CHAPTER3: COMPLEX NUMBERS

It is a number system formed to include all square roots of numbers.

An extra number 𝑗 is introduced representing an imaginary number such that 𝑗 = √−1

⇒ 𝑗 2 = −1

Evaluate
−4
(i) 𝑗 3 (iv)
𝑗9
(ii) 𝑗 4
(iii) 𝑗 23
solution −𝑗, 1, −𝑗, 4𝑗
Note:
Complex numbers can be expressed in Cartesian and polar form

CARTESIAN OR RECTANGULAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

A complex number Z can be expressed in Cartesian as 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗
Where x is real part and y imaginary part

Examples
Solve the following equations in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
2
(a) 𝑥 + 4 = 0 (c) 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 11 = 0
(b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (d) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0
Solution
𝑥 = −2𝑗 𝑥 = −3 ± √3𝑗
√3 𝑥 = −2 ± 𝑗
𝑥 = −0.5 ± 𝑗
2

Exercise
1. Solve the following quadratic equations
(a) 𝑥 2 + 25 = 0 (f) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8 = 0
(b) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0 (g) 25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 2 = 0
(c) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 = 0 (h) 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(d) 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10 = 0 (i) 4𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 7 = 0
(e) 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (j) 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
An
(a) −5𝑗 (c) 𝑥 = 2 ± 𝑗
(b) 𝑥 = 1 ± 𝑗 (d) 𝑥 = 3 ± 𝑗

1
 (e) 𝑥 = 0.5 ± 0.5𝑗 (h) 𝑥 = −0.750 ± 1.199𝑗
(f) 𝑥 = 2 ± 2𝑗 (i) 𝑡 = −0.625 ± 1.166
(g) 𝑥 = 0.2 ± 0.2𝑗 (j) 𝑥 = −0.75 ± 1.392
2. Evaluate
4
(a) 𝑗 8 (c) 2𝑗 13
−1
(b)
𝑗7

An
(a) = 1 (b) = −𝑗 (c) = −2𝑗

Terms used in complex numbers

(i) Modulus or magnitude of a complex numbers,
For a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗
|𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Examples
Find the modulus of the following
(a) 𝑧 = 1 + √3𝑗 (b) 𝑤 = 6 − 8𝑗 (c) 𝑧 = −1 − 6√2𝑗
Solution
𝑥=2 𝑥 = √3
𝑥 = 10

(ii) Argand diagram or complex plane

This is Cartesian plane used to represent a complex number with the x-axis as the
real part and the y-axis as the imaginary axis

Examples
Represent the following complex numbers on an argand diagram.
(i) 3 + 4𝑗 (iv) 4𝑗
(ii) 2 − 3𝑗 (v) −2 − 5𝑗
(iii) −4 + 2𝑗

(iii) Argument of a complex number

The argument of a complex number z denoted by 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 is the angle z makes with
the real axis (positive x-axis)

2
 Examples
1. Find the arguments of the following complex numbers
(i) 3 + 4𝑗 (iii) −3 − 4𝑗
(ii) −5 + 2𝑗 (iv) 4 − 3𝑗
Solution
= 53.13° =-36.87°
= −126.87°
2. Find the modulus and argument of each of the following
(i) 4 + 3𝑗 (iii) −6 − 8𝑗
(ii) −5 + 12𝑗 (iv) 8 − 15𝑗
3. Given that 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑗,and 𝑧2 = 3 − 2𝑗. Find
(i) |3𝑧1 − 4𝑧2 | An. √157
(ii) 𝑧1 3 − 3𝑧1 2 + 4𝑧1 − 8 An. −7 + 3𝑗
2𝑧2 +𝑧1 −5−𝑗
(iii) | | An. 1
2𝑧1 −𝑧2 +3−𝑗

(iv) Complex conjugate, 𝒁

̅

It’s a reflection about the x-axis.

For a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗, its conjugate 𝑍̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑗

Examples
1. If 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑗 and 𝑤 = 4 − 𝑗. Find 2𝑧 − 3𝑤. An= −10 + 7𝑗
2. If 𝑧 = 4 + 6𝑗 and 𝑤 = 6 + 5𝑗. Find 3𝑧 + 2𝑍̅ + 𝑤. An= 26 + 11𝑗

Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers

Two complex numbers are added or subtracted by adding or subtracting the two
real parts and two imaginary parts separately
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 and 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗
(i) 𝑧 + 𝑤 = (𝑥 + 𝑢) + (𝑦 + 𝑣)𝑗
(ii) 𝑧 − 𝑤 = (𝑥 − 𝑢) + (𝑦 − 𝑣)𝑗
(iii) 𝑧 + 𝒛̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗) + (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑗) = 2𝑥
(iv) 𝑧 − 𝒛̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗) − (𝑥 − 𝑦𝑗) = 2𝑦𝑗

3
 Examples
1. Solve the following
(i) (3 + 2𝑗) + (−7 − 𝑗)
(ii) (−7 − 𝑗) + (3 + 2𝑗)
(iii) (8 − 6𝑗) − (2𝑗 − 7)
(iv) (5 + 3𝑗) + (−1 + 2𝑗) + (7 − 5𝑗)
(v) (5 + 3𝑗) + (−7 − 5𝑗) − (−1 + 2𝑗)
2. Given that 𝑧 = 2 + 4𝑗 and 𝑤 = 3 − 𝑗, solve the following and show the results on an
argand diagram
(i) 𝑧 + 𝑤 𝐴𝑛. 5 + 3𝑗
(ii) 𝑧 − 𝑤 𝐴𝑛. −1 + 5𝑗
(iii) 𝑤 − 𝑧 An.1 − 5𝑗

Note: complex numbers can also be added or subtracted using an argand diagram
Find the following using an argand diagram
(i) (2 + 3𝑗) + (3 − 4𝑗)
(ii) (2 + 3𝑗) − (3 − 4𝑗)

Multiplication of complex numbers

If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 and 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗
(i) 𝑧𝑤 = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗)(𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗) = (𝑥𝑢 − 𝑦𝑣) + (𝑥𝑣 + 𝑦𝑢)𝑗
(ii) 𝑧𝒛̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗)(𝑥 − 𝑦𝑗) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Examples
Find
(i) (3 + 2𝑗)(4 − 5𝑗) An 22-7j
(ii) (3 + 4𝑗)(3 − 4𝑗) An 25
(iii) (2 − 𝑗)(3 + 2𝑗) An 8+j

Division of complex numbers

If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 and 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗

4
 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗) (𝑢 − 𝑣𝑗) 𝑥𝑢 + 𝑦𝑣 + (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑥𝑣)𝑗
= 𝑥 =
𝑤 (𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗) (𝑢 − 𝑣𝑗) 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

Examples
1. Find
3−2𝑗
(i) An 2.5 − 0.5𝑗
−1+𝑗
5+5𝑗
(ii) An 3 − 𝑗
3−4𝑗
3𝑗 30 −𝑗 19
(iii) An 1 + 𝑗
2𝑗−1
2. Given that 𝑧1 = 1 − 3𝑗, 𝑧2 = −2 + 5𝑗 and 𝑧3 = −3 − 4𝑗. Find
(i) 𝑧1 𝑧2 An. 13 + 11𝑗
𝑧1 9 13
(ii) An. + 𝑗
𝑧2 25 25
𝑧1 𝑧2 9 37
(iii) An. − 𝑗
𝑧1 +𝑧2 5 5
(iv) 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 An. 5 − 85𝑗
3. Evaluate
2 1+3𝑗 2
(i) An. −0.5 (ii) (1−2𝑗) An= 2
(1+𝑗)4

Exercise
1. If 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑗 and 𝑤 = 3 − 𝑗 . Evaluate
(i) 𝑧+𝑤 (iv) 5z+2w
(ii) 𝑤−𝑧 (v) 2𝑤 − 3𝑧
(iii) 3𝑧 − 2𝑤 (vi) 2𝑗𝑤 − 𝑗𝑧
An.(i) 5, (ii) 1 − 2𝑗 (iii) = 5𝑗, (iv)= 16 + 3𝑗 (v) = 5, (vi)= 3 + 4𝑗
2. Evaluate and show the results on an argand diagram
(a) (3 + 2𝑗) + (5 − 𝑗) 1
(d)
1+𝑗
(b) (−2 + 6𝑗) − (3 − 2𝑗)
2𝑗 1+2𝑗 2−5𝑗
(c)
1−𝑗 (e) − (3+4𝑗 − )
2 −𝑗
1+𝑗
An.(i) 8 + 𝑗, (ii) −5 + 8𝑗 (iii) = −𝑗, (iv)= 0.5 − 0.5𝑗 (v) = 57 + 24𝑗
3. If 𝑧1 = 1 + 2𝑗, 𝑧2 = 4 − 3𝑗, 𝑧3 = −2 + 3𝑗 and 𝑧4 = −5 − 𝑗. Evaluate each if the following
(i) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧3 (iii) 𝑧1 𝑧2
(ii) 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + 𝑧4 (iv) 𝑧3 𝑧4

5
 (v) 𝑧1 + 𝑧3
𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧4 (viii)
𝑧2 −𝑧4
(vi) 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
𝑧1 𝑧3
(vii)
𝑧1 (ix)
𝑧1 +𝑧3
𝑧2 𝑧
(x) 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 + 𝑧3
4

An.(i) 7 − 4𝑗, (ii) −2 − 6𝑗 (iii) = 10 + 5𝑗, (iv)= 13 − 13𝑗 (v) = −13 − 2𝑗, (vi)= −35 + 20𝑗,
2 11 19 43 23 41 45 9
(vii)= − 25 + 25 𝑗, (viii)= − 85 + 85 𝑗, (ix)= 26 + 26 𝑗, (x)= 26 − 266 𝑗
4. Express in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
(a) (4 − 7𝑗) + (2 + 3𝑗) 4+3𝑗
(d)
2−𝑗
(b) (−1 + 𝑗)2
(c) (5 + 2𝑗)(4 − 5𝑗)(2 + 3𝑗)
5. If 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑗√3,
(a) Express 𝑧⁄𝑧̅ in the form 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 where and a and b are real numbers
(b) Represent 𝑧⁄𝑧̅ on an argand diagram
(c) Find |𝑧⁄𝑧̅|
6. Given the complex numbers 𝑧1 = 1 − 𝑗, and 𝑧2 = −5 − 𝑗.
(a) Evaluate each of the following and represent on an argand plane
(i) 𝑧1 𝑧2
(ii) 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧1 −𝑧2
(b) Determine the modulus and argument of
𝑧1 𝑧2
7. Given the complex number 𝑧 = √3 + 𝑗
(a) Find the modulus and argument of
(i) 𝑧2
1
(ii)
𝑧2
1
(b) Represent on the same argand diagram 𝑧, 𝑧 2 and
𝑧2
8. Given the complex numbers 𝑧1 = −1 + 𝑗, 𝑧2 = 2 + 𝑗 and 𝑧3 = 1 + 5𝑗. Evaluate each of
the following and represent on an argand plane
(i) 𝑧2 𝑧3
(ii) 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑧3 1
(iii) +
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝑧1
2+6𝑗 −4𝑗
9. Given the complex numbers 𝑧1 = (1 − 𝑗)(1 + 2𝑗 ), 𝑧2 = and 𝑧3 = .
3−𝑗 1−𝑗
(a) Express each of the following in the form 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏

6
 (i) 𝑧1
(ii) 𝑧2
(iii) 𝑧3
(b) Find the modulus and argument of 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
10. Simplify
(i) (5 + 4𝑗)(3 + 7𝑗)(2 − 3𝑗)
(2−3𝑗)(3+2𝑗)
(ii)
4−3𝑗
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥+𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
(iii)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Complex equations
If two complex numbers are equal, then their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal too.
Eg 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗, 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗,
𝑧=𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 = 𝑢 + 𝑣𝑗
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑢 and 𝑦 = 𝑣
Examples
1. Solve the equations below
(i) 2(𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦) = 6 − 3𝑗
(ii) (1 + 𝑗2)(−2 − 3𝑗) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
An (i) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −1.5 (ii) 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −7
2. Solve the equations
(i) 2 − 3𝑗 = √𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
(ii) (𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑗) + (𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑗) = 2 + 3𝑗
An (i) 𝑎 = −5, 𝑏 = −12 (ii) 𝑥 = −7, 𝑦 = 9
3. Find real numbers x and y such that
(i) (3𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑗) + (5𝑦 − 𝑗𝑥) = 7 + 5𝑗
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑗 = 7 + 2𝑗
An (i) 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 (ii) 𝑥 = 4.5, 𝑦 = 2.5
4. Given that the complex number z and its conjugate 𝑧̅ satisfy the equation 𝑧𝑧̅ +
3𝑧̅ = 34 − 12𝑗 , find the values of z
𝑗𝑥 3𝑥+𝑗4
5. Given that = , find the values of x and y
1+𝑗𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

7
 Exercise
1. Solve the following equations
(a) (2𝑗)(3 − 2𝑗) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
2+𝑗
(b) 1−𝑗
= 𝑗(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗)
(c) (𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑗) − (𝑦 − 𝑗𝑥) = 2 + 𝑗
An (i) 𝑎 = 8, 𝑏 = −1 (ii) 𝑥 = 1.5, 𝑦 = −0.5 (iii)𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1
1
2. If 𝑧 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 , express z in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗 where 𝑅 = 10, 𝐿 = 5, 𝐶 = 004 and

𝜔 = 4 An 10 + 13.75𝑗
3. Given that the complex number z and its conjugate 𝑧̅ satisfy the equation 𝑧𝑧̅ +
2𝑗𝑧 = 12 + 6𝑗 , find z
𝑥 𝑦 6+2𝑗
4. Given that − = , find the values of x and y
2+3𝑗 3−2𝑗 1+8𝑗
5. Given that x and y are real, find the values of x and y which satisfy the equation
2𝑦+4𝑗 𝑦
− = 0,
2𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑗
6. Given that the complex number z and its conjugate 𝑧̅ satisfy the equation

(2𝑧̅ + 𝑧)𝑧 = 5 + 2𝑧 , find z

𝑧−1 2
7. If z is a complex number, solve (𝑧+1) = 𝑗
8. Find real numbers x and y such that

(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑗 = 14.8 + 6.2𝑗

Polar form or modulus- argument form of a complex number

Imaginary
P(x,y)

r
y

ɵ
0 x Real

8
 Consider a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) in the complex plane corresponding to a complex number 𝑧 =
𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Examples

1. Express the following in polar form

(i) 2 + 2√3𝑗 (iv) −3𝑗
(ii) −5 + 5𝑗 (v) 2 + 3𝑗
(iii) −√6 − √2𝑗 (vi) 3 − 4𝑗
An (i) 4 < 60° (ii) 5√2 < 135° (iii)2√2 < 210° (iv) 3 < 90°
(v) 3.606 < 56.31° (vi) 5 < −53.13°
2. Convert the following in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗
(i) 4 < 30° (ii) 7 < −145°
An. (i) 3.464 + 2𝑗, (ii) −5.734 − 4.015𝑗

Multiplication and division in polar form

If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 < 𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 < 𝜃2

(i) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 < (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )

𝑧1 𝑟
(ii) 𝑧2
= 𝑟1 < (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
2

Proof
(i) 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 )𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑗[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ])
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃1 ))
𝑧1 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 ) 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 )𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 −𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )
(ii) = =
𝑧2 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ) 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 +𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 −𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )
𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 + 𝑗[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ])
=
𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2 )
𝑧1 𝑟1
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ))
𝑧2 𝑟2
Examples
1. Determine in polar form

9
 (i) 8 < 25°𝑥4 < 60°
(ii) 3 < 16°𝑥5 < −44°𝑥2 < 80°
16<75°
(iii)
2<15°
𝜋 𝜋
10< 𝑥12<
(iv) 4
𝜋
2
6<−
3
An (i)= 32 < 85°, (ii)= 30 < 52°,(iii)= 8 < 60°, (iv)= 20 < −165°
2. Evaluate in polar form
2 < 30° + 5 < −45° − 4 < 120°

Solution

= 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛30°) + 5(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 45° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 45°) − 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠120° + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛120°)

= (1.732 + 𝑗) + (3.536 − 3.536𝑗) − (−2 + 3.464𝑗)
= 7.268 − 6𝑗
6
= √7.2682 + (−6)2 < −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
7.268
= 9.425 < −39.54°

Exercise
1. Determine the modulus and argument of;
(i) 2 + 4𝑗 (ii) −5 − 2𝑗 (iii) 𝑗(2 − 𝑗)
An(i)= 4.472, 63.43°,(ii)= 5.385, −158.20°.(iii)= 2.236, 63.43°
2. Express the following in polar form
(i) 3 + 4𝑗 (vi) −6 + 𝑗 (xi) -4-5j
(ii) −3 + 4𝑗 (vii) (−2 + 𝑗) 3 𝑗
(xii)
(iii) −3 − 4𝑗 (viii) 𝑗 3 (1 − 𝑗) 4+6𝑗

(iv) 2 + 3𝑗 (ix) 3 + 5𝑗
(v) −4 (x) −6 + 3𝑗
An.(i) 5 < 53.13° (ii)5 < 126.87° (iii) 5 < −126.87°, (iv) √13 < 56.31° (v)4 < 180° (vi) √37 <
170.54°, (vii)√125 < 100.3° (viii) √2 < −135°

3. Express the following in the form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑗

(i) 5 < 30° (iv) 6 < 125°
(ii)3 < 60° (v) 4<𝜋
(iii) 7 < 45° (vi) 3.5 < −120°
An. (i) 4.33 + 2.5𝑗, (ii) 1.5 + 2.598𝑗, (iii) 4.95 + 4.95𝑗, (iv) −3.441 + 4.915𝑗, (v) −4.00, (vi)
−1.750 − 3.031𝑗

10
4. Evaluate in polar form
𝜋 𝜋
(i) 3 < 20°𝑥15 < 45° (v) 4< 6+3< 8
(ii) 2.4 < 65°𝑥4.4 < −21° (vi) 2 < 120° + 5.2 < 58° − 1.6 < −40°
(iii) 6.4 < 27° ÷ 2 < −15°
(iv) 5 < 30°𝑥4 < 80° ÷ 10 < −40°
An (i)= 45 < 65°, (ii)= 10.56 < 44°,(iii)= 3.2 < 42°, (iv)= 2 < 150°,
(v)= 6.986 < 26.7°, (vi)= 7.19 < 85.77°
(2−𝑗)(5+12𝑗)
5. If 𝑧 = (1+2𝑗)2
.
(a) Find the;
(i) Modulus of z (ii) Argument of z
(b) Represent z on a complex plane
(c) Write z in polar form
6. Given the complex number 𝑧 = √3 + 𝑗 and 𝑧̅ is the conjugate of z
(a) Express 𝑧 in polar form
(b) Represent on the same argand diagram 𝑧̅ and 2𝑧̅ + 3𝑗

Applications of complex numbers

(i) Inductor,L- resistor, R in series
L R VL

V
ɵ
VR
I VL VR I
V, f 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑗𝑉𝐿
The p.d across the inductor 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿
The p.d across the resistor 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑋𝑅
Voltage leads current by 90°
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
Phasor diagram Where 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

Example

(ii) Capacitor, C- resistor, R in series

C R Current leads voltage by 90°
Phasor diagram
I VC VR
V, f

11
 I
VR The p.d across the capacitor 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
ɵ
V The p.d across the resistor𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑋𝑅
VC 𝑍 = 𝑅 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
1
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑗𝑉𝐶 Where 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Example
A 47.0𝜇𝐹 capacitor and a resistor of resistance 30.0𝛺 connected in series. The pair are
connected across a 50Hz supply with a peak voltage of 100V. find;
(i) Reactance of the capacitor
(ii) Impedance of the circuit
(iii) Peak value of the current in the circuit
(iv) Peak value of the p.d across the capacitor
(v) Peak value of the p.d across the resistor
Solution
1 1
(i) 𝑋𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐
= 2𝑥3.14𝑥50𝑥47𝑥10−6 = 67.73𝛺
(ii) 𝑍 = √(𝑋𝐶 )2 + (𝑅)2
𝑍 = √(67.73)2 + (30)2 = 74.08𝛺
(iii) 𝑉0 = 𝐼0 𝑍
100
𝐼0 = = 1.35𝐴
74.08
(iv) 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼0 𝑋𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = 1.35𝑥67.73 = 91.44𝑉
(v) 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼0 𝑅
𝑉𝑅 = 1.35𝑥30 = 40.5𝑉

12
13
14
15