PRODUCED BY THE OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE OF ENERGY NETWORKS ASSOCIATION

Engineering Recommendation G100

Issue 2 2022 Amendment 1

Technical Requirements for Customers’ Export

and Import Limitation Schemes

www.energynetworks.org
 PUBLISHING AND COPYRIGHT INFORMATION

© 2022 Energy Networks Association

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Specific enquiries concerning this document should be addressed to:

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Energy Networks Association
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This document has been prepared for use by members of the Energy Networks
Association to take account of the conditions which apply to them. Advice should be taken
from an appropriately qualified engineer on the suitability of this document for any other
purpose.

First published, July 2016

Amendments since publication

Issue Date Amendment

Issue 1 July First issue
2016
Issue 1 March Revision to the following sections/appendices to enable fast track
Amnd 1 2017 application process for ERG83 Energy Storage Systems.
5.2.3 – Voltage Assessment
7.4 – Fail Safe Tests
Appendix B – Information to be provided relating to Fail Safe Tests
Issue 1 May Introduction of a new Appendix C – Manufacturers G100 product declaration
Amnd 2 2018
Issue 2 May Completely revised and reissued as Issue 2.
2022
Issue 2 TBC A sentence clarifying automatic reset for communication failures added to
Amnd 1 4.5.2.2.
Minor editorial corrections, and clarifications, made to Examples 1, 3, 4 and
5 in Appendix E.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................ 5
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references ....................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................... 10
4 Requirements ................................................................................................................ 12
4.1 Concept ................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 General CLS Features .......................................................................................... 13
4.3 Operational States ................................................................................................ 14
4.4 Design Limits ........................................................................................................ 15
4.5 Fail Safe ............................................................................................................... 18
4.6 Communications ................................................................................................... 22
4.7 Cyber security ....................................................................................................... 22
4.8 Access to DNOs’ Current and Voltage Signals ...................................................... 22
4.9 Generation in Non-exporting Sites ........................................................................ 23
4.10 Multiple CLSs in a Single Installation .................................................................... 23
4.11 Domestic Installations ........................................................................................... 23
4.12 Interfaces with DNOs’ Systems ............................................................................. 24
5 Application and Acceptance ........................................................................................... 24
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 24
5.2 Site commissioning of Fully Type Tested CLSs .................................................... 25
5.3 Commissioning Sequence .................................................................................... 25
5.4 Preventing the Limits Being Exceeded During Testing and Commissioning .......... 25
5.5 Fail Safe Tests ...................................................................................................... 26
5.6 Operational tests ................................................................................................... 27
5.7 Overload and Reverse Power Protection .............................................................. 34
6 Ongoing Obligations ...................................................................................................... 34
7 Manufacturers’ CLS Product Declarations...................................................................... 34
Appendix A- CLS Application Information ............................................................................. 36
Appendix B – Manufacturer’s CLS Product Information ........................................................ 38
Appendix C – CLS Installation and Commissioning Tests .................................................... 47
Appendix D – Examples ....................................................................................................... 51

Figures
Figure 0-1 ............................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4-1 Conceptual Representation of a CLS .................................................................. 13
Figure 4-2 – Excursions into State 2 counting towards the excursion limit ............................ 20
Figure 5-1 – Current Step Tests ........................................................................................... 28
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Figure 5-2 – Step Voltage Tests ........................................................................................... 29

Figure 5-3 – Over and Under Voltage Tests ......................................................................... 29
Figure E 1 - Large PV Installation at a Domestic property .................................................... 51
Figure E 2 - Wind Turbine Installation at a Farm................................................................... 53
Figure E 3 – New PV Farm ................................................................................................... 55
Figure E 4 Domestic EV Charging ........................................................................................ 56
Figure E 5 Commercial EV Charging .................................................................................... 56
Figure E 6 Overload Protection Option (a) ............................................................................ 56
Figure E 7 Overload Protection Option (b) ............................................................................ 56

Tables
Table 5-1 - Test Sequence ................................................................................................... 26
Table 5-2 – Step Change voltages ....................................................................................... 29
Table 5-3 - Over Voltage Tests............................................................................................. 30
Table 5-4 – List of Tests ....................................................................................................... 31
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Foreword

This Engineering Recommendation (EREC) is published by the Energy Networks Association

(ENA) and comes into effect from the date of publication. It has been approved for
publication by the ENA’s Electricity Networks and Futures Group (ENFG). The approved
abbreviated title of this engineering document is “EREC G100”.

This revised EREC G100 Issue 2 is an extensive revision of Issue 1, incorporating a new
specific approach to defining the criteria that determine the behaviour of Customer’s
limitation schemes, and the sizes of generation and/or demand that can be installed under
the control of such schemes.

Following publication of EREC G100 Issue 2, a minor omission and small number of editorial
mistakes have been found. These have been corrected in this EREC G100 Issue 2,
Amendment 1.

EREC G100 Issue 2 supersedes EREC G100 Issue 1 Amendment 2 “Technical

Requirements for Customers Export and Import Limitation Schemes”. However
Manufacturers and Installers will need time to ensure their products and installations meet
the new requirements. Hence compliance with Issue 2 Amendment 1 will be optional on its
first introduction until 01 May 2023 when it will become mandatory, and Issue 1 Amendment
2 will be withdrawn. Customers will therefore be able to choose to comply (in full) with either
EREC G100 Issue 1 Amendment 2 or EREC G100 Issue 2 Amendment 1 for Customers’
Export and Import Limitation Schemes (CLSs) which manage export commissioned
before 01 May 2023. CLSs which manage import commissioned after 01 May 2023 shall
comply with this EREC G100 Issue 2 Amendment 1.

This document applies to both Customer’s export and import limitation schemes.

NOTE: Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller type and does not
constitute a normative element.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Introduction

The purpose of this Engineering Recommendation (EREC) is to state the requirements for
Customer Export or Import Limitation Schemes (CLS) that are used to limit the export to
and/or the import from the Distribution Network of a licensed Distribution Network
Operator (DNO).

The guidance given is designed to facilitate the use of CLSs whilst maintaining the integrity
of the Distribution Network, both in terms of safety and supply quality.

Customers are becoming increasingly aware of environmental issues and are seeking to
install low carbon technology Devices, such as heat pumps, electric vehicle charging points
and photovoltaic generation within their premises that might add significant load and/or
generation (including electricity storage) on to Distribution Networks. Where the DNO has
assessed that connection of such Devices will require costly reinforcement, or reinforcement
that would take time to implement thus delaying the connection, some Customers may
choose to restrict the net flows of electricity at their Connection Point rather than wait for, or
contribute to, the reinforcement.

A typical CLS may be used in the following scenarios:

• Installing generation with an aggregate Current Rating greater than the permitted export
to the network and limiting the peak export;
• Connecting significant new loads which cannot operate at their full capacities at the same
time without exceeding the import capacity from the network;
• Using the flexibility of the Customer’s loads and generation to stay within import or
export limits.
The use of a CLS is not intended to interfere with any load or generation flexibility that
Customers wish to make use of. Instead its function is to ensure that the Customer’s
Devices do not impose current flows on the Distribution Network which are greater than
the MEL or MIL as agreed in the Connection Agreement. This is illustrated for the current
flow at the Connection Point of an example installation in Figure 0-1 below.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Figure 0-1 Operational State Concept

Current flow at connection point (per unit) on a typical day

State 2 Export Limit

limited
G100
1

Maximum Export Limit, ie State 1 Limit

Unconstrained operation
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Maximum Import Limit, ie State 1 Limit

G100 limited
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State 2 Import Limit

-2

As well as complying with this EREC G100 all Customer’s Installations shall comply with
the Distribution Code and its Annex 1 documents, particularly EREC G5, EREC P28 and
EREC P29. Installations with generation shall also comply with EREC G59, EREC G83,
EREC G98 or EREC G99 as appropriate.

1 Scope

This document applies to all in Customers’ Installations connected at any voltage, where
new load or generation equipment is installed and commissioned on or after 01 May 20231,
such that there is an agreed need to restrict the flow of current at the Connection Point or to
prevent voltage limits on the Distribution Network from being exceeded. This may require
the installation of a CLS or suitable overload or reverse power protection. For the avoidance
of doubt, normal limitations on the connection or the operation of generation due to fault level
exceedance will apply.

The focus of this document is Customers’ Installations connected at voltages up to and

including 20kV. The same principles will be applied for installations connected above this
voltage. However in these cases the DNO may vary the exact requirements to suit the
particular network characteristics at that location.

This document does not apply:

• where the aggregate Current Rating of the generation is less than the MEL; or

—————————
1 The use of this issue of EREC G100 for the design and implementation of Customers’ export or import
limitation schemes is not precluded before that date.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• where the sum of the Current Rating of both

o the uncontrolled loads after making an appropriate allowance for diversity2;
and
o the relevant controllable loads
connected in the installation is less than the MIL.

A CLS may not be compatible with some flexible connections. For example, in a network
managed by an active network management system, a CLS might interact with the
instructions issued by the active network management system thus restricting deployment. It
will be the responsibility of the DNO to assess the suitability of a CLS in these situations and
liaise with the Customer accordingly.

The requirements for CLSs in this EREC G100 assumes that the CLS will, or may be,
controlling both import and export. Where it is certain that by design the CLS will only ever
control one of these, then this shall be clearly indicated in the information provided by the
Manufacturer or Installer. In these cases, for import only limitation schemes the export
current and the high or over voltage aspects can be ignored or omitted, and for export only
limitation schemes import current and the low or under voltage aspects can be ignored or
omitted.

As an alternative to complying fully with all the EREC G100 requirements for a CLS, where
the DNO and the Customer agree that there is a risk of current flows at the Connection
Point breaching either the MEL or MIL, the Customer may elect to install overload
protection and/or reverse power protection that trips the whole of the Customer’s
Installation (or appropriate Devices as agreed with the DNO). In these cases:

• the Customer’s Installation shall comply with the state 2 limits (see section 4.3.2)
unless specifically agreed otherwise with the DNO;

• the Customer’s Installation shall have the necessary overload protection and/or
reverse power protection set as required by section 4.5.3.2; and

• the design and settings of the overload protection and/or reverse power protection will
be agreed with the DNO and recorded in the Connection Agreement.

Reverse power protection will be appropriate where any generation within the Customer’s
Installation should never be able to export to the DNO’s Distribution Network, ie where the
MEL is zero.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents, in whole or part, are indispensable for the application of
this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

Standards publications
—————————
2 As described in BS7671 and/or its guidance document “IET 18 th Edition On-Site Guide BS7671:2018 Wiring
Regulations”.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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BS 7671 18th Edition – IET Wiring Regulations

ETSI EN 303 645 Cyber Security for Consumer Internet of Things: Baseline
Requirements

Wiring Regs Guidance IET 18th Edition On-Site Guide BS7671:2018 Wiring Regulations

PAS 1879 Energy smart appliances – Demand side response operation –

Code of practice

Other publications

Distributed Energy Resources – Cyber Security Connection Guidance

published by BEIS and the ENA.

Engineering Recommendation G5 Harmonic voltage distortion and the connection of

harmonic sources and/or resonant plant to
transmission systems and distribution networks in
the United Kingdom

Engineering Recommendation G59 Recommendations for the connection of generation

plant to the Distribution Systems of licensed
Distribution Network Operators

Engineering Recommendation G83 Requirements for the connection of small scale

embedded generators (up to 16A per phase) in
parallel with Public Low Voltage Distribution
Networks

Engineering Recommendation G98 Requirements for the connection of Fully Type

Tested Micro-generators (up to and including 16 A
per phase) in parallel with public Low Voltage
Distribution Networks on or after 27 April 2019

Engineering Recommendation G99 Requirements for the connection of generation

equipment in parallel with public Distribution
Networks on or after 27 April 2019

Engineering Recommendation P28 Voltage fluctuations and the connection of disturbing

equipment to transmission systems and distribution
networks in the United Kingdom

Engineering Recommendation P29 Planning limits for voltage unbalance in the United
Kingdom
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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3 Terms and definitions

Component
A discrete unit within the Customer’s Installation that, together with other similar units
which are in secure communication with each other, form the CLS.

Connection Agreement
A contract between the DNO and the Customer, which includes the relevant Customer’s
Installation’s requirements and specific technical requirements for the Customer’s Devices.

For Domestic Installations where there is no specific existing bilateral Connection

Agreement, any agreement between the Customer and the DNO in relation to the
requirements and operation of the CLS will be considered to be part of the National Terms of
Connection3.

Connection Point
The interface at which the Customer’s Installation is connected to a Distribution Network,
as identified in the Connection Agreement. For the avoidance of doubt two or more
connection circuits constitutes a single Connection Point for the purposes of this EREC
G100.

Current Rating
The normal full load rating of a Device, expressed in amperes at the nominal voltage4 and at
unity power factor. Where the Device includes generation (ie including storage Devices) the
Current Rating shall not include any current which is required to operate the Device, ie that
which supplies any parasitic loads directly associated with the Device5.

Customer
A person who is the owner or occupier of an installation or premises that are connected to
the Distribution Network. For the purposes of EREC G100 the Customer includes any
agent specifically authorised in writing by the Customer to act on the Customer’s behalf.
Customer Export or Import Limitation Schemes (CLS)
A system comprising of one or more Components providing control signals that interface
with the Customer’s generation and/or load (ie the generation and load that is specifically
intended to be controlled by the CLS, and referred to hereafter as the Customer’s Devices)
to control the net flow of electricity into or from the Distribution Network at the Connection
Point so as not to exceed the MEL or MIL.

A CLS may be a single integrated unit (excepting transducer(s) at the Connection Point) or
composed of a number of distributed discrete Components. In all cases the CLS is
expected to include a Component that is a transducer that measures the current and voltage
at the Connection Point.

—————————
3 http://www.connectionterms.co.uk/

4 Note – the term “nominal voltage” is used throughout this EREC G100 to refer to the normal system voltages
used in GB. In some cases the DNO and the Customer will agree a non-standard voltage range at the
Connection Point. In these cases, the relevant voltage shall be used instead of the normal or statutory
values.
5 Current Rating is equivalent to the Registered Capacity (as defined in EREC G98 and G99) at the nominal
voltage and at unity power factor.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Note that this latter Component could form part of another piece of equipment entirely, one
that measures the values appropriately, and is not associated originally with the CLS,
provided it fulfils the same function and is appropriately integrated into the CLS’s overall
behaviour (including appropriate secure and Fail Safe communications).

Customer's Installation
The electrical installation on the Customer's side of the Connection Point together with any
equipment permanently connected or intended to be permanently connected thereto.

Device
Any significant load or generation equipment which is designed to be controllable by an
external signal or set point. Devices can include equipment typically referred to as low
carbon technologies, including renewable generation, electrical storage, heat pumps and
electric vehicles. The term is used in relation to any such controllable load or generation
installed in domestic, commercial and industrial installations.

Distribution Network
An electrical network for the distribution of electrical power from and to a third party(s)
connected to it, a transmission network or another Distribution Network.

Distribution Network Operator (DNO)

The person or legal entity named in Part 1 of the Distribution Licence and any permitted legal
assigns or successors in title of the named party. A distribution licence is granted under
Section 6(1)(c) of the Electricity Act 1989 (as amended by the Utilities Act 2000 and the
Energy Act 2004).

Domestic Installations
For the purposes of this EREC G100 those Customer Installations connected at LV
(typically single phase, but not exclusively so) and with a capacity of no more than 100A.

Fail Safe
A design requirement that enables the CLS to limit export or import at the Connection Point
to the MEL or MIL respectively, irrespective of the failure of one or more its Components or
the failure of any communications between the CLS’s Components and Devices.

Fully Type Tested

A CLS which has been tested to ensure that the design meets the relevant technical and
compliance requirements of this EREC G100, and for which the Manufacturer has declared
that all similar CLSs supplied will be constructed to the same standards and will have the
same performance.

High Voltage (HV)

A voltage of 1 000V or above.

Installer
The party who is responsible for installation of the CLS in the Customer’s Installation. The
equipment installed may be a Fully Type Tested CLS or a CLS that is assembled in the
Customer’s Installation from Components.

Low Voltage (LV)

A voltage less than 1 000V.

Manufacturer
The party responsible for the manufacture of CLSs deployed in Customers’ Installations in
Great Britain.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Maximum Export Limit (MEL)

The maximum current, as agreed between the Customer and the DNO which may be
exported onto the Distribution Network via that Connection Point.

Maximum Import Limit (MIL)

The maximum current, as agreed between the Customer and the DNO which may be
imported from the Distribution Network via that Connection Point.

Type Tested
A CLS, or a CLS Component, or part of a Component which has been tested to ensure that
the design meets the relevant requirements of this EREC G100, and for which the
Manufacturer has declared that all similar products supplied will be constructed to the same
standards and will have the same performance. The Manufacturer’s declaration will define
clearly the extent of the equipment that is subject to the tests and declaration. The ENA
provides a database, the Type Test Register, for Manufacturers to lodge their statements of
compliance and supporting information.

4 Requirements

4.1 Concept

A CLS can control any number of Devices.

A CLS may comprise a single Component, communicating with one or more Devices, plus
a Component which is a transducer at the Connection Point. Alternatively a CLS might
comprise several discrete Components distributed in the Customer’s Installation which
communicate securely with each other and with the Devices they are controlling.

A CLS might be included as a functional feature in any Device, with the capability to
measure the magnitude of current and direction of power flows at the Connection Point.

However the CLS is constructed and implemented, it shall have the characteristics and
capabilities as described in this EREC G100.

Conceptually the CLS can be represented Figure 4-1.

 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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DNO system

Controllable Loads
Customer’s
Distribution Connection Point

Generation Board
Devices
= Devices
Storage V I
Devices = Components
= Secure coms link

Device Device Device

Measurement CLS
Control Control Control Control Unit
Transducer
Unit(s)) Unit(s) Unit(s) Components

Figure 4-1 Conceptual Representation of a CLS

4.2 General CLS Features

The maximum permissible tolerance for the CLS’s measurement and control of current is
± 2% of the greater of the MEL or the MIL and for the measurement of voltage is ± 1% of the
nominal voltage of the Connection Point. These tolerances shall, as far as possible, take
account of sensing and/or measurement errors, processing errors, communication errors and
control errors. Consideration shall also be given to environmental factors (eg the expected
ambient temperature range). For example, where the MEL is zero and MIL is 400A the
maximum acceptable tolerance for the measurement and control of current is ± 2% of 400A =
± 8A and where the nominal voltage is 230V phase-neutral the maximum acceptable
tolerance for the measurement of voltage is ± 1% of 230V = ± 2.3V.

A description of the CLS, its controls and settings, and a schematic diagram of the CLS must
be supplied to the Customer. Where the CLS is controlling export, an operation diagram as
required by EREC G59, G83, G98 or G99 as appropriate shall be permanently displayed at
the Customer’s site. The schematic diagram can be of a form similar to Figure 4-1, and
include sufficient detail so that the interaction of the Devices and Components can be
understood.

Note that the voltage measurement is shown in Figure 4-1 as being at the Connection
Point. In general it will be admissible if voltage sensing is done elsewhere in the Customer’s
Installation that is appropriately representative of the voltage at the Connection Point. A
description of voltage sensing considerations shall be included as part of the description of
the CLS. Care shall be taken to ensure there is no voltage transformation between the
measuring point and the Connection Point, such as would occur where voltage
management equipment is installed in the Customer’s Installation. All voltage sensing
must be on the supply side of any such transformation.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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The settings and controls of the CLS will not be generally accessible to Customers. The
Manufacturer or Installer shall consider how settings can be applied by, and access limited
to, Manufacturers or Installers via password, PIN or physical access capable of being
sealed. These arrangements shall be stated in the description of the CLS referred to in this
section.

4.3 Operational States

A CLS has four key operating states:

4.3.1 State 1- Normal Operation

This is the normal operating state of the CLS. In this state the CLS will be modulating the
consumption and generation of the Devices it controls such that current flowing at the
Connection Point remains within that required by the MEL or MIL as appropriate and that
the voltage at the Connection Point remains within statutory limits6. The CLS might be
modulating the consumption and generation of the Devices continually in real time.
Alternatively, if the behaviour of the Devices is balanced, or controlled by other systems,
such that the current flow at the Connection Point is normally within the MEL or MIL, then
only by exception should the balance be disturbed sufficiently such that the current flow at
the Connection Point encroaches on the MEL or MIL. In this latter case the CLS will then
need to actively modulate the consumption and generation of the Devices.

Figure 0-1 illustrates this.

It is also possible that Customers might have their Devices controlled by other systems than
the EREC G100 CLS, eg in response to market or other signals. However, in this case, the
CLS must be able to override any such system to ensure that the current flowing at the
Connection Point remains within the state 1 limits.

4.3.2 State 2 – Occasional Excursion

From time to time conditions within the Customer’s Installation could be such that the
current flow exceeds the MEL or MIL. This could be caused by normal operation (eg
switching) of the Customer’s Devices or other loads in the Customer’s Installation (eg a
kettle in a Domestic Installation), or it could be caused by the sudden failure or tripping of
part of the Customer’s load or generation equipment. Very short excursions into state 2 as
part of normal operation are not problematic provided they are short, ie less than 10s.
However longer excursions, such as might accompany failure or tripping of a Device should
be rare by definition, and therefore not considered as normal operation. In both cases the
CLS will recognize the condition and shall have the capability to control the Devices and
bring the current flowing at the Connection Point back within the MEL or MIL and within a
maximum response time.

The default maximum response time for a CLS to bring the current flow back within MEL or
MIL is 1 minute. For industrial or commercial installations where slow acting Devices (such
as reciprocating gas engine driven generation, micro hydro etc) are controlled, a default
maximum response time of 3 minutes will apply unless the DNO identifies that state 2

—————————
6 Note for Customer Installations where the voltage at the Connection Point is at HV the DNO will agree any
voltage limits on a per site basis with the Customer.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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operation will result in network voltages above the statutory maximum. In these cases the
DNO may require the response time to be 1 minute. There is more detail on this condition in
section 4.4 below.

As state 2 is designed to cater for rare events, the number of occasions that a CLS can
operate in state 2 for more than 10s is limited. This is covered in more detail in section 4.5.

4.3.3 State 3 – Failed State

This state is designed to cater for a failure of the CLS in some way. In this state the Devices
shall be set to operate at levels that cannot, whatever happens next to equipment in the
Customers Installation, breach the MEL or MIL. In many cases this will simply mean that
the Devices are tripped or switched off. An alternative could be that some Devices are set to
a clearly defined low power state such that their operation can never result in the current
flowing at the Connection Point approach the MEL or MIL.

If state 3 operation is caused by:

• excessive import or low volts, then the generation Devices shall not be constrained or
tripped by the CLS;
• excessive export or high volts, then load Devices shall not be constrained or tripped by
the CLS.

The failure mechanisms, consequences and responses are covered in section 4.5 below.

When a failure is detected by the CLS, it shall set all the Devices into their state 3
operational state within 10s.

4.3.4 State 4 – Operation without CLS

State 4 need not be implemented by default. It is a state that allows operation of some of the
Customer’s Devices without the control of a CLS. Such a state might be required if the CLS
is out of service for a considerable time for some reason.

The operational arrangements for state 4 in many cases will be the same as those for state
3, ie with the Devices switched off or set to a permanently clearly defined low power state.
However, particularly for larger industrial or commercial installations, the DNO might
specifically agree how the installation can be operated in the absence of a functioning CLS.
State 4 operation will only be allowed by pre-agreement with the DNO.

4.4 Design Limits

The limitation on the capacities of Customer’s Devices is set by state 2 operation. In state 2
operation, the MEL or MIL is breached and the resultant high current flows can lead to a
number of undesirable or even dangerous situations. In general temporary high currents can
be tolerated provided there are appropriate caps on their magnitude and duration, and on
consequential effects such as voltage rises or dips.

State 2 operation shall take account of the likely worst case situation that might arise, taking
into account common mode failures and effects that may affect Devices. By way of an
example if there are several significant separately controlled loads that are normally
balancing the energy production from generation on site, the CLS will need to allow for the
worst case in terms of those loads being switched off or tripped. If these loads are truly
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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independent and no common mode failure, then the worst case will be the largest of these
being switched off. However if there is a common mode failure, such as the loads all being
supplied from the same distribution board or have a common cable between them and the
generation, then the worst case is simultaneous loss of all of them.

For Domestic Installations, the effect of the Customer’s loads on the current flow at the
Connection Point can be significant, either because they are very small compared to the
generation, or where they are significant they could be subject to sudden cessation or
tripping. Therefore, for simplicity the default approach for all cases shall be to ensure that the
aggregated Current Rating of all generation Devices is less than the limit of state 2
operation.

The DNO will assess the Customers’ Devices and the proposed CLS in terms of their effect
on:

• The thermal limits of the DNO’s Distribution Network;

• The voltages at the Customer’s Connection Point and the Connection Point of other
Customers in the vicinity; and
• The DNO’s protection devices.

The DNO will assess the Customers’ Devices and CLS proposal based on these criteria
and the maximum Current Ratings of the Customer’s Devices shall be limited so that none
of the criteria set out below are breached.

4.4.1 Thermal Limits

The highest currents that can be imposed on the DNO’s Distribution Network will be
assessed and the DNO will confirm that these currents are tolerable on the DNO’s
Distribution Network for up to 5 minutes. Note that this is the design approach. The actual
time that the CLS can allow state 2 operation to persist is only 1 minute (or 3 minutes where
specifically notified to the DNO for appropriate technology such as reciprocating gas engine
driven generation, micro hydro etc and where there is no adverse voltage effect as explained
in section 4.3.2).

In state 1 operation, if there is a risk that operating at the MEL or MIL causes frequent
inadvertent excursion from state1 operation into state 2 operation it will be appropriate to set
a state 1 operating limit that is sufficiently within the MEL or MIL limits, in order to minimise
the frequency or duration of state 2 operation to avoid triggering the CLS functionality set out
in 4.5.2.1.

4.4.2 Voltage Limits

4.4.2.1 State 2 Operating Limits

DNOs have to respect the statutory limits on voltages as defined in the Electricity Safety
Quality and Continuity Regulations (2002, SI 2002 2665). Circumstances, such as faults on
Customers’ Installations, or on the DNO’s Distribution Network may cause temporary
excursions outside these limits. These exceptions are expected occasionally, but must be
limited. BS EN 50160 sets the expected worst case for excursions and any voltage excursion
caused by state 2 operation shall fall within this envelope in BS EN 50160. Recognizing this
limit, small excursions above or below the statutory limits should be limited to no more than 1
minute.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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DNOs will assess the worst case state 2 operation effect on the voltage of the Distribution
Network. The Customer’s Devices will be limited in capacity such that:

• the worst case highest voltage cannot exceed 112% of nominal voltage (ie 257.6V at a
nominal voltage of 230V) where the Customer’s Connection Point is at LV or 108% of
nominal voltage where the Customer’s Connection Point is at HV; and
• the worst case lowest voltage cannot be less than 87% of nominal (ie 200.1V) where the
Customer’s Connection Point is at LV and 92% of nominal voltage where the
Customer’s Connection Point is at HV.

In addition, DNOs will consider the step voltage changes associated with transitions between
state 1 and state 2 operation that will be imposed on the Distribution Network (and hence
on other Customers) in accordance with EREC P28.

Optionally, a Manufacturer or Installer may include, by agreement with the DNO, a voltage
controlled response such that in those cases where the voltage at the Connection Point is
likely to breach statutory limits the CLS instructs corrective action as an alternative to moving
into state 2 operation (and hence risking triggering the state 3 Fail Safe condition – see
section 4.5.1.2).

4.4.2.2 State 3 Trigger Levels

Note that where generation (including storage) is controlled by the CLS, the generation will
have an overvoltage trip setting (ie an EREC G59, G83, G98 or G99 requirement) which will
trip the generation if the voltage is higher than the trip setting. The overvoltage trip setting is
dependent on the voltage at the Customer’s Connection Point, for example, for a
Connection Point at LV this setting is 114% of nominal voltage, although the required
protection tolerances in EREC G98 and EREC G99 could mean that tripping occurs at
112.4% of nominal voltage. Tripping of generation in the Customer’s Installation is
undesirable, particularly as it is a risk for any other Customers connected locally with
generation, and which is why 112% is taken as the design criterion for LV.

The 87% value for low voltage is set with reference to the statutory -6% limit, plus an
allowance of -7% for tolerance of equipment to low voltages and the worst case step voltage
change. In addition CLSs shall also include the functionality to move to state 3 operation
should voltage at the Connection Point be brought inappropriately low by the operation of
the Device(s). The CLS settings for this shall be set in harmony with EREC G98 and EREC
G99 – ie 80% of nominal voltage for 2.5s.

The DNO will specify what the limits are to be for installations connected at voltages above
20kV.

The voltage criteria for triggering state 3 operation are summarized in Table 4-1.

Table 4-1 State 3 Voltage Criteria

Condition LV Connection Point HV Connection Point

% of nominal Time % of nominal Time

Voltage above 112% 60s 108% 60s

statutory
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Overvoltage 114% 1s 110% 1s

(to align with G99)

Undervoltage 80% 2.5s 80% 2.5s

(to align with G99)

Voltages below 87% 60s 87% 60s

statutory

4.4.3 Protection Limits

For installations where the DNO’s interface or upstream protection is provided by fuses state
2 operation shall not impose a greater current flow than 145% of the nominal fuse rating.

Where the DNO’s interface or upstream protection is provided by relays, the DNO will assess
the maximum current flow based on the appropriate settings for these relays.

4.5 Fail Safe

All CLSs must fail to safety. If it is not inherently possible to arrange this within the CLS,
alternative safety measures shall be provided as described in section 4.5.3.

For all High Voltage connected installations overload and/or reverse power protection (as
described in section 4.5.3) shall be installed to disconnect the installation (or relevant
Devices by agreement) in the event that the CLS fails to appropriately manage export or
import. It shall be the responsibility of the Customer to specify and satisfy the DNO that the
protection meets this requirement.

4.5.1 Failure Detection

Should a CLS fail, for any reason, there is the possibility that unsupportable high currents will
flow, giving rise to the risk of damage to equipment or interference with other Customers’
equipment and/or that excessively high or low voltages are present on the Distribution
Network for unacceptable periods of time.

Failure detection shall include internal failure of the CLS and its Components, as well as the
failure of any communication channels used by the CLS to communicate between its
Components and between Components and Devices as described in this section.

Note that failure of the power supply to the CLS, or to the Customer’s Installation or the
zero voltage conditions associated with the controlled starting or stopping of the CLS, shall
not be classed or detected as a low voltage condition triggering state 3 operation.

4.5.1.1 Internal Failure

The CLS shall detect any internal failure and move its operation into state 3 immediately
(ie within 5s) after detecting such a failure. The CLS Manufacturer or Installer shall state
how:

• the CLS will detect internal failures;

 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• the Manufacturer or Installer has assessed that this is the complete range of possible
failures; and
• this can be demonstrated in testing.

4.5.1.2 Communication failures

The CLS shall detect any defect in communication between its Components and Devices.
This is especially necessary where the CLS is comprised of dispersed Components,
including any Components that are transducers fitted at the Connection Point to measure
current flows and direction. In particular the CLS shall detect discontinuity of the secondary
circuit or the magnetic circuit of any current transformers employed.

Any communication failure shall trigger a move into state 3 immediately (ie within 5s) after
detecting such a failure.

Notwithstanding this, for communication between Components and between Components

and Devices relying on non-hard-wired paths, short drop-outs of communication of up to 5s
are permissible before triggering state 3 operation.

For Components and Devices which are both hard wired and close coupled (for example
where a Component is integrated into a Device, is located immediately adjacent to it and
there is essentially only internal wiring between the two) the need for detecting
communication failures can be waived provided the Manufacturer or Installer can
demonstrate that this is reasonable.

Note that the CLS shall treat the failure of a Component’s or Device’s power supply as a
communication failure. Note that Devices may or may not have discrete separately
connected power supplies from the main current carrying connections.

4.5.1.3 Excessive State 2 Operation

Although state 2 operation is expected, operation for periods exceeding 10s is not expected
to be frequent. Accordingly if a CLS breaches any of the following criteria, it shall enter state
3 operation immediately (ie within 5s):

• A single excursion into state 2 operation that persists for more than 1 minute (or 3
minutes as allowed in 4.3.2);
• There are more than three excursions (each of more than 10s and less than 1 minute (or
3 minutes as allowed in 4.3.2)) into state 2 operation in any 24 hour period;
• The time between any two consecutive excursions into state 2 operation of greater than
10s is 10 minutes or less (measured from the time of re-entry into state 1 operation from
state 2 operation following the first excursion).; or
• For installations where the maximum excursion period is 3 minutes (as allowed in 4.3.2)
the total time in state 2 operation in any 24 hour period, but neglecting any excursion of
10s or less, exceeds 8 minutes.

Excursions that do or do not count towards excessive state 2 operation are shown
diagrammatically in Figure 4-2.
The implementation of the necessary counters and timers in the CLS must be done in non-
volatile memory so that they are not reset if power to the CLS is lost.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Figure 4-2 – Excursions into State 2 counting towards the excursion limit
Current

State 1 / State 2 threshold

Excursion A – Excursion B –
not counted counts towards
towards excursion limit
excursion limit

9s 11s

TA Time
TA+ 9s TB TB+ 11s

4.5.2 Recovery from Failure

The CLS should be capable of interrogation by the Customer to determine the nature of the
failure.

The Manufacturer or Installer shall ensure that the CLS remains in state 3, including
through the power supply to the CLS being cycled on/off, until it is reset. In most cases this
will be by the Customer, via a Manufacturer or Installer provided facility, but subject to the
additional requirements of this section.

Manufacturers or Installers may wish to provide a test facility so that testing whilst
commissioning will not lead to multiple state 2 excursions triggering lock-out in state 3 (see
4.5.2.1). It must not be possible to leave the CLS operating in the test mode. Manufacturers
or Installers shall explain how such a facility works and the risk of inappropriate use is
controlled.

4.5.2.1 Internal Failures and Excessive State 2 Operation

For internal failures, and excessive state 2 operation, the Customer, following resolution of
the cause of the failure, shall be able to reset the CLS back to normal operation as follows:

• For CLSs installed in Domestic Installations, 3 resets shall be allowed in any 30

day period. If this criterion is breached the CLS will remain locked in state 3 pending
further investigation and resolution of the issues causing the CLS to be locked-out in
state 3. The Manufacturer or Installer shall propose how lock out in state 3 can be
resolved.

• For CLSs installed in non-domestic installations any excursion into state 3 operation
shall not be capable of being reset within 4 hours of the start of state 3 operation.

• In both cases the Manufacturer or Installer has the option of performing a reset over
the internet or by other remote means. Where such a remote reset facility is
implemented, it must rely on direct communication between the Customer and the
party implementing the reset to ensure that the reason for the lockout is understood
and addressed.
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Note that there is no limit to the number of resets that are allowed for state 3 operation
arising from communication failures, as required by 4.5.1.2 and 4.5.2.2.

4.5.2.2 Communication Failures

The Customer shall be able to reset the CLS back to normal operation immediately in every
case when communication has been restored, ie the lockout feature of 4.5.1.3 does not
apply. A CLS may be arranged by the Manufacturer or Installer to self-reset from state 3
when state 3 operation is caused solely by communication failures.

4.5.3 Overload Protection and Alternatives to Fail Safe

For Customer’s Installations connected at HV overload and/or reverse power protection

shall always be fitted. For Customers Installations connected at LV, if the Manufacturer or
Installer does not provide a Fail Safe CLS, and/or the Customer cannot prove Fail Safe
functionality then a CLS can still be used, but the Customer will need to install appropriate
protection at the Connection Point.

Suitable protection shall include overload protection (which might also need to be directional
to cater for import and export limits) or reverse power protection.

Note that fuses, especially the DNO’s fuses, offer limited overload protection capabilities.
Fuses generally are designed to be effective for short circuit faults rather than overloads. For
overload protection it will not generally be appropriate for designs to uses fuses; overload (or
reverse power) protection shall be designed to use appropriate instantaneous or definite time
relays. Overload protection arrangements are therefore unlikely to be suitable for Domestic
Installations.

The design and settings of the protection shall be agreed with the DNO and recorded in the
Connection Agreement.

4.5.3.1 Overload or reverse power backing up a CLS

For all HV installations, and installations at LV where a non Fail Safe CLS is installed, the
Customer shall install overload, or reverse power, protection at the Connection Point.
Overload protection shall be set no higher than the state 2 limits, import or export or both as
appropriate. The protection shall be instantaneous (ie fast acting with no definite-time delay.)

4.5.3.2 Overload or reverse power as an alternative to a CLS

For overload protection used as an alternative to installing a CLS, the Customer can install
overload protection at the Connection Point. In these cases it should be set at the MEL or
MIL or both as appropriate, with a default operating margin of 2%. Where overload protection
is installed on individual Devices, as opposed to the whole of the Customer’s Installation at
the Connection Point, no margin shall be added to the Device’s rating, ie the setting shall
be the same as, or less than, the Device rating. A definite time setting can be applied in both
these cases to avoid nuisance tripping – but this cannot be longer than 10s.

Where reverse power protection is appropriate it will generally be fitted at the Connection
Point and can be arranged to trip either the relevant generation or the whole of the
Customer’s Installation, as agreed between the DNO and the Customer.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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4.6 Communications

The Manufacturer or Installer must select an appropriate and secure communication

medium for communication between the Components forming the CLS, and the Devices
controlled by the CLS, noting that communication failures will cause state 3 operation of the
CLS.

The Manufacturer or Installer shall provide information describing the communication

media used in the CLS with supporting information as to why this is appropriate in terms of
reliability and security.

4.7 Cyber security

Recognizing that cyber security is an evolving area, the Manufacturer or Installer shall
consider the cyber security risks posed for the CLS both in terms of the communication
between the Components forming the CLS, and the Devices controlled by the CLS and
also in terms of interaction with any other system, including any Manufacturer’s product
management systems.

Accordingly this EREC G100 makes no specific cyber security compliance requirements.
However the Manufacturer or Installer shall provide information describing the high level
cyber security approach, as well as the specific cyber security requirements complied with.
The statement will make appropriate reference to the CLS’s compliance with any relevant
aspects of:

• ETSI EN 303 645 CYBER; Cyber Security for Consumer Internet of Things: Baseline
Requirements;
• Distributed Energy Resources – Cyber Security Connection Guidance - published by
BEIS and the ENA;
• PAS 1879 Energy smart appliances – Demand side response operation – Code of
practice; and
• Any other relevant standard that has been incorporated in the design of the CLS.

4.8 Access to DNOs’ Current and Voltage Signals

In general Customers will not have access to the DNO’s current transformers, and where
the Connection Point is at LV Customers will generally be able to provide appropriate
voltage signals themselves.

For the purposes of this EREC G100 Rogowski coils are an acceptable substitute for
conventional current transformers.

The provisions of Distribution Code DPC6.7.8 shall apply for access to current and voltage
signals from the Connection Point.

For voltage signals where the Connection Point is at HV, since the voltage signal is used
for determining the direction of power flow, and for measuring the Connection Point voltage,
it might be possible to use an LV supply within the Customer’s Installation provided the
phase angle between the measured voltage and that at the Connection Point remains fairly
constant (eg where it is derived from a lightly loaded transformer electrically close to the
Connection Point).
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4.9 Generation in Non-exporting Sites

Where a Customer wishes to install generation but has no need to export power from the
Customers Installation, an alternative to deploying a CLS is for the Customer to install
reverse power protection at the Connection Point.

The reverse power protection can be arranged to control or trip the generation or to trip the
whole of the Customer’s Installation. The design of the reverse power protection, and its
settings, shall be agreed with the DNO and recorded in the Connection Agreement.

4.10 Multiple CLSs in a Single Installation

In some installations Customers might want to install more than one CLS controlling
separate sets of Devices. For Customer’s Installations connected at LV the sum of all the
Current Ratings of generation and storage (in export mode) Devices, and/or the sum of all
the capacities of significant loads and storage (in import mode) Devices shall be less than
the respective state 2 limits for that installation. Ideally one CLS should be configured to act
as the master CLS, and all other CLSs configured to harmonize with it, but this is not an
essential requirement. Multiple independent CLSs are not prohibited provided compliance
with this EREC G100 by the Customer’s Installation is not compromised. Customers
should note that multiple CLSs will need carefully setting up to avoid hunting, instability or
other forms of undesirable interactions between them.

For Customer’s installations connected at HV, if it is not possible for a CLS to be

confirmed as a master for the installation, suitable overload protection, directional if
necessary, shall be fitted at the Connection Point and arranged to trip either the whole site,
or appropriate Devices, within 1 minute (or 3 minutes for appropriate technologies and no
other limitation on voltage rise – see 4.3.2) to ensure a Fail Safe arrangement as described
in 4.5.3. The Customer will agree with the DNO the exact arrangements and record the
design approach in the Connection Agreement.

4.11 Domestic Installations

The principles and requirements of this EREC G100 shall apply in full to Domestic
Installations. It is expected that generally Domestic Installations will comprise Fully Type
Tested CLSs.

Where a CLS is designed to manage export to the DNOs Distribution Network and is Fully
Type Tested it shall be capable of having the state 1 operating limit (ie the MEL) set to 16A,
32A, 60A, 80A or 100A (per phase values). Manufacturers can provide other settings, but
not more than 100A, and shall ensure the design minimises the risk of Installers
inadvertently selecting an inappropriate limit. The Installer shall make the appropriate
selection for the specific installation, and which shall be protected from being changed in
accordance with the requirements of section 0. The DNO would not expect to witness the
installation, commissioning and operation of the CLS.

Where a CLS is designed to manage import from the DNOs Distribution Network and is
Fully Type Tested it shall be capable of having the state 1 operating limit (ie the MIL) set to
60A, 80A or 100A (per phase values). Manufacturers can provide other settings, but not
more than 100A, and shall ensure the design minimises the risk of Installers inadvertently
selecting an inappropriate limit. The Installer shall make the appropriate selection for the
specific installation, and which shall be protected from being changed in accordance with the
requirements of section 0. The DNO would not expect to witness the installation,
commissioning and operation of the CLS.
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These principles would also apply where a Fully Type Tested CLS is designed to manage
both export to and import from the DNOs Distribution Network.

For commissioning Fully Type Tested CLSs the requirements of 5.2 apply.

4.12 Interfaces with DNOs’ Systems

By agreement it may be appropriate to interface a Customer’s CLS with systems used by a

DNO to manage their network dynamically. This might be to implement active network
management, a flexible connection or a flexibility contract between the Customer and the
DNO.

The interface could be to accept a single new set point for the maximum current that can be
exchanged at the Connection Point, or a variable set point. In either case the DNO will
provide the protocols and other information necessary for the interface.

5 Application and Acceptance

Customers (or Installers on the Customers’ behalf) shall provide information on the
proposed CLS and Devices to enable DNOs to make an assessment of the risk to the
Distribution Network.

The following information shall be provided with the CLS application (in addition to
information required for any Device that is intended to be controlled by the CLS):
• Completed CLS application (Form A – appendix A);
• Schematic diagram of the CLS and associated Devices;
• Where the CLS is not being Fully Type Tested, the Manufacturer’s G100 Product
Declaration (Form B - Appendix B) – including:
o Explanation of the CLS operation;
o Description of the Fail Safe functionality, commissioning and demonstration of
compliance.
If necessary this can be submitted in stages if all the information is not available at the time
of application.

5.1 General

The Customer (or the Installer on the Customer’s behalf) is responsible for demonstrating
that any CLS installed in the Customer’s Installation complies with the requirements
detailed in this document.

Installers are responsible for demonstrating, via Manufacturers’ type tests, other published
information, and/or appropriate site tests that the CLS complies with the requirements
detailed in this document. Installers are also responsible for providing Customers who own
that equipment with sufficient information to enable Customers to meet their own obligations
to demonstrate compliance.

In order to safely and effectively test a CLS, it is necessary to be able to simulate instances
where the CLS is expected to operate. Where a CLS is integrated into the Device it controls,
has a range of settings, and is intended to be a Fully Type Tested CLS, then it shall be
tested at the extremities of its export and import current settings, and one intermediate export
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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or import current setting. This requirement does not apply to stand alone CLSs that are
commissioned on site.

5.2 Site commissioning of Fully Type Tested CLSs

Where the functions described in section 5.6 have been validated in a type test by the
Manufacturer (ie the CLS is Fully Type Tested), a reduced set of tests can be undertaken
on site.

In these cases it will be sufficient to undertake the communication and power supply Fail
Safe tests in section 5.5 (i.e. all the tests in Table 5-1 - Test Sequencewith the exception of
test 9) to prove that the CLS reacts appropriately.

Form C (Appendix C) must be submitted in all cases, but Form B (Appendix B) is not
required where the reference to the Fully Type Tested compliance information on the ENA’s
Type Test Register is included as a reference on Form C.

5.3 Commissioning Sequence

CLS commissioning shall only be undertaken after all other Device commissioning has been
successfully completed.

The Customer (or the Installer on the Customer’s behalf) shall provide to the DNO all
relevant scheme drawings and information to enable safe, informed commissioning of the
CLS.

In order to ensure that commissioning does not cause any safety issues on the DNO’s
Distribution Network, the following commissioning sequence shall be followed. Tests shall
be performed in the sequence indicated and the process shall only proceed to the next stage
once the preceding stage has been successfully undertaken:

The commissioning test actions shall be carried out in the following order:

1. Implement the measures to ensure that the MEL or MIL cannot be exceeded.
2. Perform Fail Safe tests.
3. Perform operational testing.
4. Set export and/or import limits.
5. Verify export and import limits are correct.

5.4 Preventing the Limits Being Exceeded During Testing and Commissioning

Care shall be taken whilst testing and commissioning the CLS so that the MEL or MIL is not
breached. This may involve setting the export or import limit to a lower threshold for
compliance demonstration purposes. A combination of the following measures should be
considered to ensure that MEL and/or MIL is not exceeded during setup/testing:

• Temporarily programming the CLS export and/or import or setpoint limits to 50% (or less)
than MEL and/or MIL;
• Temporarily narrowing the range of the CLS voltage limits (ie bringing the set points
closer to the nominal voltage);
• Restricting the maximum output of the generation (eg on a PV system with multiple
inverters, turning off a number of the inverters);
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• Restricting the amount of load that is connected; and

• Operating a temporary load, load bank or generator.

If the CLS settings need to be changed in order to demonstrate operation, then they shall be
restored and confirmed once testing is complete.

Note that testing will lead to what normally would be considered excessive state 2 operation
and hence lock-out. Manufacturers or Installers may provide a test mode to allow for this –
see 4.5.2.

5.5 Fail Safe Tests

The purpose of the Fail Safe tests is to ensure that should any part of the CLS fail, the
current flow across the Connection Point, and the voltage imposed on the Distribution
Network, will remain within, or return within the required time to, the design limits.

There are a number of potential options for reducing the current flows such that the design
limits are not breached including:

1. Switching off relevant Devices completely;

2. Reducing the number of the Devices operating such that the aggregate current
capacity of the Devices remaining operational is equal or less than the MEL and / or
MIL; and
3. Operating all Devices at a restricted output such that as in aggregate their combined
current is safely and securely limited to be equal or less than the MEL and/or MIL.

The Fail Safe test process comprises a sequence of tests on each separate Component of
the CLS. Each Component and Device needs to have, where relevant, its communication
medium removed or interrupted and, separately, its power supply interrupted.

At no time during the Fail-Safe test sequence shall the current flowing through the
Connection Point rise above the programmed export and/or import limit (taking account of
Manufacturer’s published tolerances) for a period of time longer than the specified reaction
time.

NOTE: The power supplies for some Components may take a short while to power down
(due to power stored in capacitors). This will cause a slight delay in the response time of the
system. In such cases the reaction time is measured from the point at which the Component
powers down, not the point at which the power supply is disconnected.

The following table describes a typical test sequence. Not all CLSs will have all of the
Components listed and others may have additional Components that need to be included
in the test sequence. The CLS shall be restored to normal operation after each of the tests
below.

Table 5-1 - Test Sequence

No. Component Test

Connection Point Component

1 Remove power supply to transducer†
(ie transducer)
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2 Principle CLS Component(s) Remove power supply

Components controlling
3 Remove power supply to each in turn
generation Devices

Components controlling storage

4 Remove power supply to each in turn
Devices

Components controlling load

5 Remove power supply to each in turn
Devices

Communication controller and or

6 Remove power supply to each in turn
hubs/switches etc

Communication between Remove/interrupt communication to each Component

7
Components in turn†

Where applicable communication

Remove/interrupt communication between each
8 between Components and
Component and associated Device in turn
Devices

With reference to the Manufacturer’s published

information on internal failures (see 4.5.1.1) undertake
9 CLS system
the recommended tests etc to confirm that the CLS
detects and reacts appropriately to internal failures.
†
There are safety issues in interrupting current transformer circuits, which can give rise to
dangerously high voltages. Care must be taken to ensure that the current transformers are
short circuited before the circuit to the transducer is opened.

For each test confirm that the CLS enters state 3 operation, and that on restoration of
communication or power to the relevant Component or Device it is then possible to
immediately reset the CLS into state 1 operation.

5.6 Operational tests

In order to safely and effectively test a CLS, it is necessary to simulate normal state 1
operation and then the transition from state 1 to state 2 to confirm that it responds
appropriately. Note that operating setpoints must be reduced so that state 2 operation for
testing purposes does not exceed the MEL or MIL as explained in section 5.4. Two different
means may be employed to simulate this:

1. Manual control over the Devices operating on the site; or

2. Injection testing using a calibrated test set

The method adopted will depend on the nature of the site. On larger sites (eg an office,
factory or school with multiple distributed Devices), injection testing may be the only practical
option.

Note that the tests described in 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 amalgamate the CLS’s control capability (ie
regulating output/input levels of Devices) with the correct operation in states 1, 2 and 3.
Depending on the design of the CLS, and its facilities for testing, it might be necessary to
devise a test plan that tests these two aspects (ie control of Devices and correct movement
between states) separately.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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The correct orientation of any part of a Component that measures current and/or voltage
shall be confirmed.

Operational testing shall be performed that demonstrates satisfactory transition between

state 1 operation and state 2 operation. Tests shall be undertaken that demonstrate the
correct operation in returning to state 1 operation from state 2 operation as well as showing
that excessive state 2 operation will lead to state 3 operation (Fail Safe). This is shown
conceptually in

Figure 5-1, Figure 5-2 and Figure 5-3. Tests A, C, E, G and J demonstrate that an excursion
outside the test level threshold triggers the correct CLS response without triggering Fail
Safe, whereas tests B, D, F, H and K should trigger the Fail Safe condition. These tests are
the same in concept for both current flow and voltage at the Connection Point.

Figure 5-1 shows the tests to be undertaken for current flow. Note that the time in brackets is
for those technologies (see 4.4.1) where the three minute limit on excess current flow in state
2 applies.

Figure 5-1 – Current Step Tests

Test Current

Test Level

100% set level

95% set level

Test A Test B

TA Time
TA+ 58s TB TB+ 62s
(TA+ 178s) (TB+ 182s)

Figure 5-2 shows the test that shall be undertaken to demonstrate the correct response to
voltage excursions.
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Figure 5-2 – Step Voltage Tests

Test Voltage
(% of nominal)

VU
Test C Test D

100% VSU
VSL

VL
Test F
Test E

TC Time
TC+ 58s TD TD+ 62s
TE TE+ 58s TF+ 62s

Table 5-2 – Step Voltage Changes

Test voltage LV Connection HV Connection

% of nominal % of nominal

VU 111% 107%
VSU 100% 100%
VSL 98% 98%
VL 93% 93%

Figure 5-3 shows the tests that shall be undertaken to demonstrate the correct response to
sustained high and low volts.

Figure 5-3 – Over and Under Voltage Tests

Test Voltage
(% of nominal)

VU

Test G Test H

100%

95%

Test J Test K

VL

TG Time
TG+ 0.98s TH TH+ 1.02s

TJ TJ+ 2.45s TK TK+ 2.55s

ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Table 5-3 - Over and Under Voltage Tests

Test voltage LV Connection HV Connection

% of nominal % of nominal
VU 114% 110%
VL 78% 78%

To carry out the tests the site conditions should be adjusted and a generic test method could
be:
1. The export and import current limits are adjusted (ie set to zero or a percentage of the
MEL or MIL value).
2. The voltage set points are narrowed (ie set closer to the nominal and/or actual
operating voltage). Note that it might not be possible to influence the Connection
Point voltage by the actions of the Devices and it will be necessary to test the
voltage set points by injection testing.
3. The consumption and/or output of the Devices are manually increased / decreased.

Note that if testing without a Manufacturer’s or Installer’s test mode, operation in state 2 will
lead to lockout in state 3. This is not an issue for a Fully Type Tested CLS, but for an
installation where the full EREC G100 tests are carried out on site, arrangements will need to
be made to cater for this aspect.

Pass-Fail criteria: The CLS is considered to have passed the test if during the test
sequence the current exported from or imported to the site and the voltage at the
Connection Point do not breach the set-point limits for a period of time longer than the
specified reaction time.

5.6.1 Operational testing – Manual Load Control

The consumption and/or output of the Devices should be manually adjusted to achieve the
test levels at the Connection Point. Arrangements will have to be made to hold the required
test conditions at the Connection Point for sufficient time to demonstrate compliance noting
that the natural behaviour of the CLS will be to resolve (ie reduce) the conditions, ie to move
back from state 2 operation into state 1 operation. As described above it might be necessary
to take other measures during testing to ensure that the correct fail safe behaviour occurs
when the conditions at the Connection Point are maintained for longer than the fail-safe
time threshold.

5.6.2 Operational testing – Injection Testing

Export and/or import limit conditions can be simulated by temporarily injecting current into the
transducer(s) using a calibrated injection test set.

When using an injection test set, there is normally no feedback loop between the CLS and
the injection test set. This has two significant implications for the test process:

1. As soon as the CLS begins to operate, because it sees no corresponding decrease in

current flow, the control loop will keep running until the relevant Devices reach the
limit of their operating range; and
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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2. To ensure that the CLS is reacting by an appropriate amount and within an

acceptable time period, a step change needs be applied by the test set to the
Connection Point transducer.

5.6.3 Test Sequence

The following test sequence shall be performed as appropriate to the Devices installed (eg if
there is no control over import, do not carry out the import or low voltage tests).

Note that where testing is being done under manual load control, tests 1, 3, 4 and 6 shall be
completed from Test A (ie tests 2 and 5 can be omitted) and also that tests C to K require a
test voltage to be simulated/injected.

Table 5-4 – List of Tests

Parmeter stepped to the value shown and held there for 58s (or
Test A
178s by agreement with DNO)
1 Export = 105% of programmed limit value
2 Export = 110% of programmed limit value
3 Export = 120% of programmed limit value
4 Import = 105% of programmed limit value
5 Import = 110% of programmed limit value
6 Import = 120% of programmed limit value
Test B: repeat test 1 and 4 only Test Level (step change) final value – maintained for 62s (or
of the above 182s by agreement with DNO)
7 Export = 105% of programmed limit value
8 Import = 105% of programmed limit value
Test C Test level (step change) final value maintained for 58s
9 Voltage 111% of nominal (LV); 107% of nominal (HV)
Test D Test level (step change) final value maintained for 62s
10 Voltage 111% of nominal (LV); 107% of nominal (HV)
Test E Test level (step change) final value maintained for 58s
11 Voltage 93% of nominal (LV); 93% of nominal (HV)
Test F Test level (step change) final value maintained for 62s
12 Voltage 93% of nominal (LV); 93% of nominal (HV)
Test G Test level (step change) final value maintained for 0.98s
13 Voltage 114% of nominal (LV); 110% of nominal (HV)
Test H Test level (step change) final value maintained for 1.02s
14 Voltage 114% of nominal (LV); 110% of nominal (HV)
Test J Test level (step change) final value maintained for 0.98s
15 Voltage 78% of nominal
Test K Test level (step change) final value maintained for 1.02s
16 Voltage 78% of nominal
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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The procedure for performing the test is as follows. The test needs to be repeated for import
and export as appropriate and for upper and lower voltage limits. Tests A, C, E, G and J
demonstrate normal excursion into state 2 followed by a return to state 1 operation. Tests B,
D, F, H and K demonstrate excessive state 2 operation and hence confirm the Fail Safe
functionality.

5.6.3.1 Test A
• Initially apply an injection of 100% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current
flow equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the current to give a current flow equivalent to 105% of the limit (for Test 1),
Check that change in level is registered appropriately by the CLS. Check that the CLS is
in state 2.
• Check that the current from generation and exporting storage Devices reduces to a value
at least 5% below the export limit setting within the specified reaction time. Be aware that
as noted in 5.6.2 (1) the CLS will continue to drive the output of the Device away from its
original set point.
• Within 58s reduce the injected current back to 95% of the limit. Check that the CLS has
returned to state 1.
• Repeat the above for step increases from 95% to 110% of the set limit and from 95% to
120% of the set limit as detailed in Table 5-4.

5.6.3.2 Test B
• Initially apply an injection of 100% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current
flow equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the current to give a current flow equivalent to 105% of the limit (for Test I),
Check that change in level is registered appropriately by the CLS. Check that the CLS is
in state 2.
• After 62s (or 182s where appropriate) check that the CLS has moved into state 3; reduce
the injected current back to 95% of the limit.
• Confirm that all Devices have assumed an operating state (including being tripped off) as
required by state 3.
• Confirm that Devices remain in state 3 operating mode (or off) until the CLS is reset.

5.6.3.3 Test C
• Initially inject voltage VSU from Table 5-2 and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the injected voltage to VU from Table 5-2 and maintain for 58s and then step
back to nominal.
• Confirm that the CLS has remained in state 1.

5.6.3.4 Test D
• Initially inject voltage VSU from Table 5-2 and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the injected voltage to VU from Table 5-2and maintain for 62s and check that the
CLS has moved into state 3; step back to nominal.
• Confirm that all Devices have assumed an operating state (including being tripped off) as
required by state 3.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• Confirm that Devices remain in state 3 operating mode (or off) until the CLS is reset.

5.6.3.5 Tests E
• Initially inject voltage VSL from Table 5-2 and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Reduce the injected voltage to VL from Table 5-2 and maintain for 58s and then step back
to nominal.
• Confirm that the CLS has remained in state 1.

5.6.3.6 Test F
• Initially inject voltage VSL from Table 5-2 and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Reduce the injected voltage to VL from Table 5-2 and maintain for 62s and check that the
CLS has moved into state 3; step back to nominal.
• Confirm that all Devices have assumed an operating state (including being tripped off) as
required by state 3.
• Confirm that Devices remain in state 3 operating mode (or off) until the CLS is reset.

5.6.3.7 Test G
• Initially inject 100% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the injected voltage to VU from Table 5-3 and maintain for 0.98s and then step
back to nominal.
• Confirm that the CLS has remained in state 1.

5.6.3.8 Test H
• Initially inject 100% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current flow
equivalent to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Step up the injected voltage to VU from Table 5-3 and maintain for 1.02s and check that
the CLS has moved into state 3; step back to nominal.
• Confirm that all Devices have assumed an operating state (including being tripped off) as
required by state 3.
• Confirm that Devices cannot be restarted (whilst state 3 is active).

5.6.3.9 Test J
• Initially inject 95% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current flow equivalent
to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Reduce the injected voltage to VL of the nominal and maintain for 0.98s and then step
back to nominal.
• Confirm that the CLS has remained in state 1.

5.6.3.10 Test K
• Initially inject 95% of nominal voltage and inject current to mimic a current flow equivalent
to of 95% of the limit setting.
• Reduce the injected voltage to VL of nominal and maintain for 1.02s and check that the
CLS has moved into state 3; step back to nominal.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• Confirm that all Devices have assumed an operating state (including being tripped off) as
required by state 3.
• Confirm that Devices cannot be restarted (whilst state 3 is active).

5.6.3.11 Confirm Reset from State 3

Confirm that state 3 remains in operation until reset, and that all Devices can only be
operated (if at all) in their state 3 state.

Confirm that the CLS in a Domestic Installations can be reset to state 1 immediately and
that the CLS locks into state 3 on the third occasion. Confirm that the CLS in a non-domestic
installation can only be reset after 4 hours.

5.6.3.12 Test Completion

When injection testing is complete, the correct orientation of any current monitoring
connections (including transducer orientations) which may have removed for the test must be
checked and verified as being correct.

If settings have been changed in order to demonstrate operation, they must be restored and
confirmed as being correct once testing is complete.

Finally allow the CLS to operate under normal conditions and confirm that there is no
inappropriate control cycling or hunting.

5.7 Overload and Reverse Power Protection

Where overload protection and/or reverse power protection is used for Customer’s
Installations connected at HV, or as an alternative to installing an EREC G100 compliant
CLS, or as an alternative to Fail Safe (see 4.5.3 and 4.10) these shall be tested by
secondary injection.

6 Ongoing Obligations

The DNO shall have the right to request that the Customer carry out compliance tests and
simulations according to a repeat plan or scheme, and additionally after any failure,
modification or replacement of any equipment that may have an impact on the CLS’s
compliance with the requirements of this EREC G100.

Any repeat tests etc shall be undertaken in accordance with section 5 of this EREC G100.

7 Manufacturers’ CLS Product Declarations

Manufacturers of CLSs having undertaken the required tests shall complete the EREC
G100 Product Declaration as set out in Appendix B. A copy of this declaration shall be
provided to the Customer. The Customer will then provide a copy of the product declaration
to the DNO as set out in section 5 of this EREC G100.

The Manufacturer has the option of registering the Product Declaration on the ENA’s Type
Test Register. In which case it will be sufficient for the Customer to quote the ENA reference
number on Form C in lieu of presenting a copy of the Product Declaration.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Appendix A- CLS Application Information

This form is available in a Microsoft Word version from the ENA’s website.

G100/2 - Form A – CLS Application Information

This form shall be used by all applicants considering installing a CLS. This form shall accompany
any associated application for new connection to the Distribution Network or for the connection of
any associated generation, storage or significant load to the Customer’s Installation.

To ABC electricity distribution DNO

99 West St, Imaginary Town, ZZ99 9AA [email protected]

Customer Details:

Customer (name)

Address

Post Code

Contact person (if

different from
Customer)

Telephone
number

E-mail address

MPAN(s)

Customer
signature
Please provide the following information
Explanation / description of the CLS operation including a schematic diagram and a description of
the Fail Safe functionality, eg the response of the scheme following failure of:
• Any Component
• Any Device
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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• System internal failure

• Communication media
ENA Type Test
Register system
reference for the
CLS, if known
Capacities: Ampere
Requested Maximum Export Limit

Requested site Maximum Import Limit

Aggregate sum of all generation and storage capacities

Aggregate sum of all generation and storage that will be controlled by

the CLS

Aggregate sum of all loads (including storage) in the installation (ie

those both controlled by the CLS and those that are not controlled by
the CLS.)
Aggregate sum of all loads (including storage) that will be controlled
by the CLS

.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Appendix B – Manufacturer’s CLS Product Information

This form is available in a Microsoft Word version from the ENA’s website.

G100/2 - Form B - Compliance Verification Report for Customer Export or Import

Limitation Schemes

This form shall be used by the Manufacturer to demonstrate and declare compliance with the
requirements of EREC G100. The form can be used in a variety of ways as detailed below:

1. For Fully Type Tested status

The Manufacturer can use this form to obtain Fully Type Tested status for a CLS by registering
this completed form with the Energy Networks Association (ENA) Type Test Register.

2. To obtain Type Tested status for a product

The Manufacturer can use this form to obtain Type Tested status for one or more Components
which are used in a CLS by registering this form with the relevant parts completed with the Energy
Networks Association (ENA) Type Test Register.

3. One-off Installation

The Installer can use this form to confirm that the CLS has been tested to satisfy the requirements
of this EREC G100. This form shall be submitted to the DNO before commissioning.

A combination of (2) and (3) can be used as required, together with Form C where compliance of the
CLS is to be demonstrated on site.

Note:
If the CLS is Fully Type Tested and registered with the Energy Networks Association (ENA) Type Test
Register, Form C shall include the Manufacturer’s reference number (the Type Test Register system
reference), and this form does not need to be submitted.

Where the CLS is not registered with the ENA Type Test Register or is not Fully Type Tested this
form (all or in parts as applicable) shall be completed and provided to the DNO, to confirm that the CLS
has been tested to satisfy all or part of the requirements of this EREC G100.

CLS Designation

Manufacturer name

Address

Tel Web site

E:mail

Installer’s name

Address
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Tel Web site

E:mail
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Export/Import capabilities

Export Y/N Import Y/N

Description of Operation

EREC G100 section 0 requires a description of the CLS, and schematic diagram, to be provided to the
Customer. Please provide that description and the diagram here.

Communications Media

Document the provisions made for the use of various communication media, and both the inherent
characteristics and the design steps made to ensure security and reliability.

Cyber Security

Confirm that the Manufacturer or Installer of the CLS has provided a statement describing how the
CLS has been designed to comply with cyber security requirements, as detailed in section 4.7.

Power Quality Requirements

Where the CLS includes the power electronics that controls generation or loads (as opposed to the
power electronics being included in Devices that are subject to their own power quality compliance
requirements) please submit the harmonic and disturbance information here as required by EREC G5
and EREC P28.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Fail Safe

CLS internal failure: please submit here the description of the internal Fail Safe design and operation.
Please also document how it has been demonstrated, including the non-volatile recording of times and
numbers of state 2 operations, and confirm the overall response of the CLS to this internal failure.

Communication and power supply failures between Components and Devices. Please document here
compliance with EREC G100 section 5.5.

Component/Device Communication failure test Power supply failure test

number/description

Operational Tests

In accordance with EREC G100 section 5.6 undertake the tests A to D to confirm correct operation in
state 1 and state 2, that transition into state 3 occurs as required, and that behaviour in state 3 is also
as required.

Test A

Nominal Export Limit (for type tests this will be at maximum, minimum and one
intermediate setting) in Amp:

Nominal Import Limit (for type tests this will be at maximum, minimum and one
intermediate setting) in Amp:

No Starting level Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
change in Component step in test 1/
level? and/or state 2
Device operation
initiates
correct
response of ≥
5%?

1
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Test B

Nominal Export Limit:

Nominal Import Limit

No Starting level Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
change in Component step in test 3 operation
level? and/or
Device
initiates
correct
response of ≥
5%?

Test C

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 1/
voltage? and/or state 2
Device operation
initiates
correct
response?

Test D

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 3 operation
voltage? and/or
Device
initiates
correct
response?

10
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ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Test E

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 1/
voltage? and/or state 2
Device operation
initiates
correct
response?

11

Test F

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 3 operation
voltage? and/or
Device
initiates
correct
response?

12

Test G

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 1/
voltage? and/or state 2
Device operation
initiates
correct
response?

13

Test H

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 3 operation
voltage? and/or
Device
initiates
correct
response?

14

Test J
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 1/
voltage? and/or state 2
Device operation
initiates
correct
response?

15

Test K

Nominal Voltage

No Starting Step value CLS registers CLS and/or Duration of Correct state
voltage change in Component step in test 3 operation
voltage? and/or
Device
initiates
correct
response?

16
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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State 3 Reset

These tests are to demonstrate compliance with section EREC G100 4.5.2.

Please document how the reset from state 3 to state 1 has been demonstrated. Please include how the
reset is achieved.

Please confirm that for CLSs to be installed in Domestic installations three (3) resets causes lockout
or that for non-domestic installations lockout can only be reset after four hours. Please explain how
lockout is reset.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Appendix C – CLS Installation and Commissioning Tests

This form is available in a Microsoft Word version from the ENA’s website.

G100/2 - Form C: Installation Document for Customer Export or Import Limitation

Schemes (CLS)

Part 1 shall be completed for the installation.

Part 2 shall be completed for [each of] the CLS being commissioned.

Form C Part 1

To ABC electricity distribution DNO

99 West St, Imaginary Town, ZZ99 9AA [email protected]

Customer Details:

Customer (name)

Address

Post Code

Contact person (if

different from
Customer)

Telephone
number

E-mail address

MPAN(s)

Customer
signature

Installer Details:

Name

Accreditation /
Qualification

Address

Post Code
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
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Contact person

Telephone
Number

E-mail address

Signature

Installation details:

Address

Post code

Location within
Customer’s
Installation

Summary details of Devices within the Customer’s Installation

Manufacturer / Device capacity (A)

Reference
(including ENA 3- Single Phase Units
Type Test Nature of loads, sources of Phase
Register system Date of energy and conversion Units PH1 PH2 PH3
reference) Installation technology etc:
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Form C Part 2

Commissioning Checks

Description Confirmation

Customer’s Installation satisfies the requirements of BS7671 (IET Yes / No*

Wiring Regulations)?

Schematic diagram and all relevant Manufacturer’s and Installer’s Yes / No*
information safely retained on site?

Operation diagram (if required, ie for export control) displayed correctly on Yes / No*
site?

Communication/Power supply failure tests? Yes / No*

Fail Safe Tests (Form B and/or ENA Type Test register system reference) Yes / No*/Ref
completed successfully in full

Final test to confirm no inappropriate control cycling or hunting Yes/No*

Operational tests completed (Form B or Manufacturer’s reference) Yes / No*/Ref

*Circle as appropriate. If “No” is selected the CLS is deemed to have failed the commissioning tests
and the CLS shall not be put in service.
Overload or Reverse Power Protection
If fitted, please state settings here:

Please state what tripping action the protection initiates:

Confirm that the protection has been tested and please provide the test results:

Additional comments / observations:

ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Declaration – to be completed by Customer or Installer

I declare that for the CLS, and the installation:
1. Compliance with the requirements of EREC G100 is achieved.
2. The commissioning checks detailed in this Form C have been successfully completed.

Name:
Signature:

Date:

Company Name:
Position:
Declaration – to be completed by DNO Witnessing Representative if applicable. Delete if not
witnessed by the DNO
I confirm that I have witnessed the commissioning checks detailed in this Form C
Name:
Signature:

Date:

Company Name:
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Appendix D – Examples

Example 1 – Large PV installation at a Domestic Installation

A domestic Customer wishes to install a PV system but the DNO has restricted the MEL to
16A due to concerns over voltage rise. The cut-out fuse rating is 80A. A CLS is to be
installed so that the capacity of the PV installation can be maximised.

Figure E 1 - Large PV Installation at a Domestic property

Large Domestic PV Installation

• 80 A cut-out
• 16 A export limit

PV
PV PV

PV
PV PV

PV PV

The DNO determines the maximum acceptable installed generation capacity, as follows:

Thermal Assessment:

The continuous rating of the cut-out and service cable are both in excess of 80A (18.4kW)
and the state 2 five minute Distribution System capability is substantially higher than this.
The DNO determines that the thermal rating of the installation does not, in practice, limit the
capacity of the PV system.

Protection Assessment:

The protection assessment restricts the state 2 limit to 1.45 x the cut-out fuse rating, ie 116A
or 26.7kW.

Voltage Assessment:

The highest voltage that can be accepted on the LV network in state 2 is 112% of the
nominal voltage = 253V + 2 = 112% of 230V = 257.6V.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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The DNO calculates that when 10kW of generation is connected at the property the voltage
at the end of the circuit reaches 257.6V.

Conclusion

If a CLS is installed that limits the export to 16A the maximum acceptable generation
capacity is the lower the results from the state 2 thermal assessment, protection assessment
and voltage assessment. In this case the generating capacity, ie the aggregate rating of the
PV inverters, must be no higher than 44A (ie 10kW at nominal voltage and unity power
factor).

PV inverters up to 44A can be installed, but the DNO requires that the MEL is restricted to
16A (with a CLS set to 16A) to prevent the voltage on the LV network exceeding the
maximum statutory voltage limit of 230V + 10% of 230V = 253V.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Example 2 –Wind Turbine Installation at a Farm

A farmer would like to install a wind turbine with a capacity of 200kW. The farm has an LV
connection with an MIL of 200kW (3 phase) but does not have an MEL. The cut-out fuses
are 300A.

After carrying out a design study the DNO is only able to offer a MEL of up to 220A (152kW)
due to the voltage rise at the Connection Point. The Installer recommends the use of a
CLS to allow the 200kW wind turbine to be installed.

Figure E 2 - Wind Turbine Installation at a Farm

200kW
11kV Overhead Line Farm Wind Turbine
Import Capacity = 200kW
Pole-mounted Export Capacity = 150kW
transformer

The DNO carries out the following assessments:

Thermal Assessment

The DNO establishes that the existing HV and LV network can accommodate 220A of export
continuously (at nominal voltage and unity power factor) and substantially more than 290A
(200kW) of export for the state 2 thermal limit.

Protection Assessment:
The protection assessment restricts the state 2 limit to 1.45 x 300A = 435A (300kW)

The proposed 200kW wind turbine satisfies the state 2 protection assessment.

Voltage Assessment:

The DNO assesses the generator’s impact on the LV network voltage and the HV network
voltage under minimum demand / maximum generation conditions. The voltage rise on the
HV network voltage is found to be minimal but the LV voltage is calculated to rise to 257V
when the 200kW wind turbine operates at its maximum capacity (at unity power factor).
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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The highest voltage that can be accepted on the LV network in state 2 is 112% of the
nominal voltage = 253V + 2 = 112% of 230V = 257.6V.

The estimated value of 257V satisfies this requirement.

Conclusion

The proposed 200kW wind turbine is below the maximum acceptable generation capacity
with a suitable CLS. If a CLS is installed that limits the export to 152kW (ie 220A at nominal
voltage and unity power factor), the proposal is acceptable.
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Example 3 – A new PV farm connection

A Customer wishes to install a 5MW PV farm in a rural area. The PV farm also requires an
import capability of 100kW to power the ancillary supplies.

The connection to the HV network is via a metering circuit breaker with IDMT relay protection
set to 400A, 0.15tm.

The DNO carried out an assessment and offered a MEL of 120A (2.3MW at nominal voltage
and unity power factor) pending reinforcement works. Once the network has been reinforced
the full 5MW export capacity can be provided.

The Customer proposes to temporarily install a CLS until the reinforcement works are
completed to maximise the capacity of PV installation during the interim period.

Figure E 3 – New PV Farm

PV Farm
Import Capacity = 100kW
Export Capacity = 2000kW

Primary HV Metering
Substation
Normal
Open Point
11kV Circuit M

The DNO assesses the maximum generation capacity, as follows:

Thermal Assessment

The DNO assesses the network is capable of withstanding an export of 240A (4.6MW at
nominal voltage and unity power factor) for the state 2 design time of five minutes.

Protection Assessment

The relay is set to 400A; the maximum unrestricted export from the site would be 250A.

The protection does not present any limitations.

ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
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Voltage Assessment:

The DNO assesses the generator’s impact on the 11kV network under minimum demand /
maximum generation conditions. The DNO specifies an upper voltage limit of 11.2kV to
prevent the voltage on the local LV network from exceeding statutory limits.

For the purposes of assessing the maximum acceptable generation capacity the voltage
must not exceed upper voltage limit + (2% of the nominal voltage) = 11.2kV + (2% of 11kV) =
11.42kV during the state 2 operating time of the CLS.

The DNO calculates that the voltage will increase to 11.42kV if the site exports 4.8MW (at
unity power factor).

Conclusion

If a CLS is installed with a MEL of 120A (that limits the export to 2.3MW) the maximum
acceptable generating capacity (ie the maximum capacity of the PV farm) is the lower of
results from

• the thermal assessment (4.6MW);

• the voltage assessment (4.8MW); and

• the protection assessment (9.5MW).

In this case the generating capacity must be temporally restricted to 240A (4.6MW) until the
reinforcement work is completed (eg by not connecting all the PV arrays).
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 57

Example 4 – A new CHP connection

A Customer wishes to install a 3MW CHP installation in an existing industrial installation.

There is no existing generation on the site. The site maximum demand is 1.5MW. There is
significant (5MW) of generation already installed on the same 11kV feeder.

The connection to the HV network is via a metering circuit breaker with relay protection set to
200A, 0.15tm.

The DNO carried out an assessment and can offer a maximum export capacity of 100A (ie
1.91MW at unity power factor and nominal voltage). This will enable normal operation of the
site, but will pose problems when the site demand drops below 1.09MW and the generation
is running at full output.

Thermal Assessment

The DNO assesses the network is capable of withstanding an export of 10MW (at nominal
voltage and unity power factor) for the state 2 design time of five minutes.

Protection Assessment

The relay is set to 200A; the maximum unrestricted export from the site could be 171A.

The protection does not present any limitations.

Voltage Assessment:

The DNO assesses the generator’s impact on the 11kV network under minimum demand /
maximum generation conditions. The DNO specifies an upper voltage limit of 11.2kV to
prevent the voltage on the local LV network from exceeding statutory limits.

For the purposes of assessing the maximum acceptable generation capacity the voltage
must not exceed upper voltage limit + (2% of the nominal voltage) = 11.2kV + (2% of 11kV) =
11.42kV during the state 2 operating time of the CLS.

The DNO calculates that the voltage will increase to 11.42kV if the site exports 184A (ie
3.5MW.)

Conclusion

In this case the proposed 3MW generator is below the maximum acceptable generation
capacity (at nominal voltage and unity power factor) and therefore if a CLS is installed with a
MEL that limits the export to 100A (ie 1.91MW at unity power factor), the proposal is
acceptable.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 58

Example 5 – Domestic EV charging

A Customer wishes to install 2 x 7kW EV chargers at their domestic Customer’s

Installation. The Customer has a typical loads and installation. The installation does not
include an electric shower or any other high power appliances. The typical maximum
demand of the installation without the EV chargers is 2kW, with short term peaks of 8kW.

The installation is connected to the DNO’s network via an 80A cut-out.

A CLS is installed which is intended to limit the maximum import to 72A.

Figure E 4 Domestic EV Charging

80A
cutout

Uncontrolled
Loads
CLS controller Charger ADMD 1.5kW
Peak 8kW

2 x 7kW

Thermal Assessment

The continuous rating of the cut-out and service cable are both in excess of 80A (18.4kW)
and the state 2 five minute Distribution System capability is substantially higher than this.
The DNO determines that the thermal rating of the installation does not, in practice, limit the
capacity of the EV system.

Protection Assessment

The protection assessment restricts the state 2 limit to 1.45 x the cut-out fuse rating, ie 116A
or 26.7kW.

Voltage Assessment

The DNO assesses the maximum instantaneous demand that can be supported whilst
maintaining the minimum statutory voltage is 35kW.

Conclusion
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 59

In this case the state 2 limit is set by the protection criterion, ie 26.7kW, which is 4.7kW
above the maximum possible demand (8kW + 2 x 7kW = 22kW) of the installation. The
proposal is acceptable.

If the installation had included an electric shower, for example, the potential instantaneous
maximum demand would be too large for an 80A fuse and the DNO would need to upgrade
the cut-out and/or cut-out fuse.
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 60

Example 6 – Commercial EV charging

A Customer wishes to install 50 x 22kW EV chargers (ie aggregate capacity 1100kW) in a

supermarket car park.

The supermarket has an existing connection with a MIL of 300kW, supplied from an 11kV
1000kVA transformers with 500kW of spare capacity. The installation’s existing maximum
demand is 220kW.

The intention is to seek an increased MIL of 650kW, and to use a CLS to ensure the EV
charging load is modulated such that the MIL is not exceeded.

Figure E 5 Commercial EV Charging

90A
fuses

Uncontrolled
Loads
CLS controller Charger Typical peak
220kW

50 x 22kW

Thermal Assessment.

The DNO assesses that the DNO’s network can withstand 1700kW for five minutes.

Protection Assessment.

The maximum instantaneous power that can be supported on the 90A HV fuses controlling
the transformer is 2480kW.

Voltage Assessment
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 61

The DNO assesses the maximum instantaneous demand that can be supported whilst
maintaining the minimum statutory voltage is 3000kW.

Conclusion

In this case the limit on the installed capacity, ie setting the state 2 limit, is the thermal
capacity of the DNO’s network at 1700kW. The installed capacity of the supermarket and its
proposed EV chargers is 1320kW, comfortably within the state 2 limit. The proposal is
acceptable and can proceed with no reinforcement required.

Example 7 – Use of Overload Protection

A Customer wishes to install 50 x 22kW EV chargers (aggregate capacity 1100kW) in a

supermarket car park, but limit the collective demand of the chargers rather than fit a CLS.

The supermarket has an existing connection with a MIL of 300kW supplied from an 11kV
1000kVA transformers with 500kW of spare capacity. The installation’s existing maximum
demand is 220kW.

The intention is to seek an increased MIL of 650kW, and to use overload protection to
ensure the EV charging load is modulated such it never exceeds 350kW (ie 507A).

There are two options:

(a) install the overload protection as part of the EV charger installation

(b) install overload protection for the whole installation.

ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022Figure E 6 Overload Protection Option (a)
Page 62

Overload relay Uncontrolled

set at 960A, Loads
Charger Typical peak
10s
220kW

50 x 22kW
 ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 63

Figure E 7 Overload Protection Option (b)

Overload relay Uncontrolled

set at 500A, Loads
Charger Typical peak
10s
220kW

50 x 22kW

Thermal Assessment.

The DNO assesses that the DNO’s network can withstand 1700kW for five minutes.

Protection Assessment.

The maximum instantaneous power that can be supported on the 90A HV fuses controlling
the transformer is 2480kW.

Voltage Assessment

The DNO assesses the maximum instantaneous demand that can be supported whilst
maintaining the minimum statutory voltage is 3000kW.

Overload protection setting for the two options:

(a) MIL is 650kW, 942A. Overload shall be set 2% greater than this – ie 960A, 10s
definite time.

(b) EV charger demand is constrained to be 350kW, 507A. If 507A is not an available

setting, the next lowest setting of 500A shall be selected, again with 10s definite time
delay.

Conclusion
ENA Engineering Recommendation G100
Issue 2 Amendment 1 2022
Page 64

Provided the DNO is satisfied that the protection operating characteristics are appropriate,
and that the installation is sufficiently tamper-proof, no CLS is required.