TRAFFIC

MANAGEMENT

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a. discuss the concept of traffic;
b. identify the major causes of traffic congestion;
c. list the functions of various agencies involved in traffic management;
d. analyze the concepts underpinning the five pillars of traffic; and
e. Identify the importance of traffic management.

LESSON 1 CONCEPT OF
TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT. It refers to the skillful use of

means to accomplish a purpose.
OPERATION. Pertains to a course or series of acts to
effect a certain purpose; manner of action; or a vital or
natural
process of activity.

ROADWAY. It refers to that part of the traffic way over

which motor vehicles pass.

SHOULDER. It refers to either side of the roadway,

especially along highways.

CURB. A concrete border or row of joined stones

forming part of a gutter along the edge of a street.

SIDEWALK. Portion of the street intended for

the use of pedestrians.
TRAFFIC. It refers to the movement of persons,
goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn, from one place to
another for the purpose of travel.

TRAFFIC WAY. Refers to the entire width between

boundary lines of every way or place of which any part
is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.
LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Major causes of traffic congestion (and all other traffic related problems)
Causes Examples
Physical inadequacy lack of roads, narrow bridges,
railroad crossing, etc.
Poor Control Measures ineffective mechanical control
devices, and poor implementation
of traffic laws,
rules and regulation
Human Errors slow drivers, pedestrian mistakes,
officers’ errors, poor planning, and
traffic accidents which are mostly
attributed to
human errors.
Poor Maintenance unrepaired diggings, cracks on
road
pavement , inappropriate budget
for the maintenance of the traffic
facilities

Scope of Traffic management

1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking, and all
types of conveyances for the movement of persons and
things.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow
requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and/or
maintaining these public facilities for such movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting,
stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.

Various agencies involved in Traffic Management:

Agencies Functions
DEPARTMENT OF Responsible for the implementation of the Land
TRANSPORTATION Transportation Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136)
AND particularly on the issuance of drivers’ licenses,
COMMUNICATION registration of motor vehicles, approval of
(DOTC) franchises for public conveyances (through the Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
(LTFRB), and conducting traffic safety
seminars.
DEPARTMENT OF Responsible for determining traffic law, pattern,
PUBLIC WORKS draw, origin, and destinations, studies of persons
AND HIGHWAY and things, planning, approving, funding and
(DPWH) construction of: national roads – interconnecting
cities and municipalities; a network of national
roads through cities and municipalities; and a yearly
maintenance and repair programs which include
widening
and redesigning of current road system.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

CITY OR In the local level, these offices are responsible for

MUNICIPAL the planning, construction and maintenance of
ENGINEERS’ traffic facilities within their respective locality.
OFFICE
LEGISLATION The legislative bodies are not only responsible for
(CONGRESS/ CITY the passing or amendment of laws concerning
OR MUNICIPAL traffic but also they are involved in the planning
BOARDS) and approval of
government project.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

PHILIPPINE The PNP through its Traffic management group

NATIONAL POLICE (PNP-TMG) is responsible primarily for the direct
(PNP) enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.
They also perform other function such as traffic
scheme proposals and other functions as the
need arises.
ACADEMIC Schools, both public and private, are responsible
INSTITUTION for the
basic traffic education by integrating in their
respective programs and curriculum subjects or
topics on traffic safety
COURTS The Courts are responsible for the adjudication of
traffic- related cases filed before them
PUBLIC The government through the Philippine information
INFORMATION agency (PIA) provides the necessary updated
OFFICES information to the public by creating traffic safety
campaigns and other activities relating to traffic.
CITIZEN SUPPORT The private institutions or organizations also help in
GROUPS the prevention t of traffic congestion by assisting
government offices in various activities
particularly during special
occasions and holidays where traffic problem is
likely to happen.
MEDIA Government and private-owned publications and
radio and television broadcasting companies
provide necessary and updated traffic-related
information to the public through their
respective programs.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY (Module 2 Lesson 1)

Name: Section:
I. Modified Multiple Choice
Instruction. Identify the following examples of traffic related problems
which causes traffic congestion. Choose your answer from the box.
Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. lack of traffic facilities

physical inadequacy
poor control measures 2. poor legislation
human errors
poor maintenance 3. unfinished road pavement concreting
4. poor driving habits
5. inefficient traffic officers

II. Photo Portrait

Instruction. Take a picture of one (1) among the agencies involved in the
traffic management in your place. Paste the picture inside the box then
give its description. Make sure that the picture you captured is in
connection with their function in traffic management.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Rubric for the Photo Portrait

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
Creativity Composition & Composition & Composition is Photographer needs
subject good,
subject matter matter show but more more imagination
creativity imagination with
show creativity. They work together needed with subject subject and
to composition
Image has provide content matter. Or visa
content value. versa.
value and is very
unique and
interesting.
Composition Photographer Photographer Some elements of Photograph does not
uses
and Design rules of effectively uses the composition are
used demonstrate the use
of
composition and principles of but, the overall
design the principles of
design
to effectively composition and needs
improvement. composition.
ENHANCE the design.
visual content of
the photograph.
Depth of Field Proper depth of The photographer The chosen depth of The photographer did
field is used for adequately field is too not give any
the distracting
subject and it demonstrates and it takes away consideration to
proper from depth of
enhances the depth of field for the subject. field.
the
photograph. subject.
Effort Student Student fulfilled Student fulfilled the The requirements of
persevered the
and continually requirements and requirements, but assignment were not
put
worked to grasp effort into extra effort would met
the reshooting
technical and or improving work. have enhanced
work.
artistic concepts.
Description Correct Incorrect description
description

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

LESSON 2 THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

What are the Five (5) pillars of You should know

Traffic? that the pillars of
traffic
are: Traffic engineering;
Traffic education; Traffic
enforcement; Traffic
ecology/environment; and
Traffic economy.
What are the
functions of the said
pillars?
How about it’s
important in traffic
management?

The first to learn is about TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

 It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.

 It is the study of the basic laws relative to traffic
law and regulations.
 It is the application of this knowledge to the professional
practice of planning, deciding and operating traffic
system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of
persons and goods.
Functions of Traffic Engineering
 Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic
rules and regulations.
 Supervisions and maintenance to the application of
traffic control devices.
 Planning of traffic regulations
Objectives of Traffic Engineering
 To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
 To prevent traffic accident.
 To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
 To show that good police actions and performance make
engineering plans effective.
 To present the close relationship of the pillars of
traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.

Agencies Concerned in Traffic Engineering

 DPWH
- National in scope.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

- Responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin,

and destinations, studies of persons and things, planning,
approving, funding and construction of:
 national roads – interconnecting cities and municipalities;

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

 a network of national roads through cities and municipalities; and

 a yearly maintenance and repair programs which include
widening and redesigning of current road system.
 Provincial government – municipalities within the province.
 Municipal government – network of streets and roads within the barangay.
 Chartered cities – barangay within the cities.

Application of the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

 Habitually congested commercial areas
 Heavily travelled thoroughfares
 Congested local areas and intersections
 Special occasions and events
 Disaster or emergencies
 School crossing

Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

 Factors Employed in Planning and Geometric Design

 Composition of traffic streams
 Traffic volumes for capacity
 Origin and destination
 Factors Influencing Design
 Composition of traffic
 Volume of traffic
 Speed of vehicles
 Starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units
 Performance values

Regulation and control traffic regulation

 Based and confined within the boundaries of safety, public
welfare and convenience.
 Limitations impose on road users and their load.
 Basic general rule of road use and conduct
 Prohibitions and restrictions

The second Pillar for you to learn is TRAFFIC

EDUCATION
 It is the process of giving training and practice in
the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
 The process of disseminating of traffic related
information to the public; the act of imparting
knowledge/information concerning traffic.
Traffic Safety Education – the process of training roads users in the
avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents.
For us to reduce the risk of accident or injury
on the roads is by promoting our own road
safety. This can be achieved through
multidisciplinary approaches involving road
engineering and traffic management,
education and training of road users, and

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

vehicle.

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https://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/news/november-2019/views-still-sought-on-tooting-bec-
road-safety-proposals/

Factors contributing to accidents

As shown on the figure,

there are three main
factors that contributes
to accidents which are
human factors, road &
environmental factors and
vehicle factors.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-factors-identified-6-to-cause-or-interact-to-cause-road-
accidents_fig1_326690770

Human errors are the main reason of accidents on roads. It

is about 95% of all accidents. Which includes:
a. Going too fast or excessive speed;
b. Failing to give at junctions;
c. Following too closely;
d. Overtaking improperly;
e. Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g. Lack of skill.

ongoing road construction,

Road Deficiencies that are etc.
main contributory factors
are:
a. Poor design of layout and
control at
junctions/intersections;
b. Inadequate signing,
road marking, and
lighting;
c. Slippery roads; and
d. Obstructions on
the road such as
parked vehicle,
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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Main Vehicle factors are:

a. Defects in tires, brakes and
lights;
b. Absence or no-using
of seat belts; and
c. Poorly maintained motor
vehicles.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

 Division of Traffic Safety Education

 Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;
 Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge; and
 Developing traffic safety morality

Is there any difference between the traffic education of children

and adults? What are the differences?
YES!

For Adults it is relatively easier because

For children. This is highly
adults are in a better position to
unsystematic and is usually
carried out in the home understand what is being taught to them.
through parental It is a general belief that by being a
education and in better driver, it follows that one becomes
kindergarten and nurseries. a better pedestrian. By knowing the
This is now necessary to limitations of the driver and the vehicle
make it systematic to as a driving student, one learns to watch
lessen the number of
out for dangerous cues such as
children fatalities and
injuries. pedestrians.

Levels of Traffic Safety Education for Children:

1. Elementary
- Safety and guides stressing traffic safety.
- Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety rules.
- Organize safety patrols.
2. Secondary
- Initiating driver education program. Students have reached
the age to drive; hence, proper driving habits should be
stressed.
- School safety organizations.
3. Tertiary/Higher Education
- Offer and conduct courses to public and private agencies
regarding traffic safety subjects.

Today, before you can get your student permit and driver’s license you s
DRIVER’S EDUCATION

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

The basic purposes of these are:

- To develop good traffic citizens who are
equipped to live in a motorized society and
achieving traffic safety.
- To develop citizens who are legally
eligible to get a driver’s license.
In general, driver instruction aims primarily
to teach the rudiments of driving. Secondary
aims are as follows:
- To instill awareness of one’s legal and
moral responsibilities in traffic, and
- To teach abilities required for one to be
eligible for a driver’s license.
https://www.netclipart.com/isee/ioxowJJ_vector-illustration-of-student-
motorist-driver-education-clip/

 Four Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education Program

 Comprehensive - This method places the student into
real life of driving situation from the beginning.
 Traditional Instruction - This type of instruction depends on
instruction- student communication.
 Commentary Driving Method - The student-driver will be
accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver drives,
the instruction has to give comments on his driving.
 Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training - The
premise of simulated conditions training is that the behavior
of the driver-subject placed in condition will be relatively
analogous to normal behavior.

Two Methods of Simulation

a. Partial Simulation Method - This method has the
specific aim of training for the subtask of the driving
task.
b. Global Simulation - Training is simulated in traffic
situations and conditions with the use of simulations.
Simulators are most commonly used for the following types
of training:
 Training in basic car control skills
 Perceptual training
 Emergency training
c. Simulator - It is a static machine with all the important
features of a car used in driving method or driving training.
Classification of films as shown by the simulators
 The analytical film which provides an objective
analysis of the driving situation presented to
the student.
 The didactic film which aims to show good
driving behavior.
 The simulation film which offers visual realism to
driving situations and therefore a good aid in
actual practice.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic (dissemination of inf

 Safety Campaign
 This is a mass publicity
aimed to make road users to
behave more safely. This basically
focuses on public information
attitudes, and particular or specific
behaviors, or combinations of
these.
 Road propaganda may be
intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the
public is already aware of the recommended
behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.
 Safety Campaign Classification
 According to purpose – may be
categorized as informational, attitudinal,
and behavioral.
 Kind of appeal – used to reason by simply
feeding the public with authenticated factual data.
 Safety Campaign Design
 Initial Campaign Planning
 Final Campaign Design
 Campaign Evaluation
https://www.un.org/undss/roadtosafety
https://www.westislandblog.com/pointe-claire-third-summer-road-safety-
campaign/ https://www.fiaregion1.com/slowing-saves-lives/
 Private and Government Entities Responsible for Safety Campaign
 Newspapers
 Radio broadcasting networks
 Television broadcasting networks
 Public information agencies
 Citizen Support Groups (NGOs)
 Develop citizen’s responsibilities
 Conduct organized educational campaign
 Awareness of the traffic problems
 Major traffic requirements and need

Another pillar of traffic is TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

This field deals mostly on the

implementation and enforcement of traffic
laws and rules and regulations.

So once you violated traffic laws, traffic enforcers’

duty is to implement and enforce the law by
conducting arrest if necessary, issuance of
Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection
Report Summons, or warning of any persons.

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 Agencies Responsible in Traffic Enforcement

1) Land Transportation Office – Vehicle registrations;
Vehicle inspections; Driver’s licensing; and Public to
police on stolen or wanted vehicles.
 Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory
Board – responsible in franchising Public Utility
Vehicle.
2) Legislation – passing of laws and ordinances and
appropriations of budget (Congress; Council (city or
municipal); and Provincial boards)
3) Police – direct enforcement of traffic laws (PNP; MMDA;
and Police Auxiliaries)

As you can see on the picture are examples of

traffic law violations. We cannot deny the fact that
most of drivers already violated traffic laws from
minor to grave ones. So, why people do violate
traffic laws? This might be the reasons:
Physical disabilities
Ignorance of traffic laws, rules and
regulations Mental disorders
Lack of training and experience
Wrong attitudes towards driving, risk
taking, enforcement and traffic laws
Habitual traffic violators
Drivers of public utility vehicles for
increase compensation and commission
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/traffic+violation
 Knowing the effects once you have violated
traffic laws it might be a deterrent for you
do such act. The following are
considerations that act as deterrent to
motorists and pedestrians
Fear of fine or
punishment Loss of
driving privileges
Possibility of being involved in accidents
Positive area of good citizenship – doing what is right and
setting an example

Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement

a) Police Traffic Law Enforcement
The part of the traffic law enforcement performed by
the police and other agencies with police power including
deterrent to law violation created by the presence of
uniformed police officers and their special equipment, special
assistance to courts and prosecutors and incidental services
to highway users.
b) Court Traffic Law Enforcement
The part of traffic law enforcement performed by the court
by adjudication and penalization.
Police-Court Enforcement Process
Detection  Apprehension  Prosecution  Adjudication 

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Penalization

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Kinds of Enforcement Action

Traffic Warning – An
enforcement action
which does not
contemplate possible
assessment of penalty
by the court or
https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/5587982 https://www.vecteezy.com/fr otherwise as a result
66257575996/
ee-vector/police-ticket of warning alone.
a. Verbal warning – a
It is duty of the traffic
You can be arrested if the enforcer to issue a form of traffic safety
offense committed is citation ticket once you education. Tell the
serious, detention is have violated traffic driver or violator that
necessary to avoid laws. Citation ticket he violated a law and
stipulated your specific
continued violation and traffic violations.
explain the hazards of
there is reasonable doubt such violations.;
that the violator will not Traffic Citation – It is b. Visual warning –
appear in court. made giving citation usually used when you
ticket to person violating have observed a minor
The term is TRAFFIC traffic laws without the
ARREST an enforcement possible effect of arrest violation but are more
action which consists of and bringing violator to importantly occupied
taking a person into the court. at a moment. It is
custody for the purpose of indicated by gesture of
Based on what is
the hand and/or of the
holding or detaining him actually happening,
when you were given head.; and
to answer a charge of law
citation ticket you are c. Written warning –
violation before a court only required to pay the combination of verbal
penalties on the agency warning and
(LTO,
City/Municipality/ citations. It gives the
Province LGUs). spirit of verbal
warning and the form
of citation.

Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System

 Enforcement system – It consists of legislation, police,
court, and penalties
 Road users system – Aka “traffic way users”
 Road system – Aka “traffic system”. It consists of the entire
road and vehicle complex.

Traffic law enforcement action

- The part of police traffic law enforcement involving arrest,
citation or warning of any person believed to have violated
a law, ordinance or rules and regulations pertaining to the
use of traffic ways, when the person has knowledge of his
action and when it is to:
1) Prevent such violation from endangering persons or
property or inconveniencing other users of the traffic
way
2) Prevent continued violation
3) Discourage future violation

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Basis for Decision of Enforcement Action

1) degree of violation
2) accuracy of observation
3) continuous or momentary action
4) traffic and weather condition
5) evidence gathered

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

6) a new law or not

We have also TRAFFIC ECOLOGY or TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT as

pillar of traffic.
This pillar is the study with potentially disastrous
population explosion, changes in urban environment due to
scale and density of new urban concentration and new
activities carried out , air population, water pollution and
crowding, especially transport congestion which result
therein.

 Kinds of Environmental
Effects of Urban Transportation  External Factors that
 Noise Influences the Existing and
 Vibration Future Behavior of Population
 Dirt 1. Rapidly increasing
 Visual intrusion population growth
 Loss of privacy 2. Rapidly increasing
 Change in amount of light urbanization
 Neighborhood severance 3. Rapidly increasing
both physical and sociological motorization
 Relocation 4. Industrialization and
 Distraction during planning technical modernization
and construction 5. Improvement of the
 Accident experience transportation network that is
 Pedestrian journey the street network and the
 Congestion and other public transportation
benefits to vehicles facilities.

TRAFFIC ECONOMY
- It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic
to our economy. Traffic operation is designed to expedite
the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing traffic
congestion during rush hours in any given locality adversely
affect the economic status of the commuting public.
- One aspect affecting our economy is the unending
increase of oil prices in the world market. Somehow,
programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect
of rising prices of basic commodities.
- Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only
the time of travel but the productivity of an individual as
well.

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SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY (Module 2 Lesson 2)

Name: Section:

I. 2 pics one word/phrase

Instruction. In each item, 2 pictures will be presented as clues in
identifying the word/ phrase related to the five pillars of traffic. After
knowing the word/phrase give your own explanation. (10 points each)

II.Identification
Instruction. Identify what is being asked by the following statements.
Write your answer on the space provided.
1. The process of training roads users in the avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents
2. It is made giving citation ticket to person violating traffic
laws without the possible effect of arrest and bringing violator to the
court.
3. The agency responsible for vehicle registration in our country.
4. This method places the student into real life of driving
situation from the beginning.
5. The part of traffic law enforcement performed by the
court by adjudication and penalization.

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SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 (Module 2)

Name: Section:

Essay
Instruction. Answer the question comprehensively. Write your answer on
the space provided.

1. Why traffic management is necessary?

2. For you, among the five pillars of traffic which should be enhance or
develop for our country’s traffic management?

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Rubric for the Essay

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score
Grammar & Author makes no Author makes 1-2 Author makes 3-4
Author makes more
than
Spelling errors in errors in grammar errors in grammar 4 errors in grammar
grammar or or or
or spelling that spelling that spelling that spelling that distract
distract distract the
distract the the reader from the the reader from the reader from the
reader content.
from the content. content. content.

Sentence All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are
not
Structure well-constructed well-constructed
and well constructed,
but well-constructed or
with varied there is some varied there
is is no variation varied.
structure. sentence structure structure.
in
the essay.

Focus Sharp, distinct Apparent point No apparent point Minimal evidence of a

made but
controlling point about a single topic evidence of a topic
specific
made about a with sufficient task.
single topic with awareness of task
evident
awareness
of task.
Content Substantial, Sufficiently Limited content Superficial and/or
developed with in
specific, and/or content with adequate minimal content.
adequate elaboration
illustrative elaboration or or explanation.
content
demonstrating explanation.
strong
development
and sophisticated
ideas.
Style Precise, Generic use of a Limited word choice Minimal variety in
illustrative word
use of a variety variety of words and and control of choice and minimal
of
words and sentence structures sentence structures control of sentence
sentence that may or may that inhibit voice structures.
structures not and
to create create writer’s voice tone.
consistent
writer’s voice and and tone
appropriate
tone appropriate to audience.
to
audience.

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SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY 2 (Module 2)

Name: Section:

PICTURE COLLAGE
Instruction. Look for pictures that show traffic management. Paste in the
box creating a picture collage.

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LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Rubric for the Picture Collage

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1 Score

Creativity Several of the One or two of One or two The student

graphics or the graphics or graphics or did not make
objects used in objects used in objects were or customize
the collage the collage made or any of the
reflect an reflect student customized by items on the
exceptional creativity in the student, but collage.
degree of their creation the ideas were
student and/or display. typical rather
creativity in their than creative
creation and/or (.e.g, apply the
display emboss filter to
a drawing in
Photoshop).

Design Graphics are Graphics are Graphics have Graphics are

trimmed to an trimmed to an been trimmed untrimmed OR
appropriate size appropriate size to an of inappropriate
and interesting and interesting appropriate size size and/or
shape and are shape and are and shape, but shape. It
arranged well, arranged with the arrangement appears little
some in front some items in of items is not attention was
and some front and others very attractive. given to
behind. Care has behind. The It appears there designing the
been taken to canvas, however was not a lot of collage.
balance the does not appear planning of the
pictures across balanced. item placement.
the canvas.
Quality of The collage The collage The collage The collage
Construction shows shows attention shows some was put
considerable to construction. attention to together
attention to The items are construction. sloppily. Items
construction. neatly trimmed. Most items are appear to be
The items are All items are neatly trimmed. just
neatly trimmed. carefully and All items are \"slapped on\".
All items are securely securely Pieces may be
carefully and attached to the attached to the loose or
securely backing. A few backing. A few hanging over
attached to the barely barely the edges.
backing. noticeable stray noticeable stray Smudges,
There are no marks, smudges marks, smudges stains, rips,
stray marks, or glue stains or glue stains uneven edges,
smudges or glue are present. are present. and/or stray
stains. Nothing is Nothing is Nothing is marks are
hanging over the hanging over the hanging over evident.
edges. edges. the edges.
Attention to The student The student The student The student\'s
Theme gives a gives a gives a fairly explanations
reasonable reasonable reasonable are weak and
explanation of explanation of explanation of illustrate
how every item how most items how most items difficulty
in the collage is in the collage in the collage understanding
related to the are related to are related to how to relate
assigned theme. the assigned the assigned items to the
For most items, theme. For theme. assigned theme.
the relationship many of the
is clear without items, the
explanation. relationship is
clear without
explanation.

38
LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Number of Items The collage The collage The collage The collage
includes 15 or includes 10- includes 9 contains
more items, each 14 different different items. fewer than 9
different. items. different
items.

39
LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Reflection. Check the emoticon that best describes your feeling for
module 2 and write the reason why.

References

Coursehero. (n.d.). Five Pillars of Traffic Management. Retrieved

September 28, 2020, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/53741056/FIVE- PILLARSpptx/#:
%7E:text=Fundamental%20Traits%20%E2%80%A2%20Desi gn
%20and%20outward%20aspect%20of%20the
%20device.&text=Position% 20or%20placement%20with
%20respect,of%20vision%20of%20road%20user
s.&text=Maintenance%20of%20the%20condition%2C
%20appearance%20an d%20visibility.&text=TRAFFIC
%20EDUCATION%20%E2%80%A2%20The% 20process,application
%20of%20traffic%20safety%20knowledge
Delizo, D. B. G. (2015). Crime detection and investigation review materials.
Baguio City, Philippines: Crimzone Enterprises.
Delizo, D. B. G. (2020). Traffic Management & Accident Investigation with
Practical Driving (3rd ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Wiseman’s Book
Trading Inc.
Francisco, K. (2017). Know the difference: Which agencies manage roads
and road users? Retrieved September 28, 2020, from
https://r3.rappler.com/move- ph/issues/road-safety/183921-road-
users-govt-agencies-road-safety
Rosen, A. (2013, July 8). What Really Causes Traffic Congestion?
Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://bklyner.com/what-
really-causes-traffic- congestion-sheepshead-bay/

40