R - Pie Charts

R Programming language has numerous libraries to create charts and

graphs. A pie-chart is a representation of values as slices of a circle with
different colors. The slices are labeled and the numbers corresponding to
each slice is also represented in the chart.
In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function which takes positive
numbers as a vector input. The additional parameters are used to control
labels, color, title etc.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating a pie-chart using the R is −
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 x is a vector containing the numeric values used in the pie chart.
 labels is used to give description to the slices.
 radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie chart.(value
between −1 and +1).
 main indicates the title of the chart.
 col indicates the color palette.
 clockwise is a logical value indicating if the slices are drawn
clockwise or anti clockwise.
Example
A very simple pie-chart is created using just the input vector and labels.
The below script will create and save the pie chart in the current R working
directory.

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York", "Singapore", "Mumbai")
# Plot the chart.
pie(x,labels)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
Pie Chart Title and Colors
We can expand the features of the chart by adding more parameters to the
function. We will use parameter main to add a title to the chart and
another parameter is col which will make use of rainbow colour pallet while
drawing the chart. The length of the pallet should be same as the number
of values we have for the chart. Hence we use length(x).

Example
The below script will create and save the pie chart in the current R working
directory.

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York", "Singapore", "Mumbai")
# Plot the chart with title and rainbow color pallet.
pie(x, labels, main = "City pie chart", col = rainbow(length(x)))
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Slice Percentages and Chart Legend

We can add slice percentage and a chart legend by creating additional chart
variables.

# Create data for the graph.

x <- c(21, 62, 10,53)
labels <- c("London","New York","Singapore","Mumbai")
piepercent<- round(100*x/sum(x), 1)
# Plot the chart.
pie(x, labels = piepercent, main = "City pie chart",col =
rainbow(length(x)))
legend("topright", c("London","New York","Singapore","Mumbai"), cex =
0.8,
fill = rainbow(length(x)))
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

R - Bar Charts
A bar chart represents data in rectangular bars with length of the bar
proportional to the value of the variable. R uses the function barplot() to
create bar charts. R can draw both vertical and horizontal bars in the bar
chart. In bar chart each of the bars can be given different colors.

Syntax
The basic syntax to create a bar-chart in R is −

barplot(H, xlab, ylab, main, [Link], col)

Following is the description of the parameters used −

 H is a vector or matrix containing numeric values used in bar chart.

 xlab is the label for x axis.
 ylab is the label for y axis.
 main is the title of the bar chart.
 [Link] is a vector of names appearing under each bar.
 col is used to give colors to the bars in the graph.
Example
A simple bar chart is created using just the input vector and the name of
each bar.

The below script will create and save the bar chart in the current R working
directory.
# Create the data for the chart.
H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
# Plot the bar chart.
barplot(H)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Bar Chart Labels, Title and Colors

The features of the bar chart can be expanded by adding more parameters.
Themain parameter is used to add title. The col parameter is used to add
colors to the bars. The [Link] is a vector having same number of
values as the input vector to describe the meaning of each bar.

Example
The following script will create and save the bar chart in the current R
working directory.

# Create the data for the chart.

H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
M <- c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")
# Plot the bar chart.
barplot(H,[Link] = M,xlab = "Month",ylab = "Revenue",col = "blue",
main = "Revenue chart",border = "red")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
Group Bar Chart and Stacked Bar Chart
We can create bar chart with groups of bars and stacks in each bar by using
a matrix as input values.

More than two variables are represented as a matrix which is used to create
the group bar chart and stacked bar chart.

# Create the input vectors.

colors <- c("green","orange","brown")
months <- c("Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul")
regions <- c("East","West","North")
# Create the matrix of the values.
Values <- matrix(c(2,9,3,11,9,4,8,7,3,12,5,2,8,10,11),nrow = 3,ncol =
5,byrow = TRUE)
# Create the bar chart.
barplot(Values,main = "total revenue",[Link] = months,xlab =
"month",ylab = "revenue",
col = colors)
# Add the legend to the chart.
legend("topleft", regions, cex = 1.3, fill = colors)
 R - Boxplots
Box plots are a measure of how well distributed is the data in a data set. It
divides the data set into three quartiles. This graph represents the
minimum, maximum, median, first quartile and third quartile in the data
set. It is also useful in comparing the distribution of data across data sets
by drawing box plots for each of them.

Box plots are created in R by using the boxplot() function.

Syntax
The basic syntax to create a boxplot in R is −

boxplot(x, data, notch, varwidth, names, main)

Following is the description of the parameters used −

 x is a vector or a formula.

 data is the data frame.

 notch is a logical value. Set as TRUE to draw a notch.

 varwidth is a logical value. Set as true to draw width of the box

proportionate to the sample size.

 names are the group labels which will be printed under each boxplot.
  main is used to give a title to the graph.

Example
We use the data set "mtcars" available in the R environment to create a
basic boxplot. Let's look at the columns "mpg" and "cyl" in mtcars.

input <- mtcars[,c('mpg','cyl')]

print(head(input))
When we execute above code, it produces following result −

mpg cyl
Mazda RX4 21.0 6
Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6
Datsun 710 22.8 4
Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6
Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8
Valiant 18.1 6

Creating the Boxplot

The below script will create a boxplot graph for the relation between mpg
(miles per gallon) and cyl (number of cylinders).

# Plot the chart.

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars, xlab = "Number of Cylinders",
ylab = "Miles Per Gallon", main = "Mileage Data")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
Boxplot with Notch
We can draw boxplot with notch to find out how the medians of different
data groups match with each other.

The below script will create a boxplot graph with notch for each of the data
group.

# Plot the chart.

boxplot(mpg ~ cyl, data = mtcars,
xlab = "Number of Cylinders",
ylab = "Miles Per Gallon",
main = "Mileage Data",
notch = TRUE,
varwidth = TRUE,
col = c("green","yellow","purple"),
names = c("High","Medium","Low")
)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
 R - Histograms
A histogram represents the frequencies of values of a variable bucketed into
ranges. Histogram is similar to bar chat but the difference is it groups the
values into continuous ranges. Each bar in histogram represents the height
of the number of values present in that range.

R creates histogram using hist() function. This function takes a vector as

an input and uses some more parameters to plot histograms.

Syntax
The basic syntax for creating a histogram using R is −

hist(v,main,xlab,xlim,ylim,breaks,col,border)
Following is the description of the parameters used −

 v is a vector containing numeric values used in histogram.

 main indicates title of the chart.

 col is used to set color of the bars.

 border is used to set border color of each bar.

 xlab is used to give description of x-axis.

 xlim is used to specify the range of values on the x-axis.

 ylim is used to specify the range of values on the y-axis.

  breaks is used to mention the width of each bar.

Example
A simple histogram is created using input vector, label, col and border
parameters.

The script given below will create and save the histogram in the current R
working directory.

# Create data for the graph.

v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)
# Create the histogram.
hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "yellow",border = "blue")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Range of X and Y values

To specify the range of values allowed in X axis and Y axis, we can use the
xlim and ylim parameters.
The width of each of the bar can be decided by using breaks.
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(9,13,21,8,36,22,12,41,31,33,19)
# Create the histogram.
hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "green",border = "red", xlim = c(0,40),
ylim = c(0,5),
breaks = 5)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
 R - Line Graphs
A line chart is a graph that connects a series of points by drawing line
segments between them. These points are ordered in one of their
coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value. Line charts are usually used in
identifying the trends in data.

The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph.

Syntax
The basic syntax to create a line chart in R is −

plot(v,type,col,xlab,ylab)
Following is the description of the parameters used −

 v is a vector containing the numeric values.

 type takes the value "p" to draw only the points, "l" to draw only the
lines and "o" to draw both points and lines.

 xlab is the label for x axis.

 ylab is the label for y axis.

 main is the Title of the chart.

 col is used to give colors to both the points and lines.

Example
A simple line chart is created using the input vector and the type parameter
as "O". The below script will create and save a line chart in the current R
working directory.
# Create the data for the chart.
v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
# Plot the chart.
plot(v,type = "o")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Line Chart Title, Color and Labels

The features of the line chart can be expanded by using additional
parameters. We add color to the points and lines, give a title to the chart
and add labels to the axes.

Example
# Create the data for the chart.
v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
# Plot the bar chart.
plot(v,type = "o", col = "red", xlab = "Month", ylab = "Rain fall",
main = "Rain fall chart")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
Multiple Lines in a Line Chart
More than one line can be drawn on the same chart by using
thelines()function.

After the first line is plotted, the lines() function can use an additional
vector as input to draw the second line in the chart,

# Create the data for the chart.

v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
t <- c(14,7,6,19,3)
# Plot the bar chart.
plot(v,type = "o",col = "red", xlab = "Month", ylab = "Rain fall",
main = "Rain fall chart")
lines(t, type = "o", col = "blue")
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
 R - Scatterplots
Scatterplots show many points plotted in the Cartesian plane. Each point
represents the values of two variables. One variable is chosen in the
horizontal axis and another in the vertical axis.
The simple scatterplot is created using the plot() function.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating scatterplot in R is −
plot(x, y, main, xlab, ylab, xlim, ylim, axes)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 x is the data set whose values are the horizontal coordinates.
 y is the data set whose values are the vertical coordinates.
 main is the tile of the graph.
 xlab is the label in the horizontal axis.
 ylab is the label in the vertical axis.
 xlim is the limits of the values of x used for plotting.
 ylim is the limits of the values of y used for plotting.
 axes indicates whether both axes should be drawn on the plot.
Example
We use the data set "mtcars" available in the R environment to create a
basic scatterplot. Let's use the columns "wt" and "mpg" in mtcars.
input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]
print(head(input))
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −
wt mpg
Mazda RX4 2.620 21.0
Mazda RX4 Wag 2.875 21.0
Datsun 710 2.320 22.8
Hornet 4 Drive 3.215 21.4
Hornet Sportabout 3.440 18.7
Valiant 3.460 18.1

Creating the Scatter plot

The below script will create a scatterplot graph for the relation between
wt(weight) and mpg(miles per gallon).

# Get the input values.

input <- mtcars[,c('wt','mpg')]
# Plot the chart for cars with weight between 2.5 to 5 and mileage
between 15 and 30.
plot(x = input$wt,y = input$mpg,
xlab = "Weight",
 ylab = "Milage",
xlim = c(2.5,5),
ylim = c(15,30),
main = "Weight vs Milage"
)
When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Scatter plot Matrices

When we have more than two variables and we want to find the correlation
between one variable versus the remaining ones we use scatterplot matrix.
We use pairs() function to create matrices of scatterplots.
Syntax
The basic syntax for creating scatterplot matrices in R is −
pairs(formula, data)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
 formula represents the series of variables used in pairs.
 data represents the data set from which the variables will be taken.
Example
Each variable is paired up with each of the remaining variable. A scatterplot
is plotted for each pair.
# Plot the matrices between 4 variables giving 12 plots.
# One variable with 3 others and total 4 variables.
pairs(~wt+mpg+disp+cyl,data = mtcars,
main = "Scatterplot Matrix")
When the above code is executed we get the following output.