Example 3: The simply supported beam (section 300mm wide and 600mm deep) below lies in XC1
3
exposure class and is made out of C25/30 concrete of bulk density 25kN/m and grade 500 steel. If the
characteristic permanent action is 25.5 kN/m and the characteristic variable action is 20kN/m.
a) Design the longitudinal reinforcement for the beam
b) Design the shear links for the beam
c) Check whether the beam passes the deflection limit state
Analysis results
Maximum moment span 1 at 3000 mm; Ms1_max = 317 kNm; Ms1_red = 317 kNm;
Maximum shear support A; VA_max = 211 kN; VA_red = 211 kN
Maximum shear support B; VB_max = -211 kN; VB_red = -211 kN
1
Rectangular section details
Section width; b = 300 mm
Section depth; h = 600 mm
Concrete details (Table 3.1 - Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete)
Concrete strength class; C25/30
2
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength; fck = 25 N/mm
2
Characteristic compressive cube strength; fck,cube = 30 N/mm
2 2
Mean value of compressive cylinder strength; fcm = fck + 8 N/mm = 33 N/mm
fctm = 0.3 N/mm (fck/ 1 N/mm )
2 2 2/3 2
Mean value of axial tensile strength; = 2.6 N/mm
Ecm = 22 kN/mm [fcm/10 N/mm ]
2 2 0.3 2
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete; = 31476 N/mm
Partial factor for concrete (Table 2.1N); C = 1.50
Compressive strength coefficient (cl.3.1.6(1)); cc = 0.85
fcd = cc fck / C = 14.2 N/mm
2
Design compressive concrete strength (exp.3.15);
Maximum aggregate size; hagg = 20 mm
Reinforcement details
2
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fyk = 500 N/mm
Partial factor for reinforcing steel (Table 2.1N); S = 1.15
fyd = fyk / S = 435 N/mm
2
Design yield strength of reinforcement;
Nominal cover to reinforcement
Nominal cover to top reinforcement; cnom_t = 30 mm
Nominal cover to bottom reinforcement; cnom_b = 30 mm
Nominal cover to side reinforcement; cnom_s = 30 mm
Rectangular section in flexure (Section 6.1)
Design bending moment; M = Ms1_red = 317 kNm
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cnom_b - v - bot / 2 = 550 mm
Percentage redistribution; mrs1 = Ms1_red / Ms1_max - 1 = 0 %
Redistribution ratio; = min(1 - mrs1, 1) = 1.000
K = M / (b d fck) = 0.140
2
K' = 0.598 - 0.18 - 0.21 = 0.208
2
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
z = min((d / 2) [1 + (1 - 3.53 K) ], 0.95 d) = 470 mm
0.5
Lever arm;
2
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5 (d - z) = 198 mm
As,req = M / (fyd z) = 1549 mm
2
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Tension reinforcement provided; 4 25 bars
2
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As,prov = 1963 mm
As,min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) b d = 220 mm
2
Minimum area of reinforcement (exp.9.1N);
As,max = 0.04 b d = 6594 mm
2
Maximum area of reinforcement (cl.[Link](3));
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Rectangular section in shear (Section 6.2)
Design shear force at support A; VEd,max = abs(max(VA_max, VA_red)) = 211 kN
Maximum design shear force (exp.6.9); VRd,max = b z v1 fcd / (cot() + tan()) = 413 kN
PASS - Design shear force at support is less than maximum design shear force
vEd = VEd / (b z) = 1.348 N/mm
2
Design shear stress;
v1 = 0.6 [1 - fck / 250 N/mm ] = 0.540
2
Strength reduction factor (cl.6.2.3(3));
Angle of concrete compression strut (cl.6.2.3); = max(0.5 Asin[2 vEd / (cw fcd v1)], 21.8 deg) = 21.8
0
Asv,req = vEd b / (fyd cot()) = 372 mm /m
2
Area of shear reinforcement required (exp.6.13);
Shear reinforcement provided; 2 8 legs at 250 c/c
2
Area of shear reinforcement provided; Asv,prov = 402 mm /m
Asv,min = 0.08 N/mm b (fck / 1 N/mm )
2 2 0.5
Minimum area of shear reinforcement (exp.9.5N); / fyk = 240
2
mm /m
PASS - Area of shear reinforcement provided exceeds minimum required
Maximum longitudinal spacing (exp.9.6N); svl,max = 0.75 d = 412 mm
PASS - Longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement provided is less than maximum
Deflection control (Section 7.4)
m0 = (fck / 1 N/mm )
2 0.5
Reference reinforcement ratio; / 1000 = 0.005
Required tension reinforcement ratio; m = As,req / (b d) = 0.009
Required compression reinforcement ratio; 'm = As2,req / (b d) = 0.000
Structural system factor (Table 7.4N); Kb = 1.0
Basic allowable span to depth ratio (7.16b);
span_to_depthbasic = Kb [11 + 1.5 (fck / 1 N/mm ) m0 / (m - 'm) + (fck / 1 N/mm ) ('m / m0)
2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5
/ 12] =
14.991
Ks = min(As,prov / As,req, 1.5) 500 N/mm / fyk = 1.268
2
Reinforcement factor (exp.7.17);
Allowable span to depth ratio; span_to_depthallow = span_to_depthbasic Ks = 19.001
Actual span to depth ratio; span_to_depthactual = Ls1 / d = 10.919
PASS - Actual span to depth ratio is within the allowable limit
3
Example 4:
A 300 wide by 500mm deep rectangular beam is required to support office loads of g k=19kN/m and
2 2
qk=15kN/m over 2 No. 6m spans. fck=25N/mm , fyk=500N/mm . Assuming a 50-year design life, design
for the main reinforcement, shear links and carry out the requisite deflection checks in accordance with
Eurocode2 guidelines.
Load Envelope - Com bination 1
48.150
0.0
mm 6000 6000
A 1 B 2 C
Load Envelope - Com bination 2
48.150
0.0
mm 6000 6000
A 1 B 2 C
4
Analysis results
Maximum moment span 1 at 2425 mm; Ms1_max = 142 kNm; Ms1_red = 142 kNm;
Maximum moment support B; MB_max = -217 kNm; MB_red = -217 kNm;
Maximum moment span 2 at 3750 mm; Ms2_max = 122 kNm; Ms2_red = 122 kNm;
Maximum shear support A; VA_max = 117 kN; VA_red = 111 kN
Maximum shear support B; VB_max = -181 kN;
Maximum shear support C; VC_max = -108 kN;
Maximum reaction at support A; RA = 117 kN
Maximum reaction at support B; RB = 361 kN
Maximum reaction at support C; RC = 108 kN
Rectangular section details
Section width; b = 300 mm
Section depth; h = 500 mm
Concrete details (Table 3.1 - Strength and deformation characteristics for concrete)
Concrete strength class; C25/30
2
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength; fck = 25 N/mm
2
Characteristic compressive cube strength; fck,cube = 30 N/mm
2 2
Mean value of compressive cylinder strength; fcm = fck + 8 N/mm = 33 N/mm
fctm = 0.3 N/mm (fck/ 1 N/mm )
2 2 2/3 2
Mean value of axial tensile strength; = 2.6 N/mm
Partial factor for concrete (Table 2.1N); C = 1.50
Compressive strength coefficient (cl.3.1.6(1)); cc = 0.85
fcd = cc fck / C = 14.2 N/mm
2
Design compressive concrete strength (exp.3.15);
Maximum aggregate size; hagg = 20 mm
5
Reinforcement details
2
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement; fyk = 500 N/mm
Partial factor for reinforcing steel (Table 2.1N); S = 1.15
fyd = fyk / S = 435 N/mm
2
Design yield strength of reinforcement;
Nominal cover to reinforcement
Nominal cover to top reinforcement; cnom_t = 30 mm
Nominal cover to bottom reinforcement; cnom_b = 30 mm
Nominal cover to side reinforcement; cnom_s = 30 mm
Sagging region reinforcement
Rectangular section in flexure (Section 6.1)
Design bending moment; M = Ms1_red = 142 kNm
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cnom_b - v - bot / 2 = 449 mm
Percentage redistribution; mrs1 = Ms1_red / Ms1_max - 1 = 0 %
Redistribution ratio; = min(1 - mrs1, 1) = 1.000
K = M / (b d fck) = 0.093
2
K' = 0.598 - 0.18 - 0.21 = 0.208
2
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
z = min((d / 2) [1 + (1 - 3.53 K) ], 0.95 d) = 409 mm
0.5
Lever arm;
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5 (d - z) = 102 mm
As,req = M / (fyd z) = 797 mm
2
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Tension reinforcement provided; 2 25 bars
2
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As,prov = 982 mm
As,min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) b d = 180 mm
2
Minimum area of reinforcement (exp.9.1N);
As,max = 0.04 b d = 5394 mm
2
Maximum area of reinforcement (cl.[Link](3));
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Hogging region reinforcement
Rectangular section in flexure (Section 6.1)
Design bending moment; M = abs(MB_red) = 217 kNm
Depth to tension reinforcement; d = h - cnom_t - v - top / 2 = 449 mm
Percentage redistribution; mrB = 0 %
Redistribution ratio; = min(1 - mrB, 1) = 1.000
K = M / (b d fck) = 0.143
2
K' = 0.598 - 0.18 - 0.21 = 0.208
2
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
z = min((d / 2) [1 + (1 - 3.53 K) ], 0.95 d) = 383 mm
0.5
Lever arm;
Depth of neutral axis; x = 2.5 (d - z) = 166 mm
As,req = M / (fyd z) = 1301 mm
2
Area of tension reinforcement required;
Tension reinforcement provided; 3 25 bars
2
Area of tension reinforcement provided; As,prov = 1473 mm
As,min = max(0.26 fctm / fyk, 0.0013) b d = 180 mm
2
Minimum area of reinforcement (exp.9.1N);
As,max = 0.04 b d = 5394 mm
2
Maximum area of reinforcement (cl.[Link](3));
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
6
Shear Design
Rectangular section in shear (Section 6.2)
Design shear force at support B; VEd,max = 181 kN
Maximum design shear force (exp.6.9); VRd,max = b z v1 fcd / (cot() + tan()) = 303 kN
PASS - Design shear force at support is less than maximum design shear force
Design shear force span 1; VEd = abs(min(VB_s1_max, VB_s1_red)) = 181 kN
vEd = VEd / (b z) = 1.572 N/mm
2
Design shear stress;
v1 = 0.6 [1 - fck / 250 N/mm ] = 0.540
2
Strength reduction factor (cl.6.2.3(3));
Angle of concrete compression strut (cl.6.2.3); = max(0.5 Asin[2 vEd / (cw fcd v1)], 21.8 deg) = 21.8
deg
Asv,req = vEd b / (fyd cot()) = 434 mm /m
2
Area of shear reinforcement required (exp.6.13);
Shear reinforcement provided; 2 8 legs at 225 c/c
2
Area of shear reinforcement provided; Asv,prov = 447 mm /m
Asv,min = 0.08 N/mm b (fck / 1 N/mm )
2 2 0.5
Minimum area of shear reinforcement (exp.9.5N); / fyk = 240
2
mm /m
PASS - Area of shear reinforcement provided exceeds minimum required
Maximum longitudinal spacing (exp.9.6N); svl,max = 0.75 d = 337 mm
PASS - Longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement provided is less than maximum
Deflection control (Section 7.4)
m0 = (fck / 1 N/mm )
2 0.5
Reference reinforcement ratio; / 1000 = 0.005
Required tension reinforcement ratio; m = As,req / (b d) = 0.006
Required compression reinforcement ratio; 'm = As2,req / (b d) = 0.000
Structural system factor (Table 7.4N); Kb = 1.3
Basic allowable span to depth ratio (7.16b);
span_to_depthbasic = Kb [11 + 1.5 (fck / 1 N/mm ) m0 / (m - 'm) + (fck / 1 N/mm ) ('m / m0)
2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5
/ 12] =
22.550
Ks = min(As,prov / As,req, 1.5) 500 N/mm / fyk = 1.232
2
Reinforcement factor (exp.7.17);
Allowable span to depth ratio; span_to_depthallow = span_to_depthbasic Ks = 27.784
Actual span to depth ratio; span_to_depthactual = Ls1 / d = 13.348
PASS - Actual span to depth ratio is within the allowable limit
