10/12/2023
Dr. Dileep Kumar Singh
Head, JLU-SOET
[Link]@[Link]
Problem Solving and Program
Design using C
Dr. Dileep Kumar Singh 1
Problem Solving and Program Design using C
B Tech/B Tech (Hons.) CSE – 1st Sem.
DOS: introduction: External and Internal
commands
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DOS
• Stands for "Disk Operating System.
• DOS uses a command line, or text-based interface, that
allows the user to type commands.
• By typing simple command as an instructions, the user
can browse the files on the hard drive, open files, and
run programs.
• The DOS command prompt can be opened in Windows
by selecting "Run..." from the Start Menu and
typing cmd.
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10/12/2023
Internal Versus External Commands
• Internal Commands:
– Built into the OS.
– Already in memory if the OS is loaded.
– Available anytime the computer is displaying a command
prompt.
– Generally, the more frequently used commands.
– Examples include: DIR, COPY, PATH, CD, MD, DEL, TIME,
DATE.
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Internal Versus External Commands
• External Commands:
– Not a built-in part of the OS.
– Located in another directory.
– Must be loaded into memory as needed by the OS.
– Examples include: DELTREE, FORMAT, DEFRAG, DISKCOPY,
MEMMAKER, and SCANDISK.
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Syntax
• Commands have three parts:
– Keyword - A unique word or set of characters that
identifies the action to be performed.
– Parameter - What is acted upon
• Additional directions for the command. Keyword Parameter Switch
• It may specify a directory or file on which to perform
the action.
• It may specify a hardware device.
• It may specify a system setting.
– Switches - How to perform the action
• A special type of parameter that enables or disables
optional functions of the command. Optional
• The /P switch with the DIR command displays the
directory one screen at a time.
• The /W switch with the DIR command displays the
directory in the wide format (five columns wide).
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Getting Help
• Use HELP followed by the command you want to know
about.
OR
• Type the command and then follow it with the switch
/?.
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DOS Basic Commands
• dir: view the contents of a directory
• cd: change directory
• dir /p: to view the contents of a directory one screen at a time
• dir /w: to view the contents of a directory in wide format
• cd \: change to the root directory
• cd ..: switch back to the parent directory
• md: create a director
• rd: remove directory
• D: : Will change to the D Drives
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DOS Basic Commands
• copy: copy a file. Ex: copy c:\windows\[Link] c:\fruit
• ren: rename a file. Ex: ren [Link] [Link]
• del: deleting a file. Ex: del [Link]
• dir *.old: view all files that end with the extension OLD
• date: display the system date
• time: display the system time
• cls: clear the screen
• exit: Quits from command interpreter
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DOS Basic Commands
• ATTRIB: Displays or changes file attributes.
• CHKDSK : Checks a disk and displays a status report.
• COMP: Compares the contents of two files or sets of files
• DELTREE: Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files within it.
• ECHO: Displays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off
• FIND: Searches for a text string in a file or files
• FOR: Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files
• FORMAT: Formats a disk for use with DOS
• HELP: Displays command help
• PATH: Displays or sets a search path for executable files
• SCANDISK: Runs the ScanDisk disk-repair program.
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THANKS
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