Mathematics II for Computer Science and Engineering stream
(Subject code: BMATS201)
Module 2: Vector Calculus
Introduction to Vector Calculus in Computer Science & Engineering.
Scalar and vector fields. Gradient, directional derivative, curl and divergence - physical
interpretation, solenoidal and irrotational vector fields. Problems.
Curvilinear coordinates:Scale factors, base vectors, Cylindrical polar coordinates, Spherical
polar coordinates, transformation between cartesian and curvilinear systems, orthogonality.
Problems.
2.1 Gradient and directional derivative
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Scalar and vector fields:
If every point of a region R in space there corresponds a scalar
then is called a scalar function. Example:
If every point of a region R in space there corresponds vector then
is called a vector point function. Example:
Gradient and directional derivative:
The vector differential operator
The Gradient of the scalar point function is given by
Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
Directional derivative of in the direction of is given by
Angle between the two surfaces and is given by
1
Problems:
1. Find if
2. Find if at the point
At
3. Find if at the point (1,-2, -1)
At
2
4. Find the unit vector normal to the surface at
At
Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
5. Find the unit vector normal to the surface at
At
Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
3
6. Find the unit vector normal to the surface at (-1, 2, 3)
At
Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
7. Find the directional derivative of at (2,-1, 2) along
. (MQP 1, Jan 2020)
At
Directional derivative of along is
4
8. Find the directional derivative of at (1, -2, -1) in the direction
of the vector .
At
Directional derivative of along is
9. Find the directional derivative of at P (1, 2, 3) in the direction
of the vector .
At
Directional derivative of along is
5
10. Find the direction derivative of at in the direction of the
normal to the surface at .
At
At
Direction derivative of in the direction of the normal to the given surface is
6
11. Find so that the directional derivative of at
has the maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the z axis.
At
By data, [ Direction parallel to the axis is ]
Since is parallel to axis,
By solving
7
12. Find the angle between the surfaces and at
(July 2019)
At
At
Angle between the surfaces is given by
Therefore,
8
13. Find the angle between the surfaces and at
[MQP 2]
At
At
Angle between the surfaces is given by
Therefore,
9
14. Find the angle between the surfaces and at
At
At
Angle between two surfaces is given by
Therefore,
10
15. Show that the surfaces and intersect
orthogonally at the point (1,-1,2)
At
At
Therefore, given surfaces intersect orthogonally.
11
16. Find the values of and such that the surfaces and
are orthogonal at the point ( MQP 2)
At
At
By data, The surface passes through the point (1, -1, 2).
Therefore,
By data,
[ ]
Therefore,
12
17. Find the angle between the normals to the surface at the points
and
At At
Angle between two surfaces is given by
18. If prove that
13
19. If prove that
20. If prove that
21. Find the angle between the surfaces and at
Ans:
22. Find the angle between the directions of the normal to the surface
at the points and
Ans:
14
2.2 Divergence and curl
Introduction:
Curl is analogous to rotation.
Velocity is twice the angular velocity of rotation.
Problems:
1. If find and . [July 2019, Jan 2020]
15
2. Find and if .
3. If find and at the point . [MQP 2]
At
At
16
4. If , then prove that
5. If , where is a constant vector show that .
Let and .
Where are constant vectors.
Therefore,
17
6. If prove that (i) (ii)
(i)
(ii)
7. If prove that
By data,
8. If prove that
18
2.3 Solenoidal and irrotational vectors
Introduction:
is a solenoidal vector.
is irrotational.
Irrotational vector is also known as curl free vector.
If is a conservative force field then .
Problems:
1. Show that the vector is solenoidal.
Therefore, the given vector is solenoidal.
2. Show that the vector is solenoidal.
Therefore, the given vector is solenoidal.
3. Find the constant so that the vector field
is solenoidal.
By data,
19
Therefore,
4. If is solenoidal, find
By data,
. Therefore,
5. Show that the vector is irrotational.
Therefore, the given vector is irrotational.
6. Show that the vector is irrotational.
Since
20
Therefore, the given vector is irrotational.
7. Show that the vector is both solenoidal and irrotational. ( MQP 1)
Therefore, the given vector is both irrational and solenoidal.
21
8. Find the constants and such that
is a conservative force field and find the scalar potential. [Jan 2020]
is a conservative force field.
Equating components,
and
To find: Scalar potential such that
On integrating,
------ (1)
On integrating,
------ (2)
On integrating,
------ (3)
Combining (1), (2) and (3)
22
9. Find the values of such that
is irrotational, also find the scalar potential such that .
[MQP 2, July 2019]
is irrotational.
Equating components,
and
To find: Scalar potential
On integrating,
------ (1)
On integrating,
------ (2)
On integrating,
------ (3)
Combining (1), (2) and (3)
23
10. Show that is a
conservative force field and find the scalar potential.
Therefore, is a conservative force field.
To find: Scalar potential
On integrating,
----- (1)
On integrating,
----- (2)
On integrating,
------ (3)
Combining (1), (2) and (3)
11. Show that is irrotational and find such that
Ans: is irrotational,
12. Find the value of the constant such that
is irrotational and hence find a scalar potential such that
.
24
Ans:
13. Show that is irrotational and
hence find a scalar potential such that .
Ans: is irrotational,
14. Show that is irrotational and hence find a
scalar potential such that .
Ans: is irrotational,
25
2.4 Curvilinear coordinates
Introduction:
Let the coordinates of any point P in space be in the Cartesian system.
Suppose are expressile in terms of new coordinates then
are functions of . To express in terms of by
solving then the coordinates are known as curvilinear coordinates of
the point P, where it is assumed that the correspondence between and
is unique.
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates:
A system of curvilinear coordinates is said to be orthogonal if at each point the
tangents to the coordinate curves are mutually perpendicular.
Scale factor, base factor and orthogonality condition:
Let be the position vector of the point in space.
We have
Tangent vectors:
Scale factors:
Base factors:
Orthogonality of a curvilinear system:
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1. Find the scale factors of the Cartesian system.
Let then
becomes
The scale factors are
; ;
2. Prove that the Cartesian system is orthogonal.
For the Cartesian system,
Scale factors: ; ;
Basic vectors:
To prove: Cartesian system is orthogonal
Therefore, the Cartesian system is orthogonal.
3. Find the scale factors of the cylindrical system.
Cylindrical polar coordinates given by the transformation:
Let be the position vector.
Then
By the definition of scalar factors,
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Hence, scale factors for the cylindrical system are .
4. Prove that the cylindrical system is orthogonal.
For the cylindrical system, we have .
Scale factors: .
Basic vectors:
To prove: Cylindrical system is orthogonal
Therefore, the cylindrical system is orthogonal.
5. Find the scale factors of the spherical system.
For the spherical system,
By the definition of scalar factors,
Therefore, scale factors for the spherical system are
.
28
6. Prove that the spherical system is orthogonal.
For the spherical system,
Scale factors:
Basic vectors:
To prove: Spherical system is orthogonal
Therefore, the spherical system is orthogonal.
29
7. Express the vector in cylindrical coordinates.
In cylindrical system,
Scale factors:
Basic vectors:
Let
Where are to be determined.
Therefore,
30
8. Represent in spherical polar coordinates and hence
find
In spherical system,
Scale factors:
Basic vectors:
Where are to be determined.
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