lkekftd foKku

yksdrkaf=kd
jktuhfr&1
d{kk 9 osQ fy,
jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd

Reprint 2025-26
 0973 – yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr µ1
ISBN 81-7450-573-3
d{kk 9 OksQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd

çFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr

ebZ 2006 T;s"B 1928 q çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl çdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
bysDVª kWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksçfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu%
iqueqZæ.k ç;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok çlkj.k oftZr gSA
bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ
fnlacj 2006 ikS"k 1928 q
fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; çdkj
tuojh 2009 ek?k 1930 ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
tuojh 2010 ek?k 1931 q bl çdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ
xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr
uoEcj 2010 dkfrZd 1932 gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA
tuojh 2012 ek?k 1933
ekpZ 2013 iQkYxqu 1934 ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
tuojh 2014 ek?k 1935
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
fnlacj 2014 ikS"k 1936 Jh vjfoan ekxZ
fnlacj 2015 ikS"k 1937 u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
tuojh 2017 ek?k 1938 108, 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
tuojh 2018 ek?k 1939 cuk'kadjh III bLVst
I-kQjojh 2019 ek?k 1940 csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
tuojh 2020 ek?k 1941 uothou VªLV Hkou
tqykbZ 2021 Jko.k 1943 Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
fnlacj 2021 vxzgk;.k 1943 lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
ekpZ 2024 pS=k 1946 fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
tqykbZ 2024 vk"kk<+ 1946 dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
fnlacj 2024 vxzgk;.k 1946 lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
PD 40T M

çdk'ku lg;ksx
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2006
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % ,e-oh-Jhfuoklu
eq[; laiknd % fcKku lqrkj
` 80.00 eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh (izHkkjh)% tgku yky
vkoj.k ij vafdr fp=k vkj-osQ- y{e.k] esfj;ks fejsaMk eq[; O;kikj çca/d % vferkHk oqQekj
vkSj gfj'kpUnz 'kqDy ^dkd* osQ dkVwZuksa ls fy, x, gSaA lgk;d laiknd % 'kf'k pM~Mk
lgk;d mRiknu vfèkdkjh % izdk'k ohj flag
vkoj.k vkSj lTtk
v:.k nkl
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA fp=kkadu
jktho oqQekj
çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj
çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk dkVwl±
çdkf'kr rFkk tSuk vkWiQlsV fçaVlZ] ,33@2] lkfgckckn +
bjIkQku [kku
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k] lkbV&IV (m-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA

Reprint 2025-26
vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou
ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k
gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij
vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSaA bl ç;kl
esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/
'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas [Link] cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk
dh fn'kk esa dkI +kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa
dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus
dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa
}kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/
lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/
kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks
lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk
NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+ kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&[Link] esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd [Link] osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls
f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh
bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk
cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls
fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu [Link] esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa
osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr
dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;]
NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy,
O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe
osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k çksI +ksQlj gfj
oklqnsou vkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ ksQlj ;ksxsanz ;kno rFkk
çksI+ ksQlj lqgkl i›'khdj dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us
;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh
laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn
ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u

Reprint 2025-26
fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI +ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr
fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy,
èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA

funs'kd
u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
20 fnlacj 2005 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~

iv

Reprint 2025-26
,d fpV~Bh vkiosQ uke
fiz; f'k{kd vkSj vfHkHkkod]

'kk;n vkius vius Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ;k cPps dks dgrs lquk gks fd ^ukxfjd'kkL=k cM+k cksfjax gSA* gks ldrk gS]
vkidks Hkh yxrk gks fd mudh ckr esa ne gSA vius ns'k esa ukxfjd'kkL=k osQ ikB~;ozQe esa 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa
dh tkudkjh ij ”kksj jgk gSA ikB~;iqLrdksa esa laoS/kfud] dkuwuh isphnfx;ksa osQ uhjl vkSj mckmQ C;kSjs Hkjs
jgrs gSaA ”kkfgj gS] ,sls esa cPpk tks oqQN vius okLrfod thou esa ns[krk gS vkSj tks ckrsa fdrkcksa esa i<+rk
gS] muosQ chp dksbZ rkyesy ugha cSBk ikrkA 'kk;n blh dkj.k gekjs fd'kksj&fd'kksfj;ksa dks ukxfjd 'kkL=k dh
i<+kbZ cksfjax yxrh gS tcfd okLro esa fLFkfr ;g gS fd gekjs ns'k osQ ukxfjdksa dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh
vkSj #fp cgqr xgjh gSA
ekS”kwnk fdrkc bl fLFkfr dks cnyus dh fn'kk esa ,d dksf'k'k gSA bl cnyko dh [Link] feyh ^jk"Vªh;
ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005* lsA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ us bl cqfu;knh cnyko dh ”kehu rS;kj dhA bl iqLrd
dh izLrkouk Lo;a jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ funs'kd us fy[kh gSA izLrkouk dk ”kksj
^ukxfjd'kkL=k* osQ iqjkus ikB~;ozQe dks iwjh rjg cnyus ij gSA izLrkouk esa ubZ ikB~;p;kZ dh lksp vkSj n'kZu
dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA fo"k; dk uke ^ukxfjd 'kkL=k* ls cnydj ^jktuhfr foKku* j[kk x;k gSA uke dk
;g cnyko u”kfj, osQ cnyko dks Hkh ”kkfgj djrk gSA u;k ikB~;ozQe ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd bl Lrj
osQ Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks jktuhfr dh dPph&iDdh oqQN u oqQN tkudkjh gSA ”k:jr gS] bl tkudkjh dks vkSj
e”kcwr djus dh vkSj mudh le> dks ek¡tus dhA blh osQ vuq:i d{kk 9 vkSj 10 osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk jktuhfr
osQ vyx&vyx igyqvksa ls ifjp; djk;k tk,xkA ifjp; djkus dh bl dksf'k'k esa yksdra=k og >jks[kk gS
ftlls os jktuhfr osQ fl¼kar vkSj gdhdr dks ns[k ik,¡xsA
bl iqLrd osQ lgkjs vki vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks yksdra=k dh nqfu;k dh lSj djkus ys tk jgs gSaA igys
vki bUgsa tYnh&tYnh ls oqQN dFkk,¡ lquk,¡xsA ,d ckj fo|kFkhZ osQ eu esa yksdra=k dk cks/ vkSj Hkko ?kj
dj tk, rks vki mlls oqQN xgjs loky Hkh iwN ldrs gSa] tSls fd yksdra=k D;k gS\ yksdra=k gh D;ksa\ ,d
ckj fo|kFkhZ bu lokyksa ls nks&pkj gksuk 'kq: dj ns rks vki mls lafo/ku dk uD'kk fn[kk ldrs gSaA lafo/
ku D;k gS] D;ksa vkSj oSQls curk gSµtSlh ckrksa dh tkudkjh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr osQ rhu
igyqvksaµpquko] laLFkkxr <k¡pk vkSj vf/dkjksa rd igq¡pk nsxhA vkidks bl ;k=kk esa vusd fooknxzLr eqíksa dk
Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA ;gk¡ gekjh ea'kk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fdlh cuh&cuk;h /[Link] dks yknuk ugha gSA
dksf'k'k ;gh gS fd mudh [kqn vius cwrs lkspus dh vknr vkSj {kerk dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A
bl fdrkc dk mís'; jktuhfr dh bl lSj dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, e”ksnkj cukuk vkSj muosQ ekxZn'kZu
esa vkidh lgk;rk djuk gSA ;g fdrkc flI+kZQ lwpuk ugha nsrhA ;g mUgsa [kqn lkspus osQ fy, mdlkrh gSA
;g fdrkc lokyksa osQ ”kfj, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls gsy&esy djrh gS] dFkkvksa vkSj rLohjksa ls mudk euksjatu djrh
gS vkSj dkVwZuksa osQ ”kfj, xqnxqnkrh gSA vkius Lo;a vuqHko fd;k gksxk fd lw>cw> ls Hkjk dksbZ ,d loky
;k >d>ksjus okyk dksbZ ,d dkVwZu Hkh fdlh Nk=k&Nk=kk dh dYiuk vkSj fopkjksa dks ia[k yxk ldrk gSA
,slh cgqr&lh ph”kksa dks bl fdrkc esa tqVkus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izxfr dks ij[kus vkSj
mUgsa fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa esa 'kkfey djus esa ;g fdrkc vkidh Hkh enn djrh gSA bu lkjh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
,d txg lesVus dh dksf'k'k esa gh fdrkc dk vkdkj FkksM+k c<+ x;k gS ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd lwpukvksa osQ cks>
dks de djus osQ dkj.k gh bl iqLrd esa oqQN iUus c<+ x, gSaA vkxs osQ iUuksa ij bl fdrkc dk mi;ksx
oSQls djsa 'kh"kZd ls tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA bls ”k:j i<+saA blls vkidks iqLrd dk mi;ksx djus esa enn feysxhA
;g ;k=kk d{kk 10 dh ikB~;iqLrd esa Hkh ”kkjh jgsxhA d{kk 10 dh iqLrd esa ”kksj yksdra=k vkSj jktdkt
dh izfozQ;kvksa ij jgsxkA gesa mEehn gS fd yksdra=k dh bl lSj ls fo|kFkhZ jktuhfr dks ”;knk lko/kuh ls
le> losaQxs vkSj ;g iqLrd mUgsa lfozQ; Hkkxhnkjh okyk ukxfjd cukus esa ennxkj lkfcr gksxhA

Reprint 2025-26
 gekjh ;g mEehn vkiosQ ne ij gSA blh dkj.k ;g fdrkc vkils oqQN ”;knk dh vis{kk j[krh gSA laHko
gS u;s uke] ?kVuk vkSj txgksa osQ ckjs esa vkidks ”;knk [kkstchu djuh iM+sA vkidks ,sls lokyksa dk Hkh lkeuk
djuk iM+ ldrk gS ftlosQ tokc ;g fdrkc u nsA tc ge jktuhfr dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks Hkkoukvksa dks
mÙksftr djus okyh cglsa mBrh gh gSaA laosnu'khy eqíksa ij mBh bu cglksa osQ nkSjku vkidks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
laHkkyuk gSA tc vkidks mQc ;k fp<+ gksus yxs rks ,d ckr ij xkSj dhft,µvxj fo|kFkhZ dksbZ ,slk loky
iwNs ftldk tokc nsrs vkidks dfBukbZ gks] ,slh lwpuk,¡ ek¡xs ftUgsa ryk'kuk eqf'dy gks ;k ,slh ckr dgs
tks vkidks ugha t¡prh gks] rks bls viuh deh ;k vliQyrk u ekusaA njvly] ,d f'k{kd ;k vfHkHkkod
osQ :i esa ;g vkidh liQyrk dh fu'kkuh Hkh gks ldrh gSA Nk=k&Nk=kk dk loky djuk muosQ lh[kus&tkuus
dh izfozQ;k dk ”k:jh fgLlk gS] fo|kFkhZ osQ :i esa Hkh vkSj tkx#d ukxfjd osQ :i esa HkhA ;g fdrkc
blh laHkkouk dks ikyus&ikslus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA
^cksfjax ukxfjd'kkL=k* osQ BIis ls NqVdkjk ikus dh bPNk osQ pyrs gh vius ns'k esa laHkor;k igyh ckj
jktuhfr'kkL=kh] LowQyh f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa dh ,d Vksyh bl ckr ij fopkj djus osQ fy, ,dtqV
gqbZ fd vxyh ih<+h dks jktuhfr dh f'k{kk fdl rjg feysA
^ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr* uke dh bl Vksyh dk f”kozQ vxys i`"Bksa esa fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh lkfFk;ksa
us viuk cs'kdherh oDr fudkykA vdknfed O;Lrrk osQ chp] vpkud vk iM+s bl dke esa viuh fo'ks"kKrk
ls enn nhA ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ funs'kd izksI+ksQlj o`Q".k oqQekj us u flI+kZQ bl fnypLi dke esa ge esa ls
dbZ lkfFk;ksa dks ekuks ,d rjg ls [khapdj yxk;k oju~ dke osQ gj ik;nku ij enn Hkh nhA izksI+ksQlj
gfjoklqnsou vkSj izksI+ksQlj xksiky xq# us bl igy dh Bhd oSlh gh fgI+kQktr dh ftldh ;g gdnkj FkhA
izkIs +ksQlj e`.kky ehjh] izkIs +ksQlj th-ih- ns'[Link] vkSj jk"Vªh; fuxjkuh lfefr osQ 'ks"k lnL;ksa us vius ewY;oku
lq>koksa vkSj vkykspuk ls gekjk ekxZn'kZu fd;kA bl igydneh us vius lI+kQj esa dbZ nksLr cuk;s% jktnwr
tktZ gkbZu] vjfoUn ljnkuk] vkfnR; fuxe] lqeuyrk vkSj pkanuh [kaMwtk us izk#i osQ vyx&vyx fgLlksa
dks i<+k vkSj mi;ksxh lq>ko fn,A dbZ voljksa ij bl ikB~;iqLrd dh rS;kjh esa fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u
ihB osQ ^yksduhfr 'kks/&dk;ZozQe rFkk ^yksduhfr dh Vhe* ls enn yh xbZA izkIs +ksQlj ihVj fMlwtk vkSj lat;
oqQekj us gj Lrj ij iwjk lg;ksx fn;kA lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd bl igydneh dks ewyxkeh f'k{kk'kkL=k
osQ fy, izfrc¼ rhu ;qok f'k{kk'kkfL=k;ksa ,ysDl ,e- tktZ] iadt iq"dj vkSj euh"k tSu dh varnZ`f"V rFkk
mQtkZ dk lkFk feykA bu rhuksa lkfFk;ksa us gesa fl[kk;k fd LowQyh f'k{kk dh pqukSfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa oSQls lkspuk
gSA fM”kkbuj v:.k nkl vkSj fganh laLdj.k osQ fM”kkbuj ;ksxs'k len'khZ] dkVwZfuLV bjI+kQku [kku rFkk
dkWih&,fMVj lS;n v”kI+kQj vglu us bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fopkj dks lkdkj djus esa gekjh enn dhA
;g iqLrd ewyr% vaxzs”kh esa fy[kh xbZ FkhA blosQ fganh vuqokn osQ ckjs esa gesa ;g fpark Fkh fd og
lkekU; vuqokn dh rjg cksf>y u gks tk,A ge ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd fganh ekè;e osQ fo|kFkhZ osQ ikl tks
ikB~;iqLrd igq¡ps og [Link]Ùkk osQ ekeys esa vkxs osQ fy, u, jkLrs fn[kk,A vjfoan eksgu us ,d lgt vkSj
ljy vuqokn djus dk chM+k mBk;k vkSj bls cgqr de le; esa iwjk dj fn[kk;kA bl vuqokn dk ewy izfr
dh ,d&,d iafDr ls feyku djuk vkSj Hkk"kk dks vkSj Hkh lgt cukuk dksbZ vklku dke ugha Fkkµ;g dke
vn~Hkqr yxu ls panu JhokLro us fd;kA ysfdu vxj ;g iqLrd vkiosQ gkFk igq¡p jgh gS rks iadt iq"dj
ds vFkd iz;kl osQ pyrsA mUgksua s bl iwjh izfozQ;k dh gj dM+h dks ,d&nwljs ls tksMk+ vkSj gj Lrj ij [Link]Ùkk
ij fuxkg j[khA
gesa iwjh mEehn gS fd vkidks vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g iqLrd #fpdj yxsxhA 'kk;n] ,slk Hkh gks fd vki
jktuhfr dks oqQN ewY;oku ph”k ekuus yxsaµ,d ,slh ph”k ftls ”;knk xaHkhjrk ls ysus dh ”k:jr gSµftlosQ
vè;;u dh ”k:jr gSA gesa vkidh izfrfozQ;kvksa dh izrh{kk jgsxhA
;ksxsanz ;kno
osQ-lh- lwjh lqgkl i›'khdj
lykgdkj eq[; lykgdkj
vi

Reprint 2025-26
bl fdrkc dk mi;ksx oSQls djsa\
gj vè;k; dh 'kq:vkr esa ifjp; fn;k x;k gSA fdlh vè;k; dk mís'; D;k gS vkSj fdrkc
osQ ckdh fgLls ls bls oSQls tksM+k tk,µbls le>us osQ fy, vki ifjp; dk lgkjk ys ldrs
gSaA blls vkidks ;g crkus esa Hkh enn feysxh fd fdlh vè;k; dks vyx&vyx fgLlksa
esa D;ksa ck¡Vk x;k gSA D;k i<+k,¡] fdl ckr ij ”kksj nsa vkSj fdl rjg osQ loky iwNsaµtSls
lansg vkiosQ eu esa mBrs gSa rks ifjp; dks nqckjk i<+saA
vè;k; dh lkexzh dks lgwfy;r ls i<+kus esa [kaM vkSj mi&[kaM vkiosQ fy, ennxkj
lkfcr gksaxsA blls vki vè;k; dh ckrksa dks ,d&,d djosQ mBk losaQxsA veweu gj vè;k;
dks pkj [kaMksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ,d [kaM dks vki rhu ^ihfj;M* esa iwjk dj ldrs gSaA [kaM
osQ 'kh"kZd osQ lkFk la[;k nh xbZ gSA 'kh"kZd bl ckr dk b'kkjk gS fd vè;k; osQ Hkhrj vc
ubZ ckr 'kq: gksus tk jgh gSA mi&[kaMksa osQ 'kh"kZd osQ lgkjs fdlh ckr dks fcanqokj
crkus esa vkidks lgwfy;r gksxhA eq[; ckr dks ”;knk Li"V djus okyh vfrfjDr lwpukvksa
vFkok fo'ys"k.k dks ckWDl esa Mkyk x;k gSA ^ckWDl* eq[; ikB dk ”k:jh fgLlk gS vkSj bls
Hkh i<+uk gSA
gj vè;k; dh 'kq:vkr fdlh dgkuh ;k laokn ls gksrh gSA vè;k; dh fo"k;oLrq esa
fnypLih iSnk djus vkSj mls le>kus osQ fy, ,slk fd;k x;k gSA fo|kFkhZ dks fdlh [kaM
;k mi&[kaM rd ys tkus osQ fy, dgha&dgha NksVh dFkk vFkok [Link] dk bLrseky fd;k
x;k gSA bu dFkkvksa vFkok [Link] dks d{kk esa foLrkj ls crkus ls fo|kFkhZ dh #fp c<+sxhA
vxj Nk=k 'kq:vkrh rkSj ij fdlh dFkk osQ earO; dks ugha le> ikrk rks [kkl ijs'kkuh dh
ckr ughaA 'kq:vkrh dFkk dks viuk vk/kj cukdj gh vè;k; vkxs c<+rk gS vkSj ewrZ ls vewrZ
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ysfdu] fdlh dFkk osQ C;kSjs elyu~ rkjh[k] O;fDr vFkok LFky osQ
uke Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks jVokus ij ”kksj u nsaA fdrkc esa mi;ksx fd, x, ckdh [Link] osQ
lkFk Hkh ;gh ckr ykxw gksrh gSA jVus osQ pDdj esa fo|kFkhZ dh fnypLih tkrh jgsxh vkSj
dFkk,¡ O;FkZ gks tk,¡xhA ;fn dFkk #fpdj gS rks fo|kFkhZ osQ eu esa oqQN C;kSjs fVd tk,¡xsA
Hkys gh fo|kFkhZ osQ eu esa dksbZ C;kSjk n”kZ ugha gks] ysfdu og fdlh dFkk ;k mnkgj.k osQ
”kfj, dgh xbZ ckr crk ns rks vkidk iz;kl liQy gqvkA
bl fdrkc osQ fy, dkVZwfuLV bjI+kQku [kku us eqUuh vkSj mUuh uke osQ nks pfj=k [kkl
rkSj ij x<+s gSaA ;s nksuksa pfj=k bl vè;k; esa tgk¡&rgk¡ uewnkj gksrs gSa vkSj rjg&rjg osQ loky
iwNrs gSaµoqQN lh/s&likV] oqQN vkM+s&frjNs rks oqQN csrqosQ vkSj csvncA ikB esa ftu ckrksa
dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS] mUgha ls ;s loky bu pfj=kksa osQ eu esa dkSa/rs gSaA veweu vkidks bu
lokyksa osQ ”kokc bl fdrkc esa ugha feysaxsA bu pfj=kksa dks x<+us dk mís'; Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks
;g Hkjkslk fnykuk gS fd muosQ eu esa tks ^csflj&iSj dh ckrsa* mBrh gSa os ckrsa osQoy
cdokl ugha gSA eqUuh&mUuh dh rjg os Hkh fgEer djosQ ,sls loky iwN ldrs gSaA
eqUuh&mUuh osQ lokyksa osQ lgkjs vkidks ppkZ osQ chp FkksM+k #dus dh jkgr fey tkrh gS
vkSj vki oqQN ,slh ppkZvksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls ugha fgpdrs tks dbZ ckj eq[; ckr dh ppkZ
ls dgha ”;knk ykHkdj gksrh gSA ;w¡ dgsa fd vke osQ Lokn osQ lkFk xqByh osQ nke Hkh olwy
gks tkrs gSaA

Reprint 2025-26
 vkidks bl fdrkc esa cgqr&ls dkVwZu vkSj fp=k feysaxsA ns[kus esa ;s #fpdj gSa vkSj vk¡[kksa
dks vPNk yxrk gSA ysfdu bu rLohjksa dk mís'; bruk gh Hkj ughaA ;s i<+us&lh[kus dh
∑§Ê≈Í̧UŸ izfozQ;k dk fgLlk gSaA gj fp=k osQ lkFk lwpuk nh xbZ gSA blls Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dks fp=k osQ lans'k
dks le>us esa enn feyrh gSA csgrj gksxk fd vki gj dkVZwu vkSj fp=k osQ lkeus FkksM+k #osaQ
’ͤÊ¥ vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lans'k le>us&cw>us esa 'kkfey djsaA laHko gks rks viuh {ks=kh; Hkk"kk esa
miyC/ oqQN vkSj dkVwZu tqVk,¡ vkSj mudk mi;ksx djsaA Bhd blh rjg] iqLrd esa oqQN
ekufp=k vkSj ,sls ns'kksa osQ lanHkZ vkrs gSa ftuls fo|kFkhZ vutku gksaxsA bl iqLrd dk ,d
mís'; fo|kFkhZ dh dYiuk dks vius ns'k osQ Hkwxksy ls ckgj rd ys tkuk gSA vPNk gksxk fd
bl fdrkc dks i<+krs le; vki vius ikl fo'o dk ,d rk”kkrjhu jktuSfrd uD'kk j[ksa
vkSj mlosQ gokys ls i<+k,¡A
∑§„UÊ° ^dgk¡ igq¡ps\ D;k le>s\* osQ loky veweu gj [kaM osQ var esa fn, x, gSaA bu lokyksa
¬„Èø° ? osQ ”kfj, vki ;g Hkjkslk dj ldrs gSa fd fdlh [kaM dh ppkZ esa vk;h ckrksa dks fo|kFkhZ
vPNh rjg le> x, gSa ;k ughaA bu lokyksa ls vkidks bl ckr dk Hkh b'kkjk fey tk,xk
ÄÿÊ fd vkxs i<+kus esa fdu&fdu ckrksa ij ”kksj nsuk gSA vkils ,d vuqjks/ ;g Hkh gS fd bl rjg
‚◊¤Ê? osQ oqQN vkSj loky x<a+s vkSj iwNsa rkfd fo|kFkhZ dks jV~Vw rksrk cuus dk jksx u yxsA
^[kqn djsaµ[kqn lh[ksa* osQ dke Nk=kµNk=kk,¡ d{kk osQ vanj ;k ckgj fey&ck¡Vdj dj
πÈŒ ∑§⁄¥U, ldrs gSAa Nk=kµNk=kkvksa dks lewgksa esa ck¡Vdj ;k ,d&,d fo|kFkhZ dks vyx&vyx dke lkSia
πÈŒ ‚Ëπ¥ dj vki bl flyflys esa mudk fn'kk&funsZ'k dj ldrs gSaA bl fgLls esa crk, x, dke ;k
txg flI+kQZ lq>ko Hkj gSaA ;fn vki dksbZ ,slh xfrfof/ lksp losaQ tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh f”kanxh
ls ”;knk tqM+h gks rks fdrkc esa crk, x, lq>koksa dh txg viuh vksj ls lkssps gq, dke djkus
ls tjk Hkh u fgposaQA
vifjfpr 'kCnksa vkSj vo/[Link] dh ,d rkfydk gj vè;k; osQ var esa nh xbZ gSA tgk¡
‡ÊéŒÊfl‹Ë
bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx igyh nI+kQk gqvk gS ogk¡ bUgsa xqykch jax esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA cPpksa dks ;g
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ns[kus rFkk vyx&vyx lanHkks± esa iz;ksx djus osQ fy, mRlkfgr djsaA
ysfdu] muls bu 'kCnksa dh ifjHkk"kk jVokus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA
gj vè;k; osQ var esa ,d iz'ukoyh vkrh gSA vki ik,¡xs fd igys dh rqyuk esa dgha
¬˝‡ŸÊfl‹Ë

”;knk loky fn, x, gSaA bruk gh ugha] ;s loky oqQN vyx fdLe osQ Hkh gSaA bu lokyksa
dk mís'; ;g tkuuk ugha fd fo|kFkhZ us tks oqQN vè;k; esa i<+k mls ;kn djosQ iQVkiQV
nqgjk ldrk gS ;k ughaA ubZ jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, geus ,sls loky iwNs gSa
tks vè;k; dh i<+kbZ osQ vk/kj ij ubZ O;k[;k] fo'ys"k.k] iz;ksx vkSj fnekx nkSM+kus dh ek¡x
djrs gSaA bu lokyksa osQ ”kokc ryk'kus esa vkidks FkksM+k oDr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks nsuk gksxkA vxj
vkidks u, vkSj csgrj loky lw>sa rks mUgsa gh iwNsa vkSj mu lokyksa osQ vk/kj ij fo|kFkhZ
dk ewY;kadu djsaA
^vkb,] v[kckj i<+sa* ,d vH;kl Hkh gS vkSj ^[kqn djsa&[kqn lh[ksa* dk foLrkj HkhA bl
fgLls dk iz;ksx vki ;g tkuus esa dj ldrs gSa fd fo|kFkhZ vius lh[ks gq, dk iz;ksx fofHkUu
lanHkks± esa dj ldrs gSa ;k ughaA vki bldk bLrseky v[kckj i<+us dh vknr Myokus esa Hkh
dj ldrs gSaA tgk¡ vf/dka'k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Vsyhfo”ku osQ fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa dks ns[kus

viii

Reprint 2025-26
dh lqfo/k gks ogk¡ vki bl fgLls esa ”k:jr osQ vuq:i cnyko dj ysaA vki lekpkj vkSj
lkef;d fo"k;ksa osQ dk;ZozQe ns[kus dk dke djk ldrs gSaA vxj vkidks yxrk gS fd fo|kFkhZ
osQ ifjos'k vkSj lalk/u osQ fygk”k ls dksbZ vkSj dke djkuk mfpr jgsxk rks le>sa fd vkidk
;g I+kQS lyk lgh gSA fdrkcksa esa cnyko f'k{kk esa O;kid cnykoksa dh izfozQ;k dh ,d dM+h Hkj
gSA lp rks ;g gS fd vc deku vkiosQ gkFkksa esa gSA vc cl viuh lksp osQ vuq:i py ifM+,A

vkWuykbu lwpukvksa dks gkfly djuk

ge yksx vc lwpuk vkSj lapkj&Økafr osQ ;qx esa jg jgs gSaA Nih&NikbZ fdrkc] ikB~;iqLrd vkSj
nSfud v[kckj vFkok lkIrkfgd tSls tulapkj osQ ekè;e gh vc lwpuk osQ ,dek=k lzksr u jgsA
vc yk[kksa osclkbV gSaA (ge pkgsa rks bUgsa txr&tksM+rk&tky (oYMZ okbM osc) dg ldrs gSa)
vkSj bu osclkbVksa ls cSBs&fcBk, dbZ fdLe dh lwpuk,¡ cM+h rknkn esa ckvklkuh gkfly gks tkrh
gSaA txr&tksM+rk&tky us cM+h rsth ls vkSj vfr dh gn rd lwpuk dk foosaQæhdj.k fd;k gSA
cgqr&ls fo|ky;ksa esa v|ru fo'odks"k vFkok vkeiQge iqLrdky; ugha gksrsA ,slh fLFkfr esa Nk=k
vkSj f'k{kd ”k:jh lwpukvksa dks ikus osQ fy, baVjusV dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSaA
laHko gS] bl ikB~;iqLrd dk bLrseky djrs gq, dHkh&dHkh f'k{kd vkSj Nk=kksa dks yxs fd
nh xbZ lwpuk ukdkiQh gSA laHko gS] vki oqQNsd fopkj] /[Link] vFkok ?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esa T;knk
rÝ+ lhy ls tkuuk pkgsaA blosQ fy, baVjusV osQ mi;ksx osQ oqQN rjhosQ ge vkidksa crk jgs gSaA
vkidks lwpuk,¡ [Link] vFkok [Link] tSlh eqÝr
fo'odks"k dh osclkbVksa ij fey tk,¡ xhA vkidksa ftu fo"k;ksa esa #fp gks mlls tqM+h osclkbV dks
<w¡<+us osQ fy, vki google vkSj yahoo dh lpZ&batu dk bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA
Bhd ,sls gh] cgqr&ls v[kckj vkSj eSax”khu vkWu ykbu miyC/ gSaA buesa ls oqQN vkidks
cxSj Hkqxrku vFkok iathdj.k osQ vius lkexzh&laxzg esa tkus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA blh rjg oqQN
Vhoh pSuyks ls cxSj Hkqxrku vFkok iathdj.k osQ vki lwpuk gkfly dj ldrs gSaA
vè;k;ksa esa fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA buosQ ckjs esa T;knk tkudkjh osQ fy, oqQN
vkSj osclkbV vkiosQ ennxkj gks ldrs gSAa Hkkjr ljdkj dh laLFkkvksa dh osclkbV [Link]
osQ tfj, igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA [+kkldj [Link] ls
vkidks fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh lh/h ^fyad* fey tk,xhA blh rjg la;qDr jk"Vªla?k] varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk
dks"k] fo'o cSd a ] vkSj ekuokf/dkj laxBu tSl]s jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dh Hkh viuh osclkbV
gSaA Hkkjr lfgr dbZ ns'kksa osQ lafo/ku vkWuykbu miyC/ gSaA vki pkgsa rks baVj ikfyZ;kesaVjh ;wfu;u
dh osclkbV [Link]/english/[Link] osQ tfj, fo'o dh lalnksa ij Hkh ,d
u”kj Mky ldrs gSaA
gks ldrk gS fd vki ppkZ osQ fy, oqQN vkSj dkVZwu] rLohj ;k Nfofp=k tqVkuk pkgsaA
vkWuykbu miyC/ v[kckjksa esa ;s phtsa vkidksa fey tk,¡xhA blosQ vykok vki
[Link] dk Hkh bl dke osQ fy, bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA google
esa ,d fodYi images dk gksrk gSA blesa Hkh vki bUgsa [kkst ldrs gSaA
vxj oqQN lS¼kafrd ckrksa dks T;knk lIk+ QkbZ ls le>uk pkgsa ;k jktuhfrd fopkj vkSj è[Link]
osQ ckjs esa vki vkSj tkudkjh pkgrs gksa rks tSlh osclkbV [Link].
[Link] vkSj [Link] tSlh osclkbV
vkiosQ fy, mi;ksxh gksaxhA

ix

Reprint 2025-26
viuh jk; ”k:j nsa %

vkidks ;g fdrkc oSQlh yxh\ bls i<+us ;k bldk iz;ksx djus dk vkidk vuqHko oSQlk jgk\
vkidks blesa D;k&D;k ijs'kkfu;k¡ gqb±\ iqLrd osQ vxys laLdj.k esa vki blesa D;k&D;k
cnyko pkgsaxs\ bu lcosQ ckjs esa ;k fdlh Hkh u, lq>ko osQ laca/ esa gesa vo'; fy[ksaA vki
vè;kid gksa] vfHkHkkod gksa] Nk=k gksa ;k lkekU; ikBd] gj dksbZ lykg ns ldrk gSA fdrkcksa
osQ cnyko dh izfozQ;k esa vkiosQ lq>ko vewY; gSaA ge gj lq>ko dk lEeku djrs gSaA

o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksa%

leUo;d (jktuhfr foKku)
lkekftd foKku f'k{kk foHkkx
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016

Reprint 2025-26
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr
vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lykgdkj lfefr
gfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrkA
eq[; lykgdkj
;ksxsanz ;kno] lhfu;j I+ksQyks] fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u ihB] fnYyhA
lqgkl i›'khdj] jktuhfr foKku ,oa yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] [Link] fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]] egkjk"VªA
lykgdkj
osQ-lh- lwjh] izksI+ksQlj] jktuhfr foKku ,oa iz'kklu foHkkx] ukxktquZ fo'ofo|ky;] xqVa jw ] vka/z izn's kA
lnL;
eq”kÝiQj vlnh] izkIs k+ Qs lj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] eSljw fo'ofo|ky;] ekulxaxks=kh] eSljw ] dukZVdA
,ysDl ,e- tkWtZ] Lora=k vuqla/kudrkZ] b#oV~Vh] ftyk oqQUuwj] osQjyA
ekfyuh ?kks"k] fujarj] lasVj iQkWj tsaMj ,asM ,tqosQ'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
euh"k tSu] iwoZ vè;kid] orZeku 'kks/ Nk=k] f'k{kk foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA
uhjtk xksiky t;ky] izksI+ksQlj] lsaVj I+kQkWj LVMh vkWiQ yk ,aM xous±l] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyhA
veu enku] ,flLVsVa çksI+kQs lj] ekufodh vkSj lekt fodkl foHkkx] bafM;u baLVhV~;Vw vkWiQ VsDukWykWth]
dkuiqj] mÙkj izns'kA
iadt iq"dj] lhfu;j ysDpjj] jktuhfr foKku] mPp f'k{kk funs'kky; (mÙkjkapy)] gY}kuh] mÙkjkapyA
lO;lkph clq jk; pkS/jh] izksI+ksQlj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] johanz Hkkjrh fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrkA
fganh vuqokn
vjfoan eksgu] ofj"B i=kdkj] 78 Mh] vkbZ ikWosQV] fny'kkn xkMZu] fnYyh&92A
panu oqQekj JhokLro] Lora=k vuqoknd vkSj 'kks/kFkhZ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]
ubZ fnYyhA
iadt iq"dj] mPp f'k{kk funs'kky; (mÙkjkapy)] gY}kuh] mÙkjkapyA
lnL;&leUo;d
lat; nqcs] jhMj] jktuhfr foKku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYyhA

Reprint 2025-26
vkHkkj
ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ mfYyf[kr ukeksa osQ vykok bl iqLrd dh ifjdYiuk vkSj :ijs[kk
cukus esa vusd f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkfonksa dk lg;ksx feykA ge buosQ vkHkkjh gSa µ
vatq vkuan] f'k{kd] th-,l- ifCyd LowQy] jkeo`Q".kiqje] lSDVj&7] ubZ fnYyh_ vfer] vk/kjf'kyk
LowQy] xzke&ldky] iksLV&prkyh] ftyk&cM+okuh] eè;izns'k_ Jherh lqCckjko] f'k{kd] ch-th-,l-
baVjus'kuy LowQy] fuR;kuUn] caxyw:_ ih- ft'kk] ukscy ifCyd LowQy] eatsjh] ftyk&ekykckj] osQjy_
,- dkek{kh] ts-,l-,l- ifCyd LowQy] ok.k'kadjh] eaxyksj] dukZVd_ jkeewfrZ] Lora=k 'kks/drkZ vkSj
vè;kid] ukaxy Lykaxjh] ftyk muk] fgekpy izns'k_ ;kes ifVZu] f'k{kd] jktdh; mPprj ekè;fed
fo|ky;] nksbeq[k] bVkuxj] v#.kkpy izns'k_ enu lkguh] f'k{kd] jktdh; mPprj ekè;fed
fo|ky;] jkeo`Q".kiqje] lSDVj&7] ubZ fnYyh_ vuqjk/k lsu] f'k{kd] fLizaxMsYl LowQy] /kSyk oqQvk¡]
ubZ fnYyh_ m"kk jkuh f=kikBh] f'k{kd] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] cksYykjke] fldanjkckn] vka/z izns'k
ikB~;iqLrd osQ fy, fp=k vkSj dkVwZu tqVkus esa gesa dbZ lzksrksa ls enn feyhµ
osQxy dkVw±l us bl iqLrd osQ fy, ,atsy csfyxu] isfVªd osQisV] LVsiQu isjs] ,jsl] ,en g””kk”k]
ufyZdkWu] tku Vªsoj] ,fjd ,yh] flesalk vkSj ,e-bZ- dksgu osQ dkVwZuksa dks miyC/ djk;kA yk us'ku
(fpys)] lkmFk vizQhdk fgLVªh vkWu ykbu] xqtjkr lgdkjh nqX/ mRiknd la?k] i=k&lwpuk dk;kZy;
us vko';d fp=k miyC/ djk,A bu lHkh dk ;ksxnku cgqewY; gSA bu lHkh dks /U;oknA
ge 'kadj] vkj-osQ- y{e.k] ekfj;ks fejkaMk vkSj gfj'pUnz 'kqDy (dkd) osQ fo'ks"k :i ls vkHkkjh
gSaA bUgksaus vius dkVwZu gesa Nkius dh vuqefr nhA fpYMsªu cqd VªLV us 'kadj th osQ dkVwZu izdkf'kr
djus dk vf/dkj fn;kA mudks Hkh /U;oknA
Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj foozQe jkor vkSj fouksn lkgh us iqLrd dh 'kq:vkr ls var rd dh ;k=kk esa
cM+s euks;ksx ls lg;ksx fd;kA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ fot; oqQekj] vjfoan
'kekZ vkSj mÙke oqQekj osQ egÙ[Link] ;ksxnku us fdrkc dks fu[kkjus dk dke fd;kA dkWih ,fMVj lrh'k
>k us fdrkc dks tk¡pus esa iwjk lg;ksx fn;kA bu lHkh lkfFk;ksa dh O;olkf;d oqQ'kyrk ls gh ;g
dk;Z lEiUu gks ldkA
orZeku laLdj.k dh leh{kk vkSj viMsV djus esa ,e-oh-,l-oh- izlkn] vflLVsVa izksi- sQlj] ikB~;p;kZ
vè;;u foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk ;ksxnku ljkguh; gSA

Reprint 2025-26
fo"k;&lwph
vkeq[k iii

,d fpV~Bh vkiosQ uke v

vè;k; 1 1

yksdra=k D;k\ yksdra=k D;ksa\

vè;k; 2 20

lafo/ku fuekZ.k

vè;k; 3 36

pqukoh jktuhfr

vè;k; 4 60

laLFkkvksa dk dkedkt

vè;k; 5 80

yksdrkaf=kd vf/dkj

Reprint 2025-26
Reprint 2025-26