CE775 Construction

Quality and Safety Management

ABSTRACT
This project involved a site visit to ongoing construction project in Kumbakonam,
with the objective of evaluating key aspects of construction quality and safety. The study
focused on material quality, structural workmanship, and construction methods, along with
the implementation of quality control measures on-site. Additionally, safety practices were
assessed through tools such as Job Safety Analysis (JSA), safety inspection checklists, hazard
identification matrices, and risk assessment techniques. The observations provided valuable
insights into real-world construction standards, helping bridge the gap between theoretical
knowledge and field practice. This helped to understand more clearly about the safe work
practices and quality measures that should be followed in the construction project to maintain
the balance in the management.

1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry is one of the most dynamic and demanding sectors,
requiring a careful balance between quality execution and the safety of those involved.
Ensuring high standards of construction quality while maintaining a safe working
environment is essential for the successful delivery of any project. With this understanding,
the current study was undertaken as part of the course Construction Quality & Safety
Management. The objective was to gain practical exposure to how construction quality and
safety are implemented and managed on real project sites.
In this project, we observed, analyzed, and evaluated ongoing construction activities
at Premier Mall construction site at Kumbakonam. This visit provided an opportunity to
closely examine the day-to-day practices followed on-site and assess them from both a
quality and safety perspective. It also allowed us to bridge the gap between theoretical
knowledge gained in course and its actual application in the field.
From the quality perspective, our focus was on several key aspects — the storage and
handling of construction materials like blocks and reinforcement, the condition and usage of
formwork, reinforcement detailing, concrete casting methods, and the overall workmanship
seen on-site. These factors play a major role in the durability, performance, and appearance of
any structure. Through our observations, we identified both good practices and areas that
require attention. Issues such as poor shuttering, improper reinforcement support, and
honeycombing in concrete were noted along with recommendations for improvement.
Equally important was the evaluation of safety practices. Construction is an inherently
hazardous activity, and ensuring worker safety must be a top priority. During the visit, we
examined how safety protocols were being implemented. We used tools such as Job Safety
Analysis (JSA), Safety Inspection Checklists, and the Hazard Identification and Risk
Assessment (HIRA) matrix to assess the working conditions. We also conducted a behaviour-
based safety (BBS) analysis to understand how worker habits and awareness affect overall
site safety. Observations such as the absence of personal protective equipment (PPE), unsafe

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work positions, and poor housekeeping were noted, with corrective actions suggested
accordingly.
2. PROJECT OVERVIEW
The project under study is the construction of Premier Mall, a large-scale commercial
complex located in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu. With a total estimated budget of ₹114 crores,
the project is designed to span six levels, including the ground floor and five upper floors
(G+5). The total built-up area of the mall is approximately 3.5 lakh square feet, reflecting the
scale and commercial significance of the development. The project is being executed by
Viswanathan Contractors, a reputed construction firm in the region, and currently employs
around 600 workers on-site. As of the time of the site visit, the structural works were nearing
completion, marking a critical transition point in the overall construction schedule. The site
presents a valuable case for observing large-scale project management practices, quality
control measures, and safety protocols in real time.

Project & Location Premier Mall (Commercial), Kumbakonam

No. of Floors G+5
No. of Workers 600 (approx.)
Current Status of Project Structural works in Completion stage

Fig 1. Front view of the Site Premier Mall, Kumbakonam

3. NEED OF QUALITY IN CONSTRUCTION

Quality is one of the most critical pillars in the successful execution of any
construction project. In the construction industry, quality refers to meeting or exceeding the
project requirements defined by the client, consultants, and regulatory standards. It
encompasses the performance, durability, safety, functionality, and aesthetics of the built
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environment. Ensuring quality in construction is not just about delivering a structurally sound
building but also about achieving long-term reliability and client satisfaction. The need for
quality management arises due to the complex and multidisciplinary nature of construction
activities. A construction project involves coordination among multiple stakeholders—
architects, engineers, contractors, suppliers, and laborers. Without a systematic approach to
quality, there is a high risk of miscommunication, material wastage, design deviations, safety
hazards, and rework, all of which can result in cost overruns and project delays.
Quality management in construction involves planning, controlling, and assuring quality
at every stage of the project. It includes setting quality standards, performing inspections,
testing materials, monitoring construction methods, and documenting compliance. Through a
structured quality management system (QMS), organizations can identify issues early, reduce
errors, and ensure that the final output aligns with project specifications and client
expectations. Moreover, quality management contributes significantly to a company’s
reputation and competitiveness in the market. A track record of delivering high-quality
projects enhances client trust, ensures repeat business, and reduces legal and warranty claims.
It also promotes efficient resource utilization, better workmanship, and safer construction
environments. Quality and Quality management go hand in hand with each other throughout
the project.
 Example for quality, Concrete mix design is the process of selecting the right
proportions of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures to achieve the desired
strength and durability. A well-designed mix ensures that the concrete can withstand
structural loads, resist weathering, and maintain its form over time. It also minimizes
wastage of materials and reduces the risk of cracks, honeycombing, or segregation.
 Example for Quality management, Quality checklists are systematic tools used during
daily site inspections to verify that construction activities meet the required standards.
These checklists cover critical aspects like formwork setup, reinforcement placement,
concreting, curing, and finishing. Using checklists helps ensure consistency, catch
errors early, and maintain a documented record of quality control throughout the
project lifecycle.

4. OBSERVATIONS IN LACK OF QUALITY

During the visit, we observed the various practices in the workspace that violated the
quality aspects. We analysed the root cause with the help of Quality Checklist and stated the
consequences and prevention to match the standards. Following the quality aspects in each
part of activities gives the desired results and strength expected to achieve. The following
cases gave the deep understanding to quality procedures and practices. We observed the
quality defects in practices, understood the consequence and also made the initiative to
instruct the good practices with the help of ideal case.

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4.1. Under Quality Materials : Overused and Damaged Ply

Material quality plays a fundamental role
in determining the strength, durability, and overall
performance of a construction project. During the
site evaluation, several observations were made
regarding the condition and usage of construction
materials, particularly formwork and shuttering
components. A common issue identified was the
use of overused or damaged plywood in
formwork, which resulted in deformation,
bulging, and leakage of cement slurry during
concreting. These deficiencies contributed to poor
surface finishes such as honeycombing, uneven
textures, and
Fig.2 Damaged Ply used in site
visible cracks, thereby compromising the structural integrity and aesthetic quality of the
construction.
The consequence of using substandard materials include increased risk of structural
failure, greater incidence of rework, safety hazards for site workers, and delays in project
completion. These outcomes also lead to additional financial burdens due to material wastage
and rectification costs.
To mitigate these issues, use of high-quality, certified shuttering materials; proper
bracing and alignment of formwork; accurate nailing techniques; and routine quality
inspections to monitor material condition and usage.

Fig.3 Ideal formwork recommendation

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5.2. Storage condition : Improper stocking of Materials

Proper storage of construction materials is crucial to maintaining their quality and
ensuring smooth site operations. During the site visit, it was observed that inadequate storage
practices can lead to a range of issues, including material deterioration, increased wastage,
safety hazards, and delays in project timelines. Materials such as cement, steel, and
aggregates are particularly sensitive to environmental exposure; for instance, moisture can
affect cement performance, and unprotected steel can lead to corrosion.
Common shortcomings noted included poor stacking methods, lack of protective covering,
and the absence of clear labeling. Such practices not only compromise material integrity but
also affect worker safety and site organization. These issues may eventually result in non-
compliance with quality standards and increase the cost of rework and material replacement.
To mitigate these challenges, several best practices are
recommended: storing materials under proper shelter,
ensuring materials are elevated from the ground,
organizing inventory systematically, and following the
First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle to reduce material
aging. Compliance with Indian Standard IS 4082 (1996)
provides further guidance on safe and efficient material
storage at construction sites.

Fig.4 Improper stacking of Blocks

Fig.5 Ideal stacking forms and procedures

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5.3. Reinforcement Work Quality : Reinforcement Sagging

Reinforcement plays a critical role in providing tensile strength and structural stability
to concrete elements. During the site visit, the quality of reinforcement work was assessed
based on factors such as bar placement, spacing, anchorage, tying methods, and the use of
supports like chairs and cover
blocks. In some areas, issues such as
sagging bars, insufficient concrete
cover, and improper tying techniques
were observed, which can
compromise the load-bearing
capacity and durability of the
structure.
Poor reinforcement practices may
lead to uneven concrete distribution,
reduced bonding, and cracks, all of

Fig.6 Reinforcement sagging observed

which affect structural performance. Additionally, non-uniform or displaced reinforcement
can result in deviation from design specifications and lead to long-term structural defects.
To ensure proper reinforcement quality, it is essential to follow approved drawings, use
correct bar sizes, and maintain accurate spacing. Adequate supports like stools and spacers
should be used to maintain the
specified cover and alignment during
concreting. Reinforcement must also be free
from rust, oil, or other contaminants before
placement.
Routine inspections, proper supervision, and
adherence to relevant IS codes—particularly
IS 2502 and IS 456—are necessary to ensure
compliance and consistency. These practices
not only improve structural integrity but also
help in achieving long-term safety and
serviceability of the construction.
Fig.7 Reinforcement Stacking Chairs

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5.4. Shuttering Work Quality : Proper Shuttering and Stagging

Shuttering, or formwork, is a temporary mold used to shape and support concrete until
it gains sufficient strength. The quality of shuttering work directly impacts the dimensional
accuracy, surface finish, and structural performance of concrete elements. During the site
inspection, various shuttering practices were evaluated, including the alignment, stability,
joint tightness, and material condition of the formwork.

Improper shuttering can result in

several defects such as bulging,
leakage of cement slurry,
honeycombing, and uneven
surfaces. These not only reduce the
structural quality but also increase
the need for corrective measures
like patchwork and additional
plastering. In some observed cases,
inadequate bracing, misaligned
props, and overused plywood led to
Fig.8 Defect observed due to shuttering visible form distortions and surface
defects.
To ensure proper shuttering quality, it is essential to use rigid and well-maintained formwork
materials, provide adequate support and bracing, and ensure tight sealing of joints to prevent
leakage. Proper nailing, leveling, and inspection before concreting are necessary to maintain
the structural shape and finish as per design.
Regular quality checks and adherence to IS
14687 and IS 4990 standards help ensure
shuttering systems meet safety and
performance requirements. Well-executed
shuttering not only ensures safety during
concreting operations but also minimizes the
need for excessive finishing work.

Fig.9 Proper Shuttering and support

5.5. Concrete Workmanship Quality : Honeycombing
The quality of concrete workmanship is a decisive factor in determining the strength,
durability, and finish of a structure. During the site evaluation, several aspects of concrete
work were observed, including mix proportioning, placing methods, compaction, curing
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practices, and surface finish. While some areas reflected good workmanship, others showed
signs of honeycombing, improper edge finishes, and spilled concrete—indicating lapses in
execution.

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Fig.10 Honeycombing observed in concrete Poor concrete workmanship can

result in weak bonding, surface

voids, and permeability issues,
which can eventually
compromise the load-bearing
capacity and long-term durability
of the structure. Common causes
include inadequate vibration,
improper mix consistency, leaky
or misaligned formwork, and
delays between batches during
pouring.
To ensure high-quality concrete work, it is essential to follow the correct mix design, use
properly calibrated equipment, and adopt effective placing and compaction techniques. The
use of mechanical vibrators, layered pouring, and continuous supervision during concreting
significantly enhances the integrity and appearance of the finished structure. Additionally,
timely curing is critical to prevent shrinkage cracks and to ensure strength development.

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Adherence to standards such as IS 456 and IS 516 supports the implementation of best
practices in
concrete workmanship. Regular testing of concrete cubes, monitoring temperature and
moisture conditions, and ensuring a clean working area are also vital aspects of quality
control.
In well-managed sections of the site, concrete elements displayed smooth surfaces and sharp
edges, indicating proper vibration and mix control. Such outcomes underscore the importance
of skilled labour, experienced supervision, and strict adherence to procedures. Good
workmanship not only improves the functional and aesthetic quality of the structure but also
contributes to project economy by reducing the need for rework.

6. QUALITY OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

A Quality Observation Checklist is a structured document used during site inspections to
systematically evaluate and record the quality of various construction activities. It serves as a
practical tool for ensuring that construction practices, materials, and workmanship comply
with design specifications, engineering standards, and applicable codes.
The report typically contains observations across key areas such as:
 Material Quality – Condition and storage of cement, steel, aggregates, formwork,
etc.
 Reinforcement Work – Bar bending, spacing, tying, cover block usage, and
alignment. Fig.11. Excess improper concrete
 Formwork/Shuttering – Stability, alignment, joint sealing, and material condition.
 Concrete Workmanship – Mix consistency, placing, compaction, surface finish, and
curing.
Each item is evaluated for compliance, and any deviations or defects are noted along with
recommendations for corrective actions. This checklist-based approach helps maintain
construction quality, prevent errors, and ensure timely rectification of issues, ultimately
contributing to the overall success of the project.
During the visit, we observed the quality observations both visually and by enquiring with
workers and noted with the assistance of Quality Observation Checklist. The following gives
the checklist observation we made at the site (attached as Annexure 1)

7. NEED OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

Safety in construction is of paramount importance due to the inherently hazardous
nature of construction activities. The industry involves working at heights, handling heavy

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machinery, dealing with electrical systems, and managing potentially dangerous materials—
all of which pose significant risks to workers and the public if not properly controlled.
 Primary necessity of implementing safety measures is to protect human life and
prevent injuries. Construction sites often record a high number of workplace
accidents globally, making it essential to establish a safety-first culture.
 Ensuring safety not only saves lives but also contributes to the physical and mental
well-being of workers, leading to improved productivity and morale.
 Beyond the human aspect, safety is also vital for regulatory compliance. Adherence
to national safety codes, such as those outlined by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) is a legal requirement.
From an operational perspective, safe construction practices reduce project disruptions,
equipment damage, and financial losses. Accidents can lead to delays, cost overruns, and
resource wastage. They can also harm a company’s reputation, leading to loss of client trust
and future business opportunities. Moreover, incorporating safety measures early in the
planning and execution stages enables risk mitigation, fosters better site coordination, and
supports sustainable development goals. Tools such as Job Safety Analysis (JSA), Risk
Assessment Matrices, Safety Audits, and Behaviour-Based Safety programs play a vital role
in proactively identifying and addressing potential hazards.
If the hazards are not properly addressed it lead to risk causing damage to property, people
and environment. So we went with step by step procedure on observing the hazards and
instructed to address them by pointing out the effects associated with it.

8. SAFETY LACKED OBSERVATTIONS

During the site visit, we observed many practices that were done without proper
safety concerns and procedures. That may turn in which a accident, incident and near miss
condition. In the following, each observation is described clearly.
8.1 Lack of Fall Protection and Prevention System
Fall hazards remain one of the leading causes of injuries and fatalities in the
construction industry, particularly in projects involving work at height. During the site
inspection of the Premier Mall project in Kumbakonam, which spans six floors (G+5), the
presence and effectiveness of fall protection systems were closely examined. Given the scale
and verticality of the project, proper fall prevention measures are essential to ensure worker
safety.
Several observations highlighted the use of scaffolding and temporary staging systems
across work areas. However, inconsistencies were noted in the implementation of edge
protection, guardrails, and the use of personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). In some areas,
workers were found not wearing full-body harnesses or were improperly connected to anchor
points—posing significant safety risks.

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“As per the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards,
particularly 29 CFR 1926.501 (Duty to Have Fall Protection), employers are required to
provide fall protection at elevations of six feet or more in the construction industry.” These
standards mandate that fall protection must be provided whenever an employee is working in
an area where there is a risk of falling from an unprotected edge, through holes, or from
scaffolds.
The consequences of inadequate fall protection include not only serious injuries and fatalities
but also legal liabilities, project delays, and productivity loss. Therefore, adherence to safety
regulations and proactive implementation of control measures is critical.
Recommended fall protection measures in line with OSHA standards include:
 Installation of guardrails, toe boards, and perimeter safety barriers on all elevated
platforms.
 Use of certified full-body harnesses with shock-absorbing lanyards and secure anchor
points.
 Deployment of safety nets where harness systems are not feasible.
 Regular inspection and maintenance of scaffold systems as per OSHA 1926.451.
 Mandatory training for all workers on proper use and maintenance of fall protection
equipment under OSHA 1926.503.

Fig.12 Lack of fall protection and preventive system prevailing in site

8.2 Improper Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a fundamental component of construction
safety, designed to protect workers from a wide range of site-specific hazards. During the site
visit to the Premier Mall project in Kumbakonam, it was observed that while basic PPE such
as helmets and safety footwear were commonly used, compliance with other essential
protective gear—like gloves, high-visibility jackets, and harnesses—was inconsistent. In

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some cases, workers were either not provided with the necessary PPE or were using it
improperly.
 The construction environment poses multiple risks, including falling objects, sharp
tools, dust exposure, and the potential for falls from height. OSHA standard 29 CFR
1926.28(a) mandates that employers must ensure the use of appropriate protective
equipment whenever there is a potential for injury.
 Specific standards also govern the use of individual items—for instance, hard hats
under OSHA 1926.100, eye protection under 1926.102, and fall protection equipment
under 1926.502.
To ensure effective PPE usage, employers must implement clear policies on mandatory
equipment and provide training that emphasizes correct usage and maintenance. Regular
supervision and enforcement are equally important to address any lapses on site. Additionally,
the availability of good-quality, job-specific PPE and timely replacement of worn-out gear
can significantly improve worker compliance.
The observed shortcomings at the site indicate the need for stronger implementation of PPE
protocols. Supervisors and safety officers must play a proactive role in monitoring usage and
raising awareness among workers about the life-saving value of personal protective
equipment.

Fig.13 Lack of Full PPE by labour Fig.14 Various PPE’s available

8.3 Other Observations
Open-To-Sky (OTS) Shaft Left Unsecured and Unmarked An Open-To-Sky (OTS) shaft was
found left uncovered and easily accessible at one of the upper levels. There were no
barricades, warning signs, or safety nets installed around the opening. This presents a
significant fall hazard to workers, especially in low-visibility conditions or during high-traffic
work hours. Immediate corrective measures such as installing temporary railings, barricading
the area, and placing visible warning signage are necessary to prevent accidental falls.
Unsafe Transportation of Reinforcement Bars A reinforcement bar intended for structural use
was observed being hoisted from the ground to an upper floor without proper support or
guidance. The bar was swinging freely during the lift, creating a highly unsafe condition for

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workers operating nearby. This uncontrolled movement could easily result in injury, structural
damage, or interruption of other ongoing tasks.
9. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS MATRIX
Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) is a systematic process used in
construction safety management to proactively recognize and evaluate potential hazards in
the workplace. During the site visit to the Premier Mall project, the HIRA matrix was utilized
as a core tool for assessing risks associated with various construction activities. The primary
objective of this method is to reduce the likelihood of accidents by anticipating risks before
they result in harm.
The process begins with identifying possible hazards present on site—these may include
working at heights, electrical installations, heavy material handling, movement of machinery,
or poor housekeeping. Once identified, each hazard is analyzed in terms of two key factors:
 Likelihood (Probability) of occurrence
 Severity (Impact) of consequences
Using a risk matrix, each hazard identified in the site is rated based on these factors and
classified into categories such as Low, Medium, High, or Critical. For instance, an unguarded
edge at a high elevation would typically be marked as a "High Risk" due to both high severity
and probability, while minor tripping hazards in low-traffic areas may be categorized as "Low
Risk".
The HIRA matrix helps prioritize control measures, allowing site managers to focus attention
and resources on the most critical risks. Control actions can range from engineering solutions
(like installing guardrails), administrative controls (such as rotation of work shifts), to
personal protective measures (like issuing safety harnesses). Regular updates to the HIRA
matrix are essential, especially as work progresses and new hazards emerge.

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Fig.14 HIRA Matrix

10. BEHAVIOUR BASED SAFETY (BBS)
Behaviour-Based Safety (BBS) is a proactive safety management approach that
centres on identifying and improving unsafe behaviours at the workplace to prevent accidents
and foster a safety-oriented culture. Unlike conventional methods that primarily address
physical hazards, BBS focuses on how workers interact with their environment and tasks,
recognizing that human behaviour plays a critical role in accident prevention.

During the site visit to the Premier Mall project

in Kumbakonam, several unsafe behaviours were
observed that posed potential risks to site
personnel and overall operational safety. These
included:
 Workers not wearing full personal
protective equipment (PPE) such as
gloves, harnesses, or reflective jackets,
especially in areas with active machinery
or work at height.
 Individuals sitting on the edge of
scaffolding or elevated platforms without
fall protection.
Fig.15 Unsafe action and condition

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 Improper storage and unsecured tools, increasing the chance of falling objects or trip
hazards.
 Poor housekeeping, such as scattered debris and construction materials along
walkways and work zones.
 Some workers were observed climbing scaffolding or moving between levels without
using designated access points like ladders or stairs.
These behaviours, although often overlooked in the flow of daily work, significantly raise the
risk of incidents and injuries. Addressing them requires consistent observation, constructive
feedback, and reinforcement of safe practices.
Based on the observations, the following BBS recommendations were provided:
 Enforce a strict policy and ensure all workers are supplied with and trained to use
proper protective gear.
 Install guardrails, toe boards, and warning signage near scaffolds and slab edges to
deter unsafe positioning.
 Require the use of safety harnesses and lifelines for all tasks conducted at height.
 Promote clean-as-you-go practices to improve site housekeeping and reduce tripping
hazards.
 Ensure tools and materials are properly stored or secured, especially when working at
elevations.
 Provide ongoing safety training and toolbox talks to raise awareness about the impact
of unsafe behaviours.
BBS encourages real-time feedback from supervisors and peers, where workers are positively
recognized for safe behaviour and coached constructively when unsafe actions are observed.
This approach not only corrects individual habits but also builds a sense of shared
responsibility and awareness across the workforce.
11. SAFETY OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
A Safety Observation Checklist is a practical tool used to monitor and evaluate
workplace activities, conditions, and behaviours to ensure they meet established safety
standards. It typically includes items related to equipment usage, personal protective
equipment (PPE), housekeeping, emergency procedures, and employee behaviour. By
regularly conducting safety observations using this checklist, organizations can identify
potential hazards, reinforce safe practices, correct unsafe actions, and foster a culture of
safety and continuous improvement.
During the site visit, a detailed safety observation checklist was used to assess various
aspects of on-site safety. Observations were made across multiple zones and work activities,

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including scaffolding use, material handling, electrical safety, housekeeping, PPE

compliance, and fall protection systems (attached as Annexure II).

12. CONCLUSION
The site visit to the Premier Mall construction project site at Kumbakonam provided
valuable insights into the practical implementation of construction quality and safety
management. From a quality standpoint, the assessment covered critical areas such as
material storage, reinforcement detailing, formwork alignment, and concrete workmanship.
While several good practices were observed, areas such as shuttering condition, bar
placement, and surface finishing highlighted the need for consistent supervision and
adherence to standards.
On the safety front, the study emphasized the importance of fall protection, proper use of
personal protective equipment (PPE), behaviour-based safety (BBS), and risk assessment
tools like the HIRA matrix. Unsafe behaviours and overlooked site conditions demonstrated
the need for stronger enforcement of safety protocols and continuous worker training.
Overall, the project underscored that achieving excellence in construction requires a balanced
focus on both quality and safety. Continuous monitoring, compliance with relevant codes,
and active engagement of all site personnel are essential to ensuring a safe, durable, and high-
performing built environment.

REFERENCES
1. IS 456:2000 – Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
2. IS 2502:1963 – Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement
3. IS 4082:1996 – Recommendations on Stacking and Storage of Construction Materials
at Site
4. IS 4990:2011 – Plywood for Concrete Shuttering Work – Specification
5. IS 14687:1999 – Formwork for Concrete – Guidelines
6. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.28 – Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
7. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.501 – Duty to Have Fall Protection
8. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.502 – Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
9. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.100 – Head Protection
10. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.102 – Eye and Face Protection
11. OSHA 29 CFR 1926.103 – Respiratory Protection

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12. ISO 9001:2015 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements

13. ISO 45001:2018 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems –
Requirements with Guidance for Use
14. Goel, S. Chand – Construction Safety, Health & Environment.

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