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: 9960226477, 7776084139

TARGET ACADEMY, NASHIK

(Ground Floor, Opposite Krushnai Vadapav, Ashok Stambh, Nashik - 4

STUDY MATERIAL
Mathematics : Limits
1) Definition of  1 x
Limits
7) lim  1   e
The number l is said to be the limit of f(x) at  x
x = a if x

for  however samll but not zero, there
any 0,
exists a corresponding number  greater   x
8) lim 1  1   e
than zero. Such that f(x)  l   for all x
 x
values of x for which
0 |x  a|  .
, (so not exist)if a 1
We write it as lim f(x)  l 
lim 1 if a 1
 0 if 1a1
x
an 
2) Some important result on 9) x  not exists if a  1
limits
lim f(x)  g(x)  lim f(x)  lim
1 g(x) 
xa xa xa 10) li log(1  x)  1
m x
lim c f(x)  c lim f(x) x0
2 xa xa
1 1 1
lim f(x) g(x)  lim f(x) 11) li  , lim  , lim does not exist
3 
limg(x) m x x0 
x0
xa xa xa x0 x x
 f(x)  lim 4) Evaluations of limits
f(x)
4) lim  
xa
give lim g(x)  Method-I : Simplification
, n 0
xa g(x)
 lim xa
 g(x) For example,
xa

lim f g(x)  f lim

 1 7 
5 g(x)
xa  xa
lim   2 
3) Some important x3
 x  3 x  x  12 
limits

1) sin x  1, where x is in  lim 1 7 

tan x  lim 
radians  
lim
x0 x0 x x3
 x  3 (x  4)(x  3) 

x 
lim cos x
x3 1 1
2 x01

=  lim  lim 
x3 (x  3)(x  4) x3 x  4 7
3) li xn   n1
m an na
Page
No.1
 xa
xa Method-II : Factor method
For example,
m
li x m  m
4) mn x3  8x2  16x x(x2  8k  16)
m  an a n
a x  an
li 
m x3  x  lim x3  x  60
5) li a   log
x x4 60 x4
2
m a
1 e

x0 x x(x  4)
 x4
lim(x  4)(x2  4x  15)
1

6) lim (1  x) x

e x(x  4)
x0  x4
limx2  4x  15

Page
No.2
 4(4  4)
 42  4(4)  2 1
 
0
15  lim 3 x x3
x 1 3
By Synthetic 5 
division x2 x3

1
as x  , 0
x

 x3 – x – 60 = (x – 4) (x2 + 300
 3 50
4x + 15) 
0
Method-III : Substitution
5
For example,
Method-VI : Hospital Rule
f(x) lim f
'(x) lim
 [if f(x) = g(a) = 0]
lim sin x  [sin x  sina][ x  a] xa g(x) xa g'(x)

sina lim
xa
x a xa
xa
f '(a)
 g'(a)
Put x = a + h as x  a, h
0
If f’(a) = g’(a) = 0, then
 lim [sin[a  h]  sina]  a]
h0 a[  h f(x) f '(a) f ''(x)
aha
lim  lim  lim
 h h xa xa xa g''(x)
g(x) g'(a)
2 cos  a    sin ( a  h  a)
 2 2 0 
 lim
h0 h This is applicable in or form
2 0 
2 For example,
 h
 sin lim x2  
lim 2x 2a 2
  a2  
 h 2 xa 3
3 x  xa 2 3a2 3a
lim cos a   lim a 3x
    a  h  a)
lim(
h0
 2 h0
 h h0
Method-VII : Method of finding left
  2 
handed limit and right handed limit
 For example,
cosa(1)( a  a)  cosa
2
a
Method-IV : |x  2|
lim |x  2| (x  2)
Rationalisation  lim  lim  1
For x2
x x2 
x x2
x2
example, 2 2

xh  x  lim |x  2| (x   1
2)  lim
 x2 x  2 x2 x  2


lim
h0 h
|x  2|
xh x x li does not exist.
  xh  x2
x  h x m
lim h   x2
h0

Method-VIII : Using, sinθ tanθ

lim =1, lim =1
xhx h
 lim  lim θ→0 θ
xh xh
Page
No.3
θ→0 θ
h0  x] h0  x] For example,
h[ [
1 1
 lim   lim 1  cos 2x
1
xh x x x 2 x
h0
  x0 cos 4x  cos 6x

Method-V : Limit when x

→∞ 2 sin2 x

For example,  4x  6x   6x  4x 
lim
x0 2 sin  sin  
 2 1 2 2
3
   
3
x
2
3   3 
3x  2x  1 x
lim  lim x   
sin2 x sin x
x 3
5x  x  x  1 3 lim  lim
3 
3
x 5    x0 sin 5x x0 sin 5x
sin x
 x2 x3 

Page
No.4
 sin x
 lim x  x 1  (1)  1
x0
sin 5x 5 (1) 5

5x
5x
Method-IX : Using

 ax 
lim  log a(a  0, a is constant)
x0 1
x
  1(2 < e < 3)
ex 
lim 1
x0
x
For example,
15x  3x  5x  1 5x  3x  3x  5x  1
lim  lim
x0 x0 x2

x2

 3x (5x  1)  (5x 
lim 1)
x0

x2

(3x  1)(5x 
lim
x0 1) 2
x

  3x  1   5x  1 
lim     (log3)(log5)
x0
 x  x 

Method-X : 1
x
Using lim(1 + x) =e
x→0

For example,


log 10  log  1 
x 
 10 
lim
x0 x
  1 
log 10  x  
  10  1
 lim  10x)
lim  log(1
x0 x x0 x

 lim log(1  10x)1 x  log lim (1 

10x) x x0 x0

 log lim (1 110

10x)    log e10
x0
 1 

= 10 . log e = 10
5) Sandwich Theorem (Squeeze principle)
If f(x)  h(x)  g(x) for all x in (a  , a  ) for some

Page
No.5
positive real 
lim f(x)  l  lim then
and g(x)
xa xa
lim h(x)  l
xa

Page
No.6
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
07. li sinx  sin 
m x
x a x
01. li (1) 0 (2) 1
m xa
xa (3) sin  (4) cos 
1
= (2) 2x  
(1) a

1
2 a 08. lim cosx 
x
2
2
(4) a (1) 2 (2) 1
(3) a
(3) –2 (4) None of these
5 5
02. (x  2)3  (a  2)3  8x 
log
1
lim =  3 is equal to
xa xa 09. li
m 
5 5 x0
(a  2
(2) (a  x
(1) 8
2) 3
2) 3 5
(2)
3 3 (1) 8 3
(3) (4) 3
3
5 23 5 53 (4)
3a 3a (3) 3 8
8

03. x2  1  x  1
lim is equal 1
x1
x2  1 to 10. li e x
1 
m 
x0  1

1 e x
 

(1) (2) 2  (1) 0 (2) 1
2
1
(3) does not exist (4) e–1
(3) 1 1 2
1 11. The value li 3x/2  3 is
(4) of m x

x2 3 9
04. sin x
lim 1

x0 
x
(1) 0 (2)
3
1
(1) 0 (2) 1
2
(3) (4) log 3
(3) 1 (4) does not 6
exist 5x  4x
sin7xsin11x
05. lim  12. lim is equal to
x
x0 5x2 x0 
4
3x

89 65
(1) (4)
56 5 3
(1) 0
(2)
(3) 5 3
77

Page
No.7
 5 log  4 log 
   4
3
5cos  2 5
06. (3) 1 log 
sin  4
li
0 3  tan 
(4)
(2) 
3 3
(1)
4 4
(3) 0 (4) None of these

Page
No.8
 c ax
 2  bx 
 x4  3x2  2 
lim  
13. lim  is equal to (a, p  20.  5x2  3x  1 
x3 
x1
0) 2

x px  qx  r
 
1 1
a c (1) (2)
(1) (2) 2 4
p
r 1 1
(3) (4)
2 4
b
(3) 0 (4)  x3  3x2  4 
q
21. lim  
x2   8x2  16 
 x x4
 a
14. lim 
xa  3
 (1)
xa  (2)
 3 16
32
3 3
2 1 (3) (4)
(1) (2) 8 4
a a
2 1  a4x4  1 
(3) (4) 22. lim  
1 a3
a x  1
x
a a
15.
 x  3x  1
3

lim   4
 x1  (1)
 4 (2)
x1  3
a
3
4a 4
5 3 (3) (4)
(1) (2) 3 3
2 2
5 3
23. lim x 2
 9 1

1 

(3) (4) x3 x x3
2 2
3
 4x  1
 (1) 6 (2) 3
16. lim1  
x x  (3) 12 (4) 2
2 
4  1  24.  b a 
lim  
(1) 16 (2)  
8 x a a bx 2  ax 
bx
(3) 4 (4) b
2
 x2  x  6  a b
17. lim   (1) (2)
 x3  3x2  x  3
x3   b a
a b
(3) (4)
1 1 b a
(1) (2)  
lim x  x  x  ...  x  n
2 3 n
2 25.
2 
(3) – 1 (4) x1   x1 
1

18. 
lim
 x 2
 x  12 18
(1) n (n + 1) (2) n (n – 1)


Page
No.9
 x4 
x 3
 8x2  16x  n(n  n(n  1)
9 
1)
  (3) (4)
2 2
718 79  2 
(1) (2) 9
4 26. x 9
x 3 27
41 lim 
8 
x27
(3) 79 (4) 871  
418
 8x3  1 49 1

lim   1
19. 1 (1 (2)
x  3 9
4x3  )
2  x 
(1) 6 (2) – 2 2
6 (3) 3 (4) 9
(3) 3 (4) –
3

Page
No.10
  x2 1 1
 (3) (4)
27. lim  
2aa aa

x2  3 x  3 2  x3  4  2 
34. lim  
1 2 x2 
(1) 3(2) (2) 3(2)  20  x2  4
 
3 3

1 2
(3) 3(2) 3 (4) 3(2) 3 (1) 6 (2) 3
 x3  64 (3) – 6 (4) – 3

28. lim  
x4 
2  35.  x  8  8x  1 
x  16  lim

x1 5x 7x  3 
(1) 3 (2) 4  
(3) 6 (4)
12 7
7
 x5  243 (1) (2)
 3 12
29. lim  
x 3 
3  7 7
x  27  (3) (4)
3 1
36.  1  sin x 1  sin x 
(1) 15 (2) 8 lim  
x0  x
(3) 5 (4) 3 
 (1  x)6 1 
30. lim   
x0  (1  x)2 1
  (1) – 1 (2) – 2
(3) 1 (4) 2
(1) 12 (2) –
12 37.  tan 5x 
lim sin 3x  
x0  
(3) 3 (4) – 3
 (x  2)3 2  (a 32) 2 
31. lim  xa 
xa  3 5


  (1) (2)
5 3
3 5
1 3 (3) (4)
(1) (a  2) (2) (a  2) 5 3
2 1 2 1  sin x2 1  cos x 
2

2 2

1 3 38. x 
lim 6 
(3) (a  (4) (a   x 
2) 2 1 2) 2 1
2 2

 x2  1
 10 (1) 4 (2) 2

32. lim   1
1 (4)
x   (3)
x3  4 2

 sin(2  x)  sin(2  x) 
(1) 39. lim  
(2) x 0  x 
6 3
10 10
6
3

Page
No.11
 (3) (4) (1) 2 sin 2 (2) 2 cos 2
10 10
(3) sin 2 (4) cos 2
33.  ax  a
 sin(a  x)  sin(a  x)  2 sin a 

lim
x0  a (a  x) 40. lim  
x   x 0 

 x sin x 
(1) sin a (2) 2 sin a
1 1
(1) (2) (3) – sin a (4) – 2 sin a
2a a

Page
No.12
 1 1
41.  1  cos 2x (3
) (4)
lim
   3 6
 sin 2x 
2
x 0
2

1 1x x
(1) 49. lim   
4 1 x0  1  x 
(2)
2
1 1
(3) (1) e– 2
(2) e– 4

4 (4)
2 (3) e2 (4) e4
42. lim (cosec x  cot x) 
x0 1
50.  3  2x  x 
(1) 1 (2) lim
x0   3 x 
 
2
43. (3) 0 (4) (1) e (2) e2

 cot x  1 
lim  
 
2
cosec 4 x  2
x (3) e– 1
(4) e– 2


1

1 1 51.  5  3x  x 
lim
x0  5 7x  
(1) (2) 
4 2
1
1
(3) (1) e– 2
(2) e2
4 (4)
2 (3) e– 1
(4) e
 tan 2 x  cot 2
x   am  x a m 
44. lim  cosec x 52. lim  

x   sec x
4   x0  x 
(1) log a (2) – log a
(1)  2 (2) (3) am log a (4) – am log a
2
(3) 
2 (4) 22  3x  5x 
2 53. lim  
x0  x 
45.  sin x  sin a
lim 
 

xa xa 

(1) log 8 (2) log 15
(1) – cos a (2) cos
 5 3
a (3) log  (4) log  
(3) – sin a (4) sin 
 5
a  3

 cos x  cos  
a  x 5 x  3x  
46. lim   54. lim  cos 2x cos 4x

x 0

x  a
xa  
 

(1) – 2a sin a (2) 2a sin 1 3 1 3

a 
(1) log (2) log  
 6 5
(3)  a sin (4) a sin 2 5  
2 a 2 a
 a sin x  x sin 1 1 5
a (3) log  (4) log  
5 

47. lim  x a  
Page
No.13
ax  2 3 6 3
2  xa2
  x
 10  5x  2x  1 
55. lim  
1 1 x 0  x2 
(1 (a cos a  (2 (a cos a  (1) log 7 (2) log 10
) sin a) ) sin a)
(3) – (log 2) (log 5) (4) (log 2) (log 5)
a2 a2
 a3x  a2x  ax  1 
(3 1
(a cos a  sin (4 1 (a cos a  sin
) )
a) a)
a a 56. lim 
 
 cos x  3 sin x  x sin x 
x0

48. lim   
x   6x (1) 2 (log (1)2 (2) (log (1)2
6 

1 (3) 2 log a (4) log a

(1) 1
3 (2)
6

Page
No.14
  10x  2 x  5x 1
lim   (1 1/2 (2) –1/2
57.
x0  x sin x  )
(1) – (log 5)(log 2) (2) (log 5)(log (3 1 (4) None of
2) sin
x) lim x  log(x 
66. 2 is equal to
(3) log 7 (4) log 10 x0 x
 log(2  x)  log(2  x) 
58. lim    1
x 0  x  (1) 0 (2)
(1) – 1 (2)
2
1 
(3) (4) None of these
(3) – 2 (4) 1
2
2
 log 3  x   log(3  x) 
59. lim  
x0  x  b
67. I lim(1  = e2, where a and b are
2 1 f ax) x
x0
natural
(1) (2) numbers, then
3 3
2 1 (1) a = 4, b = 2 (2) a = 8, b = 4
(3) (4) (3) a = 16, b = 8 (4) none of these
3 3 1/x
 x log(1   ax  bx  cx 
2x) 
60. lim  x tan x   68. The lim  is
of value
x0   x0
 3 
(1) – 4 (2)
1
2 (1) abc
(abc)3
(3) 4 (4) (2)
2
 (3x  4)(4x  6)(5x  2)

61. lim  
4x3  2x2  1 1 1
x  (3 abc (4)
 )

(1) 3 (2) 4 3 3
(3) 5 (4)
1
15   x
 (2x  3)2 (3x  69. The value of lim tan  x   is
2)3 
62. lim   x0
 4 
x
 (2x  1)5

27 (1) e (2) e2
(1) (2)
9
8 8 2 1
(3) (4)
3 9 e e2
(3) (4)
2 2 (x  1)(3x 
 (3x  1)2 (7x  70. The value lim 4) is equal to
2)3  of x2 (x  8)
63. lim   x

x  (1  5x)5 

(1) 2 (2) 3
(1) 3078 3087 (3) 1 (4) 0
(2) 3125
(3) 3125
308 71. lim(x2  8x  3 x2  4x  3) 
x
3078 7
(4) 315 (1) 0 (2) 
3152 1
2
64. li  2x 
x2 11  (3) 2 (4)
2
m
x 

  1
Page
No.15
 lim 1 2 3 ..... n  is
(1) 1 (2)    
 2 
n2
n2
n
n 2
2 n 

(3) –1 (4)  1
(1) (2) 0
1
2
2 1

n
65. The value lim x where x < –1, (3) 1 (4)
n xn  1 2
of , is

Page
No.16
 [MHT-CET
1.2  2.3  3.4   n(n (1) 1 (2)
73. The value li 2019]
 1)
of m 2
n is
n3
(1) 1 (2) – 1
1 (3) 3 (4)
2
1
(3)
3
(4)  sin  x  a  sina  x  2 sina 
3 82. lim  
x0
xsinx 
li (x  1)  (x  2) (x 
10 10
74. is equal 
m 100) 10 to
10 10
x
x  [MHT-CET
10 2019]
(1) 0 (2) 1 (1) sin a (2) cos a
(3) 10 (4) 1
100
(3) –sin a (4) cos a
75. lim 2
x3  8
x  sin x x  cosx

x
(1) 0 (2) 1 83. The value lim is
of
x2 x2  4
(3) –1 (4) None of
[MHT-CET
these 2019]
76.
lim 2x  1 3
is equal to
x
x2  2x  (1) 3 (2)
1 2
(1) 2 (2) – (3) 1 (4) 0
2
lim e 
(3) 1 (4) – 84. log 1  x
1
1 
n
lim x
77. x
x = 0 x0 3x  1
e for
(1) no value of n [MHT-CET
(2) n is any whole (1) loge 3 (2) 2019]
number 0
(3) n= 0 only
(4) n = 2 only (3) 1 log3e

n 22n  (4)
1 
2x  3
78. 85. The value li is
li
n
n  2   n 2
 3n  of
m
x7
x2 
49 [MHT-CET

1 2019]
(1) 0 (2)
2 2 2
(3) 4 (4) [MHT-CET (1) (2)
9 49
 2019]
1 1

x n  2n
79. li  80 where n is a positive (3)
x (4)
m integer, 56
If x2 2 56
then n [MHT-CET
= 2019]

Page
No.17
 [MHT-CET
2019] 2
(1) 3 (2) 5 86. The value lim log1  is equal
of x to
(3) 2 (4) none of these x0 x
(1) e (2) e
2
80. li x3  1  ...
m ..
x1 x2  5x  1
(3) (4) 2
6 [MHT-CET 2
2019]
x.2x  x
3
(1) 0 (2) 87. lim
7 x01
1 1 cosx [MHT-CET
 2019]
(3) (4) (1) 0 (2) log 4
2 6 (3) log 2 (4) None of these
li 1  cos 2x 
m .....
81. 2
x

  2x
2

Page
No.18
ANSWER KEY

Page
No.19