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भारतीय मानक IS 16380 : 2020

Indian Standard

भूकृत्रिम — भूकृत्रिमों के मिट्टी से बाहर

खींचने पर प्रतिरोध ज्ञात करने की
परीक्षण विधि
( पहला पनु रीक्षण )

Geosynthetics — Method of Test for

Measuring Pullout Resistance
of Geosynthetics in Soil
( First Revision )

ICS 59.080.70

© BIS 2020

भारतीय मानक ब्रयू ो

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S TA N D A R D S
मानक भवन, 9 बहादरु शाह ज़फर मार्ग, नई िदल्ली – 110002
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-110002
         [Link]  
[Link]

February 2020  Price Group 4

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Geosynthetics Sectional Committee, TXD 30

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Geosynthetics Sectional Committee had been approved by the Textile Division Council.
This Indian standard was first published in 2017. This standard has been revised to update COi factor along with
the calculation of co-efficient of Interaction from the pull out resistance which is needed by the user to understand
the behaviour of geogrid simulating the field condition with respect to frictional characteristics between soil and
geogrid. For calculating the COi it is necessary to find out properties of soil used for shear angle and co-efficient of
friction by direct shear method. Thus in this standard, the test methods for direct shear test for soil is also included
as reference. Apart from this, soil compaction in the pull out box, depends on the moisture level, density and hence
density and moisture determination test standards (Proctor density and moisture content) has also been included
in this standard.
The co-efficient of interaction shall lie in between 0.8 to 1.0 for better performance of geosynthetics.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex B.
In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed or
calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical
values ( revised )’.
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IS 16380 : 2020

Indian Standard
GEOSYNTHETICS — METHOD OF TEST FOR
MEASURING PULLOUT RESISTANCE
OF GEOSYNTHETICS IN SOIL
( First Revision )

1 SCOPE related material as an integral part of a man-made

project, structure, or system.
This test method is used to determine the performance
related property of a geosynthetic and other 3.7 Junction — The point where geogrid ribs
geosynthetic products (geogrid, geostrips, geotextiles are intermingled in order to provide structure and
etc) in terms of resistance to pullout force occurring dimensional stability.
due to the shearing, buried under compacted soil using
a laboratory pullout box. 3.8 Pullout — The displacement of a geosynthetic
over its entire buried (in compacted soil) length until
2 REFERENCES ultimate pullout occurring with uniform displacement
over the entire buried length (in soil).
The standards listed in Annex A contain provisions
which through reference in this text, constitute 3.9 Pullout Force (kN) — Force required to pull a
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, geosynthetic out of the compacted soil while pulling
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are out horizontally at specified strain rate.
subject to revision and parties to agreements based
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the 3.10 Pullout Resistance (kN/m) — The pullout force
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the per width of geosynthetic measured at a specified Load
standards indicated in Annex A. (stress) and displacement rate (strain rate).

3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 3.11 Rib — An element (which is a part of net like
structure) of a geogrid which are either in the machine
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in or cross-machine direction.
SP 45 and IS 13321 (Part 1) in addition to the following
shall apply. 3.12 Ultimate Pullout Resistance (kN/m) — The
maximum pullout resistance of geosynthetics (force
3.1 Apertures — The openings in between transverse per width) measured during a pullout test.
and longitudinal ribs of geogrids which enable soil
interlocking to occur. 4 WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.2 Testing Condition — Air maintained at a 4.1 In this test method, a geosynthetics is sandwiched
relative humidity of 65 ± 5 percent and a temperature in between two layers of soil, (with the desired
of 25 ± 2°C. compressive stress) and a horizontal force is applied
NOTE — Any other atmosphere for testing may be agreed as to the geosynthetics. The force required to pull the
per the agreement between the parties concerned. geosynthetics out of the compacted soil is recorded.
3.3 Cross-machine Direction — The direction in the 4.2 Pullout resistance (in terms of force per width) is
plane of the geosynthetic perpendicular to the direction determined by dividing the maximum load by the test
of manufacture. specimen width.
3.4 Machine Direction — The direction in the 4.3 The required compressive stresses (as desired
plane of the geosynthetic parallel to the direction of by the user) is applied on to the top soil layer and
manufacture. geosynthetics under load is pulled horizontally at a
3.5 Failure — A point at which a material looses its constant rate of strain.
capability of functioning as per its intended use. 4.4 If required same procedure is adopted for other
3.6 Geosynthetic — A polymeric material used with rate of strain and stress. A Graph of pull out resistance
soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering versus applied normal stress is plotted.

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IS 16380 : 2020

4.5 A Co-efficient of Interaction (COi) is determined 5.2 Loading Device (Compressive Stress)
from pull out resistance and shear strength of soil The compressive stress applied to the upper layer of soil
(see 9.5). above the geosynthetics shall be constant and uniform
throughout the test. The stress shall be controlled
5 APPARATUS
through software to get desired stress constantly
5.1 Pullout Box throughout the testing period. The loading device shall
be capable of applying stress up to 300 kPa.
A rigid box opening at top consisting of three
plates, front plate with a split opening for pulling 5.3 Pullout Device
geosynthetics sample through it with specimen The pullout system shall be able to apply the pullout
fastening arrangement, a bottom plate with load force (with accuracy of ± 0.5 percent of total load) at a
cell and a load transfer device (hydraulic jack). The constant rate of displacement (1 mm/min ± 10 percent
top plate is fastened to main box by perpendicular or as specified by the user), slow enough to dissipate
thick bar placed on two sleeves fixed on main box soil pore pressures. The applied force shall be at the
and resting on top plate. A typical box is shown same level of the (geosynthetics) specimen.
in Fig. 1.
5.4 Sample Clamping Devices
5.1.1 The box shall be rectangular with minimum
dimensions as 650 mm long, 450 mm wide and A suitable clamping device is required to avoid slippage,
300 mm deep. The box shall allow for at least break or crushing to sample with swivel motion to
500 mm embedment length. Inner side of box shall allow sample to align itself for uniform tension.
have minimum friction.
6 SAMPLING
NOTE — To minimize side wall friction a smooth layer of
smooth geomembrane may be used. 6.1 Test Specimens
5.1.2 At the exit point through which geosynthetics
6.1.1 Sampling of geosynthetic shall be done as per
is pulled off, metal plates shall be fitted along with
IS 14706.
friction less rollers to reduce stress on door and to
transfer the force into the soil. For uniform distribution 6.1.2 Cut specimens from the laboratory sample
of load an air bag or a smoothed geomembrane may (received from the user) with sufficient length as per
be used. box size and width with respect to clamping width (not
more than 300 mm and in case of geogrid covering

Top Plate

Air Bag or HDPE membrane

Soil

Geogrid sample
Motor Load cell

Pull out assembly

Load Cell with hydraulic compactor

Fig. 1 PFIG.1 PULL OUT APPARATUS

ull Out Apparatus

5.1.2 At the exit point through which geosynthetics is pulled off, metal plates shall be fitted along
2
with friction less rollers to reduce stress on door and to transfer the force into the soil. For uniform
distribution of load an air bag or a smoothed geomembrane may be used.

5.2 Loading Device (Compressive Stress)

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IS 16380 : 2020

minimum 3 ribs). Take three specimens if pullout force 8.5 Testing

versus normal stress analysis is required or as agreed Before starting the test, make sure about complete
upon by the supplier and user. connections of the pullout tester. Select the strain
NOTE — The pullout characteristics of some geosynthetics rate of displacement or as specified by the user.
may depend on the direction tested. In some applications, it Feed necessary information before starting of testing
may be necessary to perform pullout tests in both the machine
like, soil details like source, moisture content, shear
and the cross-machine directions. For example in case of uni-
axial geogrid, specimen shall be taken in machine direction
strength and angle, density and sample details like
only whereas for bi-axial geogrid, specimens shall be taken in type of geosynthetics, source or user’s name, project
both directions. name. Sample code or product code (user’s code and
laboratory code). Start the test (pulling of embedded
7 SAMPLE CONDITIONING sample). The load and displacement will be shown in
computer.
The testing is done in standard atmospheric condition
or as selected by the user or mutually agreed upon by 8.5.1 Start the machine through software and continue
the user and the testing agency. pulling until the geosynthetic fails or until pullout
occurs, or to a predetermined displacement is reached.
8 PROCEDURE Minimum displacement of 75 mm may be used to
terminate the test.
8.1 Pullout Box Preparation
8.6 After completion of Test
Determine the moisture content and density of
soil being used as per IS 2720 (Part 9) and IS 2720 Release the load and disassemble the loading and
(Part 3/Sec 1 or Part 3/Sec 2) respectively, prior to pulling device. Observe the uniformity of deformation
testing. Similarly, carry out direct shear test on soil as of geosynthetic sample.
per IS 2720 (Part 13) or IS 2720 (Part 39/Sec 1 or Part 39/
Sec 1). Determine the amount of soil necessary to place 8.7 Same procedure shall be repeated as required under
in the lower half of the pullout box. The compaction additional normal compressive stress and strain rate.
of soil shall be done using suitable compaction device.
The bottom layer of soil shall be slightly above the 9 CALCULATIONS
bottom half of the exit of box (approximately 10 mm)
to avoid dragging of the geosynthetic on the exit. Level 9.1 Determine stress applied due to the weight of soil
the soil surface. Compaction shall be at 90 percent above the geosynthetic.
modified Proctor density and the moisture content at
9.2 The pull out force is automatically available
the time of compaction may be the optimum moisture
through test software which is reported in Load per
content.
width (kN/m). Add the stress due to the soil above the
8.2 Laying Geosynthetic sample which will be the total stress on sample.
Make sure that clamping device shall be at extreme end 9.3 The pull out resistance is not sufficient for the user
(starting point) inside the box and measuring device to decide about the product to be used for specified
reads zero. Clamp the sample (over compacted soil) application. The coefficient of interaction is equally
inside the pull out box (as shown in Fig.1). To avoid important factor to understand the product behaviour
damage to the specimen in a clamp, padding may be in used condition. The Coefficient of Interaction (COi)
used. Connect (with sample) clamp to the pullout force indicates the frictional characteristics between soil
device. See that the sample is laid straight without and geosynthetic (like geotextile, geogrid, geostrip
buckling. etc).
8.3 Putting soil over Geosynthetic 9.4 Before calculating COi it is required to find out
Pour the desired amount of soil on top of geosynthetic residual soil shear strength and angle of friction
to the required level. Manually compact it and level the obtained from direct shear test.
surface. Place loading metal plate. A rubber foam or
9.5 The coefficient of interaction (COi), Ci is determined
air bag may be used between soil and metal plate for
using following equation:
alignment and uniform pressure distribution.
8.4 Apply Normal Compressive Stress Ci = (P.W / 2.W.L) / (δ.tanϕ + c)
Normal stress or as suggested by the user is applied   P/ 2L
before starting the test using hydraulic loading Ci = ——————
device. Any change in pressure during testing shall be    (δ.tanϕ) + c
noted.

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IS 16380 : 2020

Where, 10 REPORT
W = Specimen width, in m (for geogrid it can
10.1 The report shall include the following:
be calculated from ratio of numbers of ribs
per meter and actual numbers of ribs in test a) Identification and description of geosynthetic
specimen); sample(s);
c = Residual soil shear strength obtained from b) Dimensions of geosynthetic specimen within the
direct shear test [IS 2720 (Part 13) or IS 2720 pullout box;
(Part 39)], load/ area, in kN/m2; c) Test conditions;
P = Pull out resistance, load / width, in kN/m; d) Any deviation from standard procedure;
L = Specimen embedded length, in m; e) Information of soil including soil characteristics,
δ = Normal stress, load/area, in k N/m2; and moisture content, unit weight, grain size,
ϕ = Residual soil shear angle obtained from direct shear strength and angle and other identifying
shear test (degree) tan ϕ. information;
f) Normal stress, strain rate;
Example:
g) Plot(s) of pullout resistance versus normal stress;
W L   δ    ø   c p    COi h) Description of the geogrid grade and type,
manufacture’s name, specimen condition before
mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2 kN/m and after testing; and
50 600 0.0981 0.6 0.0981 17.462 0.927083 j) Results : Pull out resistance, kN/m and COi
(Coefficient of Interaction ).

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IS 16380 : 2020

ANNEX A
( Clause 2 )

LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

2720 Methods of test for soils (Part 39/Sec 1) Direct shear test for soils
: 1977 containing gravel, Section 1
(Part 3/Sec 1) Determination of specific Laboratory test
: 1980 gravity, Section 1 Fine grained
soils (first revision) (Part 39/Sec 2) Direct shear test for soils
: 1979 containing gravel, Section 2
(Part 3/Sec 2) Determination of specific In-situ shear test
: 1980 gravity, Section 2 Fine, medium
and coarse grained soils (first 13321 (Part 1) Glossary of terms for
revision) : 1992 geosynthetics: Part 1 Terms used
in materials and properties
(Part 9) : 1992 Determination of dry density-
moisture content relation by 14706 : 1999 Geotextiles — Sampling and
constant mass of soil method preparation of test specimens
(first revision) SP 45 : 1988 Handbook on glossary of textile
(Part 13) Direct shear test (second terms
: 1986 revision)

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IS 16380 : 2020

ANNEX B
( Foreword )

COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Geosynthetics Sectional Committee, TXD 30

Organization Representative(s)

The South India Textile Research Association Council, Dr A. N. Desai (Chairman)

Coimbatore
Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association, Shrimati Deepali Plawat
Ahmedabad Shri Jigar Dave (Alternate)
Best Geotechnique Pvt Ltd, Mumbai Shri Satish Naik
Central Coir Research Institute, Alappuzha Dr D. Anita Ravindranath
Shrimati Sumy Sebastian (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi Shri Sudhir Mathur
Shri Jai Bahagwan (Alternate)
Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi Dr R. Chitra
Shri Manish Gupta (Alternate)
Charankattu Coir Mfg Co (P) Ltd, Kerala Shri C. R. Devraj
Shri C. D. Athul Raj (Alternate)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi Representative
Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, Kolkata Dr Swapan Ghosh
Prof (Dr) A. K. Samantha (Alternate)
DKTE Centre of Excellence in Nonwovens, Ichalkaranji Shri Aniket S. Bhute
Ganga Flood Control Commission, Patna Shri A. K. Sinha
Shri Manoj Kumar (Alternate)
Garware Wall Ropes Ltd, Pune Shri Tirumal Kulkarni
Shri Rajendra Ghadge (Alternate)
Geosynthetics Testing Services Pvt Ltd, Ahmedabad Dr Deepak Manjunath
ICAR- National Institute of Natural Fibre Engineering & Shri Manik Bhowmick
Technology, Kolkata Dr Sanjoy Debnath (Alternate)

Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Prof Amit Prashant

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Prof A. K. Ghosh
Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association, Kolkata Dr Mahuya Ghosh
Shri Koushik Das (Alternate)
Indian Jute Mills Association, Kolkatta Shri S. K. Chandra
Shri J. K. Behera (Alternate)
Indian Technical Textile Association, Mumbai Dr Anup Rakshit
Shrimati Ruchita Gupta (Alternate)
International Geosynthetics Society, India Chapter, Representative
New Delhi
Kusumgar Corporates, Mumbai Shri Y. K. Kusumgar
Dr M. K. Talukdar (Alternate)

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IS 16380 : 2020

Organization Representative(s)

Macaferri Environmental Solutions Pvt Ltd, Dr Ratnakar Mahajan

Navi Mumbai
Megaplast India Pvt Ltd, Daman Shri C. V. Rajesh
Shri Hemendra Behera (Alternate)
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Shri Sanjiv Kumar
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, Thane Dr Vishal Ramesh Thombare
Shri Mandar Bhalchandra Pingle (Alternate)
National Highways Authority of India, Ghaziabad Shri Rakesh Prakash Singh
Shri Mudit Garg (Alternate)
National Jute Board, Kolkatta Shri P. K. Choudhury
Shri M. Dutta (Alternate)
Office of the Jute Commissioner, Kolkatta Shri R. K. Roy
Shri Soumyadipta Datta (Alternate)
Office of the Textile Commissioner, Mumbai Shri Ajay Pandit
Shri Sanjay Charak (Alternate)
Premier Polyfilms Ltd, Ghaziabad Shri Amitaabh Goenka
Shri Praveen Kumar (Alternate)
Reliance Industries Ltd, New Delhi Shri Mahesh Sharma
Shri V. Ravikanth (Alternate)
Strata Geosystems (I) Pvt Ltd, Mumbai Shri Narendra Dalmia
Shri Shahrokh Bagli (Alternate)
Techfab India, Mumbai Shri Anant Kanoi
Shri Saurabh Vyas (Alternate)
Texel Industries Limited, Gandhinagar Shri Shailesh R. Mehta
Shri Naresh R Mehta (Alternative)
The Bombay Textile Research Association, Mumbai Shri V. K. Patil
Dranjan K. Mukhopadhyay (Alternate)
The Synthetics & Art Silk Mills Research Association, Dr Manisha Mathur
Mumbai Shrimati Ashwini Sudam (Alternate)

In personal capacity [Bhakta Nivas, 12-1-170/46 P, Dr G. V. Rao

Hanuman Nagar, Jaipuri Colony, Nagole,
Hyderabad 500 068]
In personal capacity [104, Kanchanban, A. W. Vartak Shri V. N. Gore
Marg, Vile Parle (East), Mumbai 400 057]
BIS Directorate General Shri A. K. Bera, Scientist ‘F’ and Head (TXD)
[ Representing Director General ( Ex-officio ) ]

Member Secretary
Shri J. K. Gupta
Scientist ‘D’ (TXD), BIS

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: TXD 30 (14512).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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