SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS
NSCP 2015
By: Engr. Rosel G. Verdadero
• Selection of method of analysis
• Description of analysis techniques
• Modeling considerations
• System regularity
• Load combinations
• Other considerations
• Drift computation and acceptance criteria
• P-delta effects
1. Determine building occupancy category
2. Determine basic ground motion parameters
3. Determine site classification
4. Determine site coefficient adjustment factors
5. Determine design ground motion parameters
6. Determine seismic design category
7. Determine importance factor
8. Select structural system and system parameters
9. Examine system for configuration irregularities
10. Determine diaphragm flexibility (flexible, semi-rigid,
rigid)
11. Determine redundancy factor (
12. Determine lateral force analysis procedure
13. Compute lateral loads
14. Add torsional loads, as applicable
15. Add orthogonal loads, as applicable
16. Perform Analysis
17. Combine results
18. Check strength, deflection, stability
1. BUILDING OCCUPANCY CATEGORY
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
I. Essential Facilities Occupancy having surgery and emergency treatment areas,
Fire and police stations, Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers,
Aviation control towers, Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency response,
Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category I structures,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the
protection of Category I, II or III, IV and V structures Public School buildings, Hospitals,
Designated evacuation centers and
Power and communication transmission lines.
II. Hazardous Facilities Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances,
Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances.
III. Special Occupancy Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or more,
Structures Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a capacity of 300 or more occupants,
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more occupants,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,
Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained,
Churches, Mosques, and other Religion Facilities,
All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power-generating stations, and other public utility facilities not included in Category I or Category II, and
required for continued operation.
IV. Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in Category I, II or III and Category V.
Structures
V. Miscellaneous Structures Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5 m high.
1. BUILDING
OCCUPANCY
CATEGORY
Seismic Zone 4 Near Source Factor Seismic Response Coefficients
Accounts for:
• Ductility
• Overstrength
• Redundancy
• Damping
• Past behavior
R 8.0
3.0
Zone 2 NL
Zone 4 NL
R 7.0
2.8
Zone 2 NL
Zone 4 NL
R 6.5
2.8
Zone 2 NL
Zone 4 50 m
Irregular structures have significant physical discontinuities in
configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting systems. Irregular
features include, but are not limited to, those described in Tables
208-9 and 208-10. All structures in occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in
Seismic Zone 2 need to be evaluated only for vertical irregularities of
Type 5 and horizontal irregularities of Type 1.
• Diaphragms must be considered as semi-rigidunless they
can be classified as FLEXIBLE or RIGID.
– Untopped steel decking and untopped wood structural panels
are considered FLEXIBLE if the vertical seismic force resisting
systems are steel or composite braced frames or are shear
walls.
– Diaphragms in one- and two-family residential buildings may be
considered FLEXIBLE.
– Concrete slab or concrete filled metal deck diaphragms are
considered RIGID if the width to depth ratio of the diaphragms
is less than 3 and if no horizontal irregularities exist.
Cases where ρ = 1.0
• Structures assigned to SDC B and C
• Drift and P-delta calculations
• Design of nonstructural components
• When overstrength (Ωo) is required in design
• Diaphragm loads
• Systems with passive energy devices
Seismic dead load, W, is the total dead load and applicable portions
of other loads listed below.
1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 percent
of the floor live load shall be applicable.
2. Where a partition load is used in the floor design, a load of not
less than 0.5 KN/sq.m. shall be included.
3. Total weight of permanent equipment shall be included.
The equivalent lateral force (ELF) method is allowed for all buildings EXCEPT:
1. Structures 75 m or more in height.
2. Structures having stiffness, weight or geometric vertical irregularities.
3. Structures over 5 stories or 20 m in height in Seismic Zone 4 not having the same
structural system throughout their height.
4. Structures located on SDC F, that have T > 0.7 s. The analysis shall included soil-
structure interaction (SSI).
Determine Base Shear:
= *I/R
additionally in Zone 4:
where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentrically
braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all buildings
Ct = 0.0743/ for stures with concrete or masonry shear walls.
Ac = ; > 0.9
where:
Tb < 1.3Ta in Seismic Zone 4
Tb < 1.4Ta in Seismic Zone 2
Total Design Base Shear, V: Ft Fx Level x =n
hx
F4 Level x =4
Force at the Top, Ft: h4
F3 Level x =3
When T > 0.7 sec h3
When T < 0.7 sec F2 Level x =2
h2
Lateral Loads, Fx: F1 Level x =1
h1
V
ALL Include inherent and
accidental torsion
B Ignore torsional
amplification
C,D, E, F Include torsional
amplification where Type
1a or 1b irregularity exists
Maximum Inelastic Response
Displacement, 𝐌 :
total drift or storey drift that occurs
when the structure ijected to the
Design Basis Ground Motion,
including estimated elastic and
inelastic contributions to the total
deformation, expressed in millimeters.
Design Level Response
Dispacement, 𝐒 :
which is the total drift or total storey
drift that occurs when the structure is
subjected to the design seismic forces,
expressed in millimeters.
Drift Limits
Structures with T < 0.7 sec < 0.025 hn
Structures with T > 0.7 sec < 0.020 hn
Single storey steel framed No drift limit
structure for storage,
factories or workshops.
P∆ effects must be considered when:
Secondary Moment
Primary Moment
where:
𝜃 = Stability coefficient for story x
P = total vertical load (unfactored)
In highrise design, important secondary moments and on all columns in story x
additional story drifts can be developed in the lateral force- ∆ = story drift due to the design base
resisting system by P∆ Effects are the result of the axial load shear
P i n a c ol um n b e ing “ m ove d ” la te r a ll y b y h o r iz o n t a l V = design base shear in story x
displacements, thereby causing additional “secondary” h = height story x
column and girder moments.
Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning
effects caused by earthquake forces specified in Section
208.5.2.3. At any level, the overturning moments to be
resisted shall be determined using those seismic forces (Ft
and Fx) that act on levels above the level under consideration.
At any level, the incremental changes of the various resisting
elements in the manner prescribed in
Expansion joints are often used to break a large
building, or an irregular building, into two or more
parts above the foundation level. This effectively
creates seperate “structures” within the same
“building”. The code requires that the structures be
seperated by the amount ∆ .
where:
= maximum inelastic displacement of Structure 1.
= maximum inelastic displacement of Structure 2.
The required is determined in the following steps:
a. Determine inelastic displacement of each structure.
Building seperations are necessary to prevent or reduce the
possibilty of two adjacent structures impacting during an b. Determine required seperation.
earthquake.
Earthquake Load, E:
where:
Eh = due to earthquake horizontal forces
Ev = due to earthquake vertical forces
ρ = redundancy factor
Ca = Seismic Response Coefficient
I = Importance Factor
D = Dead Load
THE END!!!!
