Minor Project Report

on
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BUILDING

Submitted for Final Year Project (2021-25)

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Anshul (BU2022UGCEL19) Er. Ravi Kumar Sandal
Atul (BU2021UGCE20) Asst. Professor, SOCE
Kushal (BU2022UGCEL21) Bahra University, H.P.

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 CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the project work entitled
“EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING” is a Bonafide
work carried out by Final year Students, Batch (2021-25) in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree
of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING by BAHRA UNIVERSITY, Shimla hills,
under our guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to

any other university or institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Er. RAVI KUMAR SANDAL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
BAHRA UNIVERSITY, H.P.

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 INDEX
Sr. No. Topic Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 5-7

2 METHODSS OF DESIGNING EARTHQUAKE 8-12

RESISTEING BUILDING

3 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED 13-14

CONCRETE BUILDINGS

4 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 15

5 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES 16-18

DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
6 REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM) 19-21

7 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 22-23

8 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY 24-25

9 MODEL OF EARTH QUAKE RESISTING BUILDING IN 26-28

STAAD PRO

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  AIMS
o To make the building earthquake proof.

 OBJECTIVE
o To prevent total collapse
o To preserve the life of building
o To minimise the damage in case of earthquake

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 1. Introduction
Introduction of earthquake resistant Building

Building is a shelter which people occupy for their living or pursue their living functions. The
shelter should have a structure to protect its occupants from natural phenomena such as
rain, snow, heat and cold, and hazards such as strong winds and earthquakes. The intensity
of natural hazards varies from region to region on the earth. A building should also provide
its occupants with comfort for living and working space for their activities by controlling
light, temperature and humidity in severe climate and environment. The degree of desired
amenities varies from society to society according to economic conditions and personal
priority in the life of the members.

Earthquakes are caused by rupture of rock zones called faults. The earth’s surface consists of
tectonic plates which move relative to one another building strain energy along the plate
boundaries. When this energy exceeds the capacity of the rock materials along the fault
surface, the final rupture with seismic waves transmitted through hard bedrock layers. Most
of major earthquakes. occur along the plate boundaries. The relative movement of tectonic
plates also builds up stresses within a tectonic plate. When the stress level exceeds the
capacity, the fault ruptures within the tectonic plate.

The state-of-the-art in earthquake engineering has reached a stage where earthquake

resistant building construction can reduce the casualties from earthquake disasters.
However, the application of such state-of-the-art is prohibitive in most seismically active
regions due to the economic and technical reason.

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1.1 Burj Khalifa is classic example of earthquake
resisting building

Fig No 1 Burj Khalifa

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 1.2 Point of earthquake resistant
Building
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earth's surface that follows a
release of energy in the earth's crust.

This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of segments of the crust, by a volcanic
eruption or even by a manmade explosion.

The dislocation of the crust causes most destructive earthquakes.

Fig No 2 Point of earthquake resistant Building

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 2. Methods of Designing Earthquake
Resisting Building
 Earthquake-Proof Buildings Are Designed

Throughout history, we've built impressive structure and cities only for them to encounter
the forces of nature. Earthquakes are one of the Earth's most destructive forces the seismic
waves throughout the ground can destroy buildings, take lives, and costs tremendous
amounts of money for loss and repair.

According to the National Earthquake Information canter, there is an average of 20,000 earth
quake each yeur-16 of them being major disasters. On September 20, 2017, a magnitude 7.1
rocked Mexico's capital city and killed approximately 230 people. As with the case with other
earthquakes, the damage was not caused d by the quake itself but by y the collapse of
buildings with people inside them, making earthquake-proof buildings a must

Over the past few decades, engineers have introduced new designs to better equip buildings
to withstand earthquakes. Read on to learn how earthquake- proof buildings are designed
today.

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2.1 How Earthquakes Impact Buildings
Before we look at the features, it's important to understand how earthquakes impact man-
made structures. When an earthquake occurs, it sends shockwaves throughout the ground
in short rapid intervals in all different directions. While buildings are generally equipped to
handle vertical forces from their weight and gravity, they cannot handle side-to- side forces
emitted by quakes.

This horizontal load vibrates walls, floors, columns, beams and the connectors that hold
them together. The difference in movement between the bottom and top of buildings exerts
extreme stress, causing the supporting frame to rupture and the entire structure to collapse.

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2.1.1 Create a Flexible Foundation
One way to resist ground forces is to "lift" the building's foundation above the earth. Base
isolation involves constructing a building on top of flexible pads made of steel, rubber, and
lead. When the base moves during the earthquake, the isolators vibrate while the structure
self remains steady. This effectively helps to absorb seismic waves and prevent them from
travel through a building.

Fig No 3 Flexible Foundation

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2.1.2 Counter Forces with Damping
You might be aware that cars have shock absorption. However, you might not know that
engineers also use t them for making earthquake-resistant buildings. Similar to their use in
cars, shock absorbers reduce the magnitude of shockwaves and help buildings slow down.
This is accomplished in two ways: vibrational control devices and pendulum dampers.

The first method involves placing dampers at each level of a building between a column and
beam. Each damper consists of piston heads inside a cylinder filled with silicone oil. When
an earthquake occurs, the building transfers the vibration energy into the pistons, pushes
against the oil. The energy is transformed imo heat, dissipating the force of the vibrations.

Another damping method is pendulum power, used primarily in skyscrapers. Engineers

suspend a large ball with steel cables with a system of hydraulics at the top of the building,
when the building begins the sway, the ball acts as a pendulum and moves in the opposite
direction to stabilise the direction. Like damping, these features are tuned to match and
counteract the building's frequency in the event of an earthquake.

Fig No 4Counter Forces with Damping

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2.1.3 Shield Buildings from Vibrations
Instead of just counteracting forces, researchers are experimenting with ways building can
deflect and reroute the energy from earthquakes altogether. Dubbed the "seismic invisibility
cloak", this innovation involves cresting a cloak of 100 concentric plastic and concrete rings
in and burying it at least three feet beneath the foundation of the building.

As seismic waves enter the rings, they are forced to move through to the outer rings for
easier travel. As a result, they are essentially channel away from the building and dissipated
into the plates in the ground.

2.1.4 Reinforce the Building's Structure

To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel through them
during a seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and moment-resisting frames
are central to reinforcing a building.

Shear walls are a useful building technology that helps to transfer earthquake forces. Made
of panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during movement. Shear walls are often
supported by diagonal cross braces. These steel beams can support compression and
tension, which helps to counteract the pressure and push forces back to the foundation.

Diaphragms are a central part of a building's structure. Consisting of the floors of the
building, the roof, and the decks placed over them, diaphragms help remove tension from
the floor and push force to the vertical structures of the building

Moment-resisting frames provide more flexibility in a building's design. This structure is

placed among the joints of the building and allows for the columns and beams to bend while
the joints remain rigid. Thus, the building can resist the larger forces of an earthquake while
allowing designers more freedom to arrange building elements.

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 3. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
3.1 Inertia Forces in Structures
The generation of inertia forces in a structure is one of the seismic influences that
detrimentally affect the structure. When an earthquake causes ground shaking, the base of
the building would move but the roof would be at rest. However, since the walls and column
are attached to it, the roof is dragged with the base of the buckling.

Fig No 5 Inertia Forces in Structures

The tendency of the roof structure to remain at its original position is called inertia. The
inertia forces can cause shearing of the structure which can concentrate stresses on the
weak walls or joints in the structure resulting in failure or perhaps total collapse. Finally,
more mass means higher inertia force that is why lighter buildings sustain the earthquake
shaking better.

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3.2 Effect of Deformations in Structures
When a buckling experiences earthquake and ground shaking occurs, the base of the
building moves with the ground shaking. However, the roof movement would be different
from that of the base of the structure. This difference in the movement creates internal
forces in columns which tend to return the column to its original position.

These internal forces are termed stiffness forces. The stiffness forces would be higher as the
size of columns gets higher. The stiffness force in a column is the column stiffness times the
relative displacement between its ends

Fig No 6 Deformations in Structures

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 4. SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSHAPHY
Damage is unavoidable. Different types of damage (mainly visualized through cracks;
especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) occur in buildings during earthquakes.
Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others
are not. For instance, in a reinforced concrete frame building with masonry filler walls
between columns, the cracks between vertical columns and masonry filler walls are
acceptable, but diagonal cracks running through the columns are not In general, qualified
technical professionals are knowledgeable of the causes and severity of damage in
earthquake- resistant buildings.

Earthquake-resistant design is therefore concerned about ensuring that the damages in

buildings during earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and that they occur at the right
places and in right amounts.

This approach of earthquake-resistant design is much like the use of electrical fuses in
houses: to protect the entire electrical wiring and appliances in the house, you sacrifice
some small parts of the electrical circuit, called fuses; these fuses are easily replaced after
the electrical over current. Likewise, to save the building from collapsing, you need to allow
some pre-determined parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage.

Fig No 7 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSHAPHY

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 5. REMIDIAL MEASURE TO MINIMISE THE
LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
Whenever a building project is prepared and designed, the first and the most important
aspect of design is to know the zone to which this structure is likely to rest. Depending upon
these, precautionary measures in structural design calculation are considered and structure
can be constructed with sufficient amount of resistance to carthquake forces. Various
measures to be adopted are explained point wise, giving emphasis to increase earthquake
resistance of buildings.

Fig No 8 REMIDIAL MEASURE TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES

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5.1. Building planning
The records of various earthquake failures reveal that unsymmetrical structure performs
poorly during earthquake. The unsymmetrical building usually develops torsion due to
seismic forces, which causes development of crick leading to collapse of a structure. Building
therefore should be constructed rectangular and symmetrical in plan. If a building must be
planned in irregular or unsymmetrical shape, it should be treated as the combination of a
few rectangular blocks connected with passages. It will avoid torsion and will increase
resistance of building to earthquake forces.

5.2. Foundation
IS code recommending that as far as possible entire building should be founded on uniform
soil strata. It is basically to avoid differential settlement. In case if loads transmitted on
different column and column footing varies, foundation should be designed to have uniform
settlement by changing foundation size as per code conditions to have a loading intensity for
uniform settlement. Raft foundation performs better for seismic forces. If piles are driven to
some depth over which a raft is constructed (ral cum pile foundation), the behaviour of
foundation under seismic load will be far better. Piles will take care of differential settlement
with raft and resistance of structure to earthquake forces will be very large

5.3. Provision of band

IS code recommend construction of concrete band at lintel level to resist earthquake. The
studies revealed that building with band at lintel level and one at plinth level improves load
carrying of building to earthquake tremendously. It is suggested here that if bands are plinth
level, sill level, lintel level and roof level in the case of masonry structure only, the resistance
of building to earthquake will increase tremendously. Band at sill level should go with
vertical band and door openings to meet at lintel level. Hold fast of doors can be fitted in
their sill band. In case of earthquake of very high intensity or large duration only infill wall
between walls will fail minimizing casualties and collapse of structure. People will get
sufficient time to escape because of these bands.

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5.4. Arches and domes
Behaviour of arches has been found very unsatisfactory during earthquake. However, domes
perform very satisfactory due to symmetrical in nature. Arches during earthquake have
tendency to separate out and collapse. Mild steel ties if provided at the ends, their
resistance can be increased to a considerable extent.

5.5. Staircases
These are the worst affected part of any building during earthquake. Sandie’s reveal that this
is mainly due to differential displacement of connected floors. This can be avoided by
providing open joints at each floor at the stairway to eliminate bracing effect.

5.6. Beam column joints

In framed structures the monolithic beam column connections are desirable to
accommodate reversible deformations. The maximum moments occur at beam-column
junction. Therefore, most of the ductility requirements should be provided at the ends.
Therefore, spacing of ties in column is restricted to 100mm centre and in case of beam strips
and rings should be closely spaced near the joints. The spacing should be restricted to
100mm centre to centre only near the supports. In case of columns, vertical ties are
provided; performance of columns 10 earthquake forces Steel columns for tall buildings is
buildings more than 8 storey height should be provided as their performance is better than
concrete column due to ductility behaviour of material.

5.7. Masonry building

Mortar plays an important role in masonry construction. Mortar possessing adequate
strength should only be used. Studies reveal that a cement sand ratio of 1:5 or 1:6 is quite
strong as well as economical also. If reinforcing bars are put after 8 to 10 bricklayers, their
performance to earthquake is still better. Other studies have revealed that masonry infill
should not be considered as non- structural element.

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6. EARTHQUAKE RESISTING CONSTRUCTION
WITH REINFORCE HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK
(RHCBM)
Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load- bearing walls for gravity loads
and also shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely withstand the earthquakes.

Fig No 9 HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)

This structural system of construction is known as shear wall- diaphragm concept, which
gives three-dimensional structural integrity for the building.

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6.1 Structural Features
Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and concrete grouts fill, at
regular intervals, throughout the continuous vertical cavities of hollow blocks.

Likewise, each masonry clement is horizontally reinforced with steel bars and concrete grout
fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as continuous RC bands using U-shaped concrete
blocks in the masonry course, at recurring levels,

A grid of reinforcement can be built into each masonry element without the obligation of
any extra shuttering, and it reduces the scope of corrosion of the reinforcement.

As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions can be continued into
the slab and lateral walls respectively, the structural integrity in all three dimensions is
achieved.

6.2 Structural Advantages

In this construction system, structurally, each wall and slab behave as a shear wall and
diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability disastrous damage to the structure during
natural hazards.

Fig No 10 shear wall and diaphragm

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Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical and horizontal directions,
through each masonry element, increased tensile resistance and ductile behaviour of
elements could be achieved.

Hence the construction system can safely resist lateral or cyclic loading, when compared to
other masonry construction systems

This construction system has aho been proved to offer better resistance under dynamic
loading, when compared to the other conventional systems of construction.

6.3 Constructional Advantages

No extra formwork or any special construction machinery is necessary for reinforcing the
hollow block masonry.

Only semi-skilled labour is required for this type of construction. It is faster and easier
construction system, when compared to the other conservative construction systems.

It is also cost-effective. Architectural and other advantages

This type of constructional system provides better audio and thermal insulation for the
building. This system is durable and maintenance free Studies on the comparative cost
economics of RHCBM

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7. MID - LEVEL ISOLATION
This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the buildings are still being used.

This new method entails improving and classifying the columns on intermediate floors of an
existing building into flexible columns that incorporate rubber bearings (base isolation
systems) and rigid columns which have been wrapped in steel plates to add to their
toughness.

Fig No 11 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION

This is the first method of improving earthquake resistance in Japan that classifies the
columns on the same floor as flexible columns and rigid columns, and it is the first casein
west Japan the Kansai region of attaching rubber bearings by cutting columns on the
intermediate floors an existing building.

This method involves improving earthquake resistance while the buildings are still being
used as normal operations

There are three types of base insolation systems, depending on the location where rubber
bearings are incorporated

Pile-head isolation

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Foundation isolation

Mid-level isolation

Concrete foundations for greater stability

Wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against humidity, concreted into the
ground with nails embedded in the wood at the base to give extra anchorage

 Using concrete wall bases to prevent humidity affecting the wood and the canes in
the walls.
 Careful jointing between columns and beams to improve structural integrity.
 Canes woven in a vertical fashion to provide greater stability.
 Lightweight metal sheet roofing to reduce danger of falling tiles.
 Nailing roofing material to roof beams, tying of beams and columns with roof wires.
 Incorporating roof caves of sufficient width to ensure protection of walls from heavy
rains

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 8. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY
INFILTRATE MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)
o Following the devastating earthquake in Turkey this summer that. killed as many as
20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped beneath the
rubble of collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.

o Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a new type of concrete
to help prevent such scenes from happening again.

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This paper presents the compressive behaviour of a new type of high-performance steel
fiver reinforced concrete called slurry infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON).

SIMCON is made by infiltrating preplaced continuous steel fiver- mats with a cement-based
slurry. Because of its fiver-mat configuration, individual fivers have a very high fiver aspect
ratio, leading to significant increase in strength, ductility, and toughness; and fiver-mats are
delivered in prepacked rolls that can be easily cut and handled in the field, as compared with
conventional short discontinuous fiver reinforced concretes.

Hence, SIMCON is well suited for repair, retrofit, and new construction of earthquake-
resistant buildings, bridges, and other structures that require high strength and ductility,

This paper presents stress-strain properties of SIMCON in compression that were obtained
experimentally.

After a month of curing, compressive strengths of up to 88 MPa (12.8 ksi) and strains at
ultimate stress ranging between 0.9% and 0.7% were reached with 5.39% fiver volume
fraction SIMCON.

This paper discusses the observed compressive behaviour and presents models for
predicting the entire stress-strain relationship. including the elastic modulus, ultimate stress,
strain at ultimate stress, and toughness,

Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete SIMCON

Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as many as 20,000
people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped beneath the rubble of
collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.

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 9. Model of Earthquake Resistant In STAAD
Pro

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