know its center and
radius. Since the given are the endpoints of the diameter it follows that the
center will be at the midpoint and the radius will be the distance from the center
to either of the two endpoints
The midpoint can be calculated using the midpoint formula: Find the midpoint
between the endpoints A and B

( X+ , + x)
x Y
m =
,
es midpoint formula

ly 1)
2
standard form : (X-1) +

+1)
13
(
-
=
+ 4
2 3
-

=
,

=
(1 1) ,
e center of the circle

Using the coordinates of the center of the circle, and one of the endpoints, the
radius can be calculated through distance formula
r :
/x2-X
)2 (yz y , ,
+
- -distance formula

-
1) (3 13 -
+ -

/ radius of the circle

Determine the center and radius of the circle with the equation
x + yz +
16y + 57 =
0

Solution: transform the equation of the circle into its standard form
x2 +
y2 +
16y + 57 0
=

steps :

Addition
-

group the
y-terms
and use the Property of
Equality
57
(yz +
(6y)
2
+
-
=
X

-complete the square and

simplify the
right side of the equation
x2 + (yz +
(6y + 64) = -

57 + 64

(5-16)2
and term
-
factor

X + (y + 0) = 7

center : (0 ,
-8)

radius :

4. One day, the family was weeding in the backyard of their house to plant
vegetables. While Omega was digging up the soil, a piece of a broken plate was dug
up. It was put on top of a grid, with the arc of the plane passing through A ( ). -
7 ,
8

B( 4 ) and C (
1 ,
7
, ). Find its center and the standard equation of the circle
2

describing the boundary of the plate

solution : the center is the

intersection of the

perpendicular bisectors of AB

and AC

Recall that, in a circle, the

perpendicular bisector of any chord
passes through the center. Find the
midpoint M of AB, its slope, and Center
equation of the line perpendicular to >
-

AB
midpoint: ( ,) :
(
=
( -

3
,
2) slopes and perpendicular to AB : -2

Yz
rise ,
Y
-

:
slope
=
I 8
o
↓
2
Using (-3 ,
2) find the equation of the perpendicular bisector AB

equation of line : m(X- )

point slope a
y -y X
=
, ,

z
-

2(X + 3) or
y 2x 4
y
= - = = - -

slope perpendicular
to AB

Find the midpoint N of BC, its slope, and equation of the line perpendicular to
(c
segment BC
midpoint
:
: scope

=
(4 3) ,
or
-

t
slope perpendicular to BC : 3

using (4 3) , ,
find the equation of the perpendicular bisector BC .

y y
-
=
m(X -

X, )

3 3(X 4)
y
-
- =

y
=
3x -

Using the two equations: y yy and = -

zx -
=
3x -

9 solve the system of linear

equations using substitution method
equation solve

gin
xx - a
y 3x-9 to for
=

> us
y
:

when X =1
y
3(1) 9
Y
-
=

6
=
-

solution : (1 -6)
.

center : (1 . -6)

The intersection of y 4 and y 3x 9 which is (1 = -

2x -
=
-

,
-

6) is the center
of the plate dug by Omega
Calculate the radius by distance formula using the points CA
((1 ,
-

b) & Al7 0) ,

d xX
=
, (yn- y ) +
,
>
Standard equation : (x -h) 2 +
(y k)2
-

= r

= 3)2 - -
12 + (0 + (x -
1)2 +
(y + 6) =
100

-+ 36

=
Too
=
18
General to Standard
* +
y2 - 10x +
4y 7 0 * +
y + 2x
by 15
-

- 0
rearrange
-
=
-
=

-
10x +
y + Hy 7 0 x2 + 2x +
yz by 15
-

X
-
= =

(x) -

10x + (5) +
(yz +
4y + 1)7 + 29 (x2 + 2x + 1) + (y) by
-

+ 9) =
25

divide
by 2 then
square (x + 1) 2 + (y
-

3) = 25

square of binomial center : (-1 3) ,

(x 5) -
+
(y + 2)2 =
36 radius : 5

sign of 1) square root

middle
of last
term term

center : (5. -2)

radius : 6

Standard to General
(x + 5) (y 3) (x + 5)2 2 =
+ - =
49- expand + (y 1) -

X
(x2 25) (yz by + 9) 10x + 25
yz zy +
+ 10x + + -
=
49 + + -
1 =
9
twice
the
yz
2
+ 10x + 26
x +
2y 9 0
-
-
=
product of
is
the firsta x2 +
yz + 10x
-

2y + 15 =
0
&
X + 10x + 34 49
yz by + D 10
- = =

x +
y + 10x
by 15 0 -
rearranged E 2
- -
-
= =

D = 10 F =
15

E = -

F =
-15

Sample Problems
Find the equation of a circle in standard form whose center is at ( -
4 ,
3 ) and
radius 5
(x + 4)2 +
(y -

3)2 =
5

equation Center radius

2
(x 4)2 -
+
(y 1)
-

= 25 C =
(4 1) ,
5

(x + 7)2 + (y 3)2 - = 64 C =
( -

7
,
3) 8

x2 + yz = 6 C =
(0 0) , To
(x + 3)2 +
(y + 1) =
7 c =
( -

3
,
+

) -
(X 4)2 -

+ (y + 1) 2
=
13 C =
(4 ,
-

1) 3
x2 +
(y -
1)2 = 36 C =
(0 1) ,
6
Graph
The general form of a circle is 4)x2 4yz + + 8x -

16y
-

80 =
0

Find the center, radius, SF, and graph

x2
Divisible by 4 : +
y2 + 2x
4y 20 =
0
-
-

(x + 1) +
(y
-

2) = 25

center : (-1 2)
,

radius : 5

:
S
-

iiiiiii
 Parabola
• Two-dimensional curve that is obtained from a cone when it is cut obliquely
by a plane
• A parabola is defined as the set of all points (x,y) in a plane equidistant
from a fixed point called focus and from a fixed line called directrix

focus
-line
passing through
and perpendicular to directrix

" latus rectum-line passing through focus ,

22 20
perpendicular to AOS
>
-
C

>
-
C

• Note that a parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis. Using the
definition of a parabola, you can derive the standard form of equation of
a parabola whose directrix is parallel to the x-axis or y-axis

• Remember that when the coefficient of the linear (non-squared) term is

positive, the parabola opens upward (vertical axis) or opens to the right
(horizontal axis) and when the coefficient of the linear term is negative,
the parabola opens downward (vertical axis) or opens to the left
(horizontal axis)
Standard Equation of a Parabola Given Vertex and Focus. Write the standard
form of the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin and focus
Because the axis of the parabola is vertical, passing through (0,0) and (0,4),
consider the equation x^2 = 4cy. Because the focus is 4 units from the
vertex, then c = 4. Considering the focus is always inside the parabola, use the
template of the standard equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and
positive linear term
more notes :

4) of latus rectum
length
-

C -

distance from vertex to the focus from the vertex to the directrix

2) -

distance from the focus to the of the lates rectum

endpoints

Examples
Determine the opening, vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry, and endpoints
of latus rectum of the parabola with tne given parts. Graph
xz
12y
=

opening :
upward
10 0
:

Vertex ,
axis of
>
-

(0 3) symmetry

L ...
focus :

31
.

directrix :
y
=
-3

90s : X = 0

endpoints : 1 .

of lates 2
length
rectum : 12 > -

4
-

focus : first find the value of

-

↑ ~

directrix

c =
3
 yz 8X
-
=

opening : opens to the left

Vertex : (0 0 ,

focus : (0 -2)

(
,

directrix : X = 2

90s :
y 0
=

...
end points : (2 ,
-4)(-2 4) ,

20

#=
c =
-2

length of lates rectum :

-

Sample - Vertex at (h,k)

Determine the opening, vertex, focus, directrix, axis
of symmetry, and endpoints of the latus rectum of
the parabola with the given equation. Graph
(X + 1)2 =

g(y 3)
-

I
opening :
upward Fo
-
Vertex : (-1 3)

,
,

focus : (11 5) ,

directrix :
-1
-

y
=

90s : X
=
=
-1
~

end points : (3 ,
5) (-5 5) ,
-

=
C =
2

length of lates rectum : 8

Transforming General Form to Standard Form of the Parabola
General Form : axa + bx + c
y
=

standard Form : (x-h) =

<p(y k) -

x2 + 10x + 23 0
zy
- =

(x + 5)2 =

2y
-

23 + 25

(x +5)
2 =
zy + 2

(X+ 5) 2 =

2(y + 1)
> common factor

5y2 +
30y + 24x =
51

5/
5y2 +
30y
= -

24x +

5 5

yz +
by =
- + x

(y + 3) =
-

Ex = + + 9

=
-X + e common factor

(y + 3) = (X 4) -

Transforming Standard Form to General Form of the Parabola

a . (y 3) - = -

z(X + 1)

2x
yz by + 9 2
=
-
-
-

yz -

by + 9 + 2x + 2
=
0

yz + 2x -

by + 11 =
0

3(X 1)
b y2
= -

y
-

3x + 3 =
0

c .

(y + 3)2 =
-

z(X -

4)

↓ y 05
24X
5y2 +
30y + 45 + 96 0
-
=

5y2 +
30y + 24x 51 0
-
=
 Ellipse
Set of all points (x,y) in a plane such that the sum of the distances from any point
in the ellipse to two other fixed points is constant. The two fixed points are called
the foci (plural of focus) of the ellipse
Foci - the two fixed points on the major axis of an ellipse such that the sum of
the distances from these points to any point (x,y) on the ellipse is constant
Center - the point halfway between the foci
Major axis - the line segment containing the foci of an ellipse with both
endpoints on the ellipse
Minor axis - the line segment perpendicular to the major axis and passing
through the center, with both endpoints on the ellipse
Vertices - the endpoints of the major axis
Covertices - the endpoints of the minor axis
Latus Rectum - the chord of the ellipse through its one focus and perpendicular
to the major axis
Ellipse with a Horizontal Major Axis Standard Form with Center (h,k)
standard - Y Form +
(x h) k)
(y-
-

horizontal + =
Center
-

10 0)
,
92

Graph :
,
center

"T vertical -
(Xih +
ly)
>
Focus
tool ......
In all cases a > b
,
Y

Ellipse with a Vertical Major Axis and c =b2

Standard Form -*

Center
-

10 0)
,

Graph
↑

center

~ 7

Y
Sketch and identify the center, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with the
equation * + 1 =

Center to v =
a

center to F = C

center to CV =
b g · O

Y +o X =
29

CX (V
to =
2b
⑧

center : 10 , 0)

vertices : 10 , 7) & (0 ·7) .

a =
7

covertice : ( - 5 0) ,
& (5 , 0) b =
5

Give the coordinates of tne center, foci, vertices. and covertices of the ellipse
with the given equation. Sketch the graph
X2
25 +
·

center : 10 0) ,

··

foci : (4 0) ( 4 0)

1.
-

,
.

a5 ( YertSee
·

c2 =
25-9
=
Te
Give the coordinates of tne center, foci, vertices. and covertices of the ellipse
with the given equation. Sketch the graph o

(X 3)2
(y 2)) ·
-

+
36 100

center : (3 2) ,

2
a =
100

6 =
36 · O

c2 =
Not
=
g

·
⑧
General to Standard
3x2 2y
2
15
+ 6x
12y + 0
=
1 -
-

3x2 (x 2
+
2y 17y 15
=
- -
-

(3x2 -
6x + -) +
(2y -

Ry + -) = -

15

3(x2 3(1) 2(9)

2(yz by + 2)
-
2x + 1) + -
= 15 + +

3(X -

1)2 +
2(y 3) -

=5 + 2

3(X 1)2 +
2(y z)2
=
-
-

(y-3)
-x12
+

Standard to General
1( =
1)(25)(a)
9x2 + 25y2 =
225

9 x2 + 25y2 -

225 =
0

2 .

((X+ 32
+
ly =

1) (l

49(x+ 3) +
24(y
-

5) =
(2)(49)
49(xz 9) 25) 1176
+ 6x + +
24(yz 10y -
+ =

49x2 + 294x + 441 +

2y2 240y + 600 =
1176
-

49x2 +
24y2 + 294X 270y + 1041 1176 =
0
-
-

nax2 +
zuy2 + 294x
270y 135 0
- - =
 Ellipse
Vertical Ellipse Center to v = 9

center to F =
C

·
Center to CV =
b

Horizontal Ellipse Y +ov = 29

anyint major
CX to a =
2b
vertices axis
minor
axis

a b +
farthest
=

C(0 0) ,
((h k) ,

vertical x2 y (x h) z
(y+
-

= 1 +
+
b2
b2 az

horizontal
X
2

+ (x-h Cytl
az
↓

eccentricity of
-

vertical ellipse amount curveness

C (0 0)
,
circle =
0

a2 25 5
parabola
a
1
= =
:

b2 16 b 4
ellipse =
=
=

c
= =
9) =
3 e < /

>
hyperbola e

C(0 0 ,

·
Y (0 5) ,

(0 -5) ,

F(0 3) ,

(0 . -3)

CY

(4 0) ,

(4 0) ,
 3)2
(y 1)
(x+ Ly
(X -
-

t =
1
36 9

C (1 ,
-

5) ((3 1)
,

1 , ,
1 , 111
·
·
a
=
= 25a =
5 az = 36a =
4
b2 = 9 b 3 52 9 3
b
= = =

((1 ,
-
5) c
= =
14 C =
4 ch = 27 C = 35

v (6 5) C(3 1) ,
5. 2
,

(4 -

,
-5) Y(9 1) ,

F (5 , -5) (3 1) ,

( 3 5) F (0 1)
-

- .
2
,

CY (1 ,
:2) (2 ?1)
.

(1 -8) CV(3 ,
4)
,

(3 ; 2)
 Hyperbola
horizontal : Equation

3 Horizontal

Xz yz
-
I
=

al b2

vertical :
W vertical

1 X-
Parts of
Hyperbola if (h k) ,

center to vertex :
a Horizontal

· (x-h) lyk
center to focus =
C

·
center to (V =
b
F

c2 = az + b2 Vertical

(y -k)2
(x
)
- =
1
al
auxiliary rectangle
asymptote asymptote
transverse axis = 29 horizontal :X
10 0)
,

conjugate vertical 1 Ex
:

axis =
26

horizontal : (X-h) + 1
Ch k)
G(x
,

left line vertical :

negative slope : to right -

h) + 1
sample

x -

i /
=

Horizontal

92 = 9 -
3

D2 = 16- 4

c 25
= -

c2 = az + b2

I
:

asymptote x

System of Linear Equations

7
3y 9

2x +3
-

=
2(7) +
3y 12
=

7
14
3y 3y 9
-

+ = 12 =

= = 3y 9 7
-
= -

X =
7 y
=
-
z : y =-

2x + 7
3y z(2x (2 - 2x + 7 3(2)
-Y
by = -
=
=
-
-

4x + 12
4x 12 7y 2x + 7
=

+
7y 6
=
=

13 =
2
y
E
=

3(4x X
-

6)

xY
-

+ =
3
=

y
-

5x +
3y
=
4 4x + 7(2) =
12

4x + 14

=
=
12

X =
=

5(2) +
3y
=
4 4)(2) +
y
=
6 X = -

t
10 + 4 8 + 6
3y
=

y
=

=
=
2
y
-

2
=

y
-
 System of Non Linear
Equations
it is a system of equations where at least one of the equations is nonlinear
solutiOn is an ordered pair that satisfies each of the given equations
how to solve using substitution?
• Identify the graph of each equation. Sketch the possible options for
intersection.
• Solve one of the equations for either variable.
• Substitute the expression from Step two into the other equation.
• Solve the resulting equation.
• Substitute each solution in Step four into one of the original equations to
find the other variable.
• Write each solution as an ordered pair.
• check that each ordered pair is a solution to both original equations
example :

9x2 +
y =
9 if X =
0

3x 3 3x 3
y y
=
-
= -

= 3(0) -

3
y
qx2 + (3x -
3)2 =
9 =
-
3
gxz + 9x) -

18X + 9 -

9 =
0
(0 -3) ,

18x2 -

18X =
0 if X =
18X(X -

1) =
0
3x 3
y
-
=

-
1x
=

= 0 0 =
3(1) -

X =
1 = ⑧

X =
0 (1 ,
0)

solutions : 10 . -3) & (1 07

,
how to solve using elimination?
• Identify the graph of each equation. Sketch the possible options for
intersection.
• Write both equations in standard form.
• Make the coefficients of one variable opposites. Decide which variable you
will eliminate. Multiply one or both equations so that the coefficients of
that variable are opposites.
• Add the equations resulting from Step three to eliminate one variable.
• Solve for the remaining variable.
• Substitute each solution from Step five into one of the original equations.
Then solve for the other variable.
• Write each solution as an ordered pair
• check that each ordered pair is a solution to both original equations
example
x2 + yz = 4 if
y
=
0 if
y
= -

x 4 x2 xz
y
=
4
-

4
-

y
= =

y
-

x2 -

0 =
4 X2 -

()) =
4

ifty n4 =3
=

X = 12 X =
153

y
z +
y
=
0 (12 0 ,
(15 -1) ,

y(y 1) 0
=
+

0
y =-
=

X
y
=
x + yz =
1
xi
y
= x + 5
yz 4
-

X x+ 2 =
1 (circle
y
=
(parabola y
v (0 0,
x2 -

y2 =
4 (hyperbola)
opens upward

=
center of a circle is the vertex of a
parabola

+ 132 If the
+ 2x-12y .
0
=
circle
yo intersects

the parabola's point

directrix at a where
yell ,
the
find the equation of circle

GF to SF

Dar
y2 + 24x
12y + 132 0
-
=

yz 12y 24 132
-
=
= -

2
36
y Ry + 24 132 + 36
-
= -
-

(y
-

6) 2 =
=

24x -
96

(y a) c
-
= 24(X + 4)
x =
( 4 -

, 6)

the vertises of the

hyperbola with equation
&x foci
72x-Koy2 1289 - 200 0 and the of
-
- =

an ellipse that contains the point (2 : 10)

Find the
standard equation of the
ellipse

9x2-12x-ly2 -

12ey
-

256 =
0
5048
9x2 72x + 1296
16y2 128y + 4096 256 + 1294 + 4096
- -
- =

ax 72x + 1294
Loy" 122y + 4096 5548
Lu 8
-
- - =

x2 548
-
1296 Eac
8x + 144
16y2 :y +
=
28
- -

9x2- 72x-lby2 -
128
y
-
25h = 0 ! ae
324
& =
Rey
Tx + + 2 0
=

6
9

x2
-

8X =
yz +
oy + 16
#
x2 8x + 16 yz + my
-
=
+

(x 4) 4)
=

(y +
-

-4)
'
C (4
,
ax 72x + 1294
Loy" 122y + 4096
-
- - :

9(x2 8X -

+ ) -

16(yz
-

gy +

ax2-72x- 16y2 256 0

128y
=
-
-

9 x2 72x + 1 - lby2 128 = 254

-
-

+
y
4096
q(x2 8X + 144) 256 + 256
16 (y2 256)
-

By
=
+
-

H 44
9(X-

9x2-7ix-1by2 128y 25620

-
-

y 144

s
at =
14
bi = 9

(2 =
25

-
((4 ,
-

4)
 Sequence and Series
Sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers. It also means
an ordered list of numbers.
A sequence is infinite if its domain is the set of positive integers without a last
term , { ,...}. The three dots show that the sequence goes on and on
1
,
2
,
3
,
4 5
,

indefinitely.
A sequence is finite if its domain is the set of positive integers { ,...n} 1 2 3 4 5
,
, , ,

which has a last term, n.

A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence.
For example:
1
,
3 7 9
,
5
, ... SEQUENCE
, , ,
11

,... SERIES
1 + 3 + 5+7 +9 + 11

Arithmetic Sequence
• Sequence whose term after the first term is obtained by adding a constant
number to the preceding term. The constant number is called the common
difference
(n-1)d
:

Formula An = a ,
+

Sn = (a an)/ =[2a ,
+
,
+ (n 1)d]
+

Geometric Sequence
• sequence whose term after the first term is obtained by multiplying a
constant number to the preceding term. The constant number is called the
common ratio
Formula : An = a , rh-

(l-ru) (l-ran
/Sn
9. a ,
Finite
geometric sequence : Sn = =

1 2
alr
-

infinite : Sn
geometric sequence
=

I-r

Harmonic Sequence
• sequence of numbers whose terms are reciprocals of the terms of an
arithmetic sequence
Fibonacci Sequence
• sequence in which first few terms are identified, and the succeeding terms
are obtained by adding these first few terms that are already identified
 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
, , , ,
, , , , ,

rule : an =
a, + (n- 11d

2 + (n 1)2 -

2 + 2n -

rule : In
Summation Notation
summation

· stturnan
formula/rule

[an +

1 + 1 + = +
y +... too

%
-
1 + 2 -
3+ 4 57
-

... + 20

/ (l)'(l)
(-1)" (n)
- =

2 = ( -
1) (2)
n 1 =

3 :
( -
1)3(3)

Y = (
-

13(4)

-
5
=
(- 15)

1 t
+

+
y + + + + + 5 +
... to

&
* 2n +

n = 1

[2() + 13 + [2(2) +
13 [2(3) + 1] + [2(4) + 13 + [2(5) + 1)

3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 = 35

Is (5(3)2 -
13 + [5(4)2 13 -

+ [5(57 -

13 + [5(43 -

13

44 + 79 + 124 + 179 =
426

1)
I5 + 55 1 y
+

+ + + =
1 .

4634111117
2
. [(1)2 4j + f(2) 43 + [(3)2
-

-3 + 0
-
-

43 + 2(4)2 -

43 + 21532 -

45

+ 5 + 12 + 2)
=
35

1 + 5 + 25 + + 3125
3
. 120 + .
..

1 -
50
5
-

5 ju
n =
j
25 52
=

125 -
53

3125
-

55

Properties of Summation
Notation
"

& c = x(n = m + 1)

i = m

i
& 213)

15

&2 ((15 -

3 + 1)
i =
3
2 (13) =
26

and

o
5[20(21)]
5 [10(21)]
=
1058
property 4

& (2i + 1)3

&
i =
1

= =
500
50
(2See
I

25 =
24 598(20)
,

491
=

,
960

property 5
+ i =
1

= nin [152(15 1) g 12/15(15 1424151 137 6)]

+ + +
+
8 +

+
Class 6(()
X lol
a
12 (1440( 6 (120)
Ho 8(14400) 12 (1240) 720

55
+
=

115 200 14 800 + 720 + 15

, ,

130 815
property 6
,

instant 6
c(i m) =

c(n-m + 1)

:
i

n(n + )

i2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)

6
204
i3
n2 (h + 1)
property
Y

g
& ir -i + 5

i =
1

Siz
10(n)(21)
6
-

A + 51

385 55 + 50
-
 Coterminal Angles
• Angles which are both in standard position and have the same terminal side

, 30 %
terminal 3908 3300 are
-

3300 coterminal
angles
-

tal
counterclockwise : positive angle

Find the
·

coterminal between 80 360

angle and

1 .
-
3490
-
349 + 3600 =
110

2 .
6350

6350 =
360 =
2750

3 .
-
4508
-
4500 + 3600 =
-900

=
900 + 3600 =
2708

Find the coterminal with -480 that has a measure of ...

1 .
between 00 and 3600

-
48 + 360 =
3120

2 .
between 7200 and 1080.

48 + 360 =
3128

312 + 3600 =
6728
6720 + 3600 =
10328
 Reference Angles
• Positive acute angle formed by the terminal side of the given angle and the
x-axis

900
I I
RA =
given
RA =
180-given

1800 /3600
%
0

# #V

RA =
given-180 2700
RA = 360 - given

Find reference :
angle
1 . 2210

221° -

180

=
410

2 .
1130

1800 -
1130
&

= 670

3 .
4100

10 + 360/

1 410 + 3601
-

1-50 %

500
Converting Degree Measure to
Radian Measure ( n vice versa )
Rad to Degree
60

* 3000

alternative

5(180)
= 300
3

3 x = 5400

Ex-2100

x
2250

750x =
Trigonometry
-deals with measurement of
angle
units of an
angle :

degrees
-

-
radian

intersect
angle is formed when two rays each other

that to form
side-ray moves an
angle

-erwin
i
·

standard angle

-can be in &
seen x
y-axis

-
vertex origin

initial side at positive X-axis

·
-

coterminals

same terminal side

-

-
smallest
positive coterminal angle

#4000 - one of the coterminal

7680

3200, -
6000

largest negative

t -

1200 400 2400

-

600 4200 -
3008

-
600 3000 -
4200

388 200 -

348
-
basis
Reference Ls

X-axis
-

angle formed using

RA = given
E
I 900F( +, )
+

RA =

90 % 041800 10 10 <900
180-given

1800 i 0%348

T IV RA = 360- given
RA =

8 - 180 18007270 270/0 < 360

2700

120

N
draw line perpendicular to X-axis

to
degrees radian

400 x = rad

340
°
x = Zit rad

i
convert :

1 .
750

750x = rad
2 .
1280

1250 x = rad t
had

3 .
3200

3200x =

IoT radrad

.
4 rad

·
6 .
-
3800

X
-

3000

rad

trad wa
 %
.Trad 405

9 .
20240

2020 x
1012

98

506 IT
rad
5

10 .
I rad

-100

Smallest largest reference angle

435 -

285 750

(10 = 1200 -
240 600

4000 240 -
120 600
248

↓ - sector
Area of sectur length of arc

-
if
using angle :to litr) Citr

=
Ac Tr2 C zir
Asegment
=

As = Jor length of an arc

sector
l Or
checking
=

2
O is in radian form #(10)

OX =
1200 x

As =
Jor ?
=
N or 104 72 cm2
.

:(100
 Or

(10) = 20 .

94 cm

sample
central L = 60

radius = 12

60x

As [Orz
i
=

(144

rat
244 or 75 4 .

Ax = Ebh
E (12) 65
3655/62 . 35

75 4.
-

62 35.
= 1 05 .
Cm