55
;OUUTtON -33-3) -O;
$
-(-3-5+11-3)-0;
and
1 5 11 3)
13
-1-5+33-27
9
3, —1and -Ts-are the zeros of p(x).
Let = 3, = —1
and = Then,
2
1 5 _ —(coefficientof 1 )
= (coefficient of x3)
—11 (coefficient of x)
((1ß + + Y(l) = '
+ 13 (coefficient of x3)
3 —(constant térm)
= 13 x (-1) x =1=—=
3 (coefficient of x3)
E2 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its zeros, sum of the products
of its zeros taken two at a time and the product of its zeros as 2, —7
and —14respectively.
SOLUTION Let u, B, be the zeros of the required polynomial. Then,
+ + = 2, + + = —7and = —14.
So, the required polynomial is
p(x) = x3 —(u + + y)x2 + (up + + yo)x —
and —1.
EXAMPLE3 Find a cubic polynomial whosezeros are 3,
SOLUTION Let (1= 3, = and = —1. Then,
—3
and = 13x x
10
56 Secondary School Mathematics for Class
Hence, the required polynomial is
+ Y)x2+ + + yu)x ußy = +2
3 is the desired polynomial.
Thus, 2x3—5x2 4x +
x3— 3x2 + x + 1 are (a —b), a, (a + b)
EXAMPLE
4 If the zeros of the polynomial
find a and b.
f(x) = x3 -- 3x2 + x + 1.
SOLUTION Given polynomial is
a and y = (a + b). Then,
Let = (a —b), ß =
(a + b)(a —b) = 1
+
(113 + yu = 1 a(a —b) + a (a + b) +
3a2 b2 I (3 x 12) —b2 ¯ 1
a = 1 and b =
DIVISIONALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS
with g(x) + O then we can find
If f(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
f(x) = q(x) x g(x) +
where r(x) = 0 or {degreeof r(x)) < {degreeof g(x)}.
We may write it as
Dividend = (Quotientx Divisor) + Remainder.
EXAMPLE5 Divide 3 —x +2x 2 by (2 —x) and verify the division algorithm.
SOLUTIONFirst, we write the terms of dividend and divisor in decreasing
order of their degrees and then perform the divisionas
shown below.
212 —4x
9
Clearly, degree (9) = 0 < degree (—x+ 2).
Polynomia18 57
quotient (—2.X3) and remainder a 9
(quotient x divisor) remainder
= (-2x x+2)+9
2X2 - 4X + 3X —6 +9
dividend.
Thus, (quotient x divisor) + remainder = dividend.
Hence, the division algorithmis verified.
MPLE6 Divide 1312 + 21x 14 by (3 —2x + x2) and verify the division
algorithm.
souUTlON First, we write the given polynomialsin standard form in
decreasing order of degrees and then perform the division as
shown below.
e-2x+3 5e-13x 2+21x-14 5x-3
- 1012 + 15x
—312 + 6x— 14
—3x2 + 6x— 9
Clearly, degree (—5)= 0 < degree (x2—2x
+ 3).
quotient = (5x 3) and remainder— 5
(quotient x divisor) + remainder
10x2 + 15x 3x2 + 6x —9—
5
= 513
- +21x-14
= dividend.
(quotient x divisor) + remainder = dividend.
Thus,
the division algorithmis verified.
Hence,
should be subtracted from the polynomial
MPLE7 What real number exactly?tcBsE 2009c1
that (3x -- 2) divides it
+ 9) so
(3r 3 + 10x2 ---14x get
(3x3 + 1012 14x + 9) by (3x -- 2), we
SOLUTION On dividing
58 Secondary School Mathematics for Class
10
2x2
1212 14x + 9
12x2 - 8x
—6x + 9
6x + 4
5
Required number to be subtracted = 5.
EXAMPLE 8 On dividing (r3 —3x2 + x + 2) by a polynomial g(x), the
quotientand
remainder are (x —2) and (—2x+ 4) respectively. Find g(x).
(CBSE 20201
SOLUTION Let f(x) = (x3—312 + x + 2), q(x) = (x—2) and r(x) = (—2x
+ 4).
Then, f(x) = g(x) •q(x) + r(x)
{f(x) —r(x)}
q(x)
Now, {f(x) —r(x)} = (x3 —312 + x + 2) —(—2x+ 4)
= (x3 —312 + 3x —2).
(x3-3x2+3x-2)
g(x) = [using (i)].
(x-2)
On dividing (x3 —3x2 + 3x —2) by (x —2), we get g(x).
x —2 x2 —x+1
x3—2x2
— + 3x —2
—x2+2x
x-2
x
ANiÅOTe
the polynpmialflx) then (x a) is a divisor off(x).
PLE9 Find all zeros of thepolynomial 3x3 + 10x2 —9x —4 if oneof its zeros
is 1. [CBSE2019]
Polynomials
SOLUTION Let f (x) 3xg 59
+ —9x 4.
Since 1 is a
zero of f(x),
On dividingf(x) so (x -1) is
a factor off(x).
by (x 1),we get
x —1 3x +
lox —9x—4
3x2 +13X+4
3x 3 3x2
13x2- 9x-4
13x 2 -13x
f (x) = (x — + 13x + 4)
= +12x+x+4)
(x —1)=0 or (x +4)=0 or
-1
x = 1 or x =—4 or x=-—
3
-1
Hence, all zeros off(x) are 1, —4and —
3
EXAMPLE10 Obtain all zeros of the polynomial (2x3—4x—x2 + 2), if two of its
zeros are and —a. [CBSE 2008Cl
SOLUTION The given polynomial is f(x) = 2x3 x2 —4x + 2.
Since and —a are the zeros of f(x), it follows that each one
of (x —E) and (x + v/i) is a factor of f(x).
Consequently, (x — = (x2 2) is a factor of f(x).
+ a)
2), we get
On dividing f(x) = 2x3—x2 4x + 2 by (x2
x2 —2 2x—1
2x3 -*4.x
—x2 +2
X
60 Secondary School Mathematics
for Class 10
= 0 or or
Hence, all zeros of f(x) are a,
and L
Check whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) by dividing
polynomial
p(x) by polynomial g(x), where p(x) = 5
x —4x3 + x2 +3x+1
and
g(x) = x 3 —3x+ 1.
[CBSE 2019)
SOLUTION On dividing p(x)by g(x), we get
X3 — 31+1 X5 + OX4 — 4X 3 X 2 —-1
x5 —3X 3 + X
2
3
—x
2
Since the remainder is nonzero, so g(x) is not a factor of p(x).
EXAMPLE 12 Apply division algorithm to checkifg(x) = x 2 —3x+2 is afactorof
the polynomial f(x) = x 4 —2x 3 —x + 2. [CBSE 20191
SOLUTION On dividing f(x) by g(x), we get
x2 —3x+2 x4 —2x3 +0x 2 —x+2 x2 + x +1
x4 3x3 + 2x2
X3 2X 2 — X +2
x 3 —3x 2 + 2x
x2-3X+2
-3x+2
Since the remainder is 0, it follows that g(x) is a factor of f(x)•
PLE 13 Find all the zeros of the polynomial x4 + 2x3 —17x 2 —4x + 30, given
that two of its zeros are 3 and —5. [CBSE 20190
SOLUTION The given polynomial is f(x) = x4 + 2x3 —17x2 4x + 30.
Polynomials 61
Since 3 and are the zeros off(x), it follows that each one
of
(x 3) and (v 5) is a factor off(x).
(x 5) (x' 2x 15)ig a factor off(x).
On dividing f (x) = x 4 +2xÄ —17 x 2 4x+3() by (x 2 +2x—15),
we get
x 2 +2x-15 x4 -4X+30 x2 -2
x 4 + 2x 3 —15x 2
- 2x2-4x+30
- -4X+30
-9 x = 3 or x = —5or x = NE or x = —NE.
Hence, all the zeros of the given polynomialare 3, —5,
and-Jl.
PLE 14 If two zeros of the polynomial 138x—35) are
(2 + 6) and (2 —6), find other zeros. [CBSE 2019C1
SOLUTION Let f(x) = + 138=35.
Let = (2 + 6) and p = (2 6). Then,
(u + ß) = 4 and aß = (4-3) = 1.
So, the quadratic polynomial whose roots are a and ß is
given by
x2 —(a + ß)x + aß = (x2—4x+ 1).
(x2 —4x + 1) is a factor off(x).
On dividing f(x) by (x2—4x + 1), we get
x2—4x+1 138x—35 +-&-35
x4 —4x3 + x2
-2+-27++138=35
—2? + 8x2; 2.x
—35? + 140x -35
-35x2+140x-35
x
