NCERT PROBLEMS 1. You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they Produce real images under some circumstances ? Explain. Ans. Yes, plane and convex mirrors can form real images if the object is virtual i.e., rays incident on the mirror are convergent as shown if Figs. (i) and (ii) REAL VIRTUAL = REAL IMAGE, OBJECT IMAG T nb Physics By- Ashwani Sie--~ Mob. No. 7398400447 @ (ii) 2. Avirtual image, we always say, cannot be caught ona screen. Yet when we ‘see’ a virtual image we are obviously bringing it on to the screen (i.e., the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction? ‘Ans. When the reflected or refracted rays are divergent, the image formed is virtual. This virtual image cannot be taken on a screen. It is the fact. But if we use an appropriate convex lens to converge the rays, then these convergent rays can be focused on the screen. The convex lens of eye serves this purpose. In such a case the virtual image acts as a virtual object for the converging lens and forms a real image which can be taken on the screen. It may be noted that the screen is not placed at the position of virtual image, hence, there is no contradiction.> cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of be placed in order to receive a a 3. A small candle 2.5 em in size is placed 2 Fvature 36 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen sharp image ? Describe the nature and size of the image. If the candle is moved closer to the mirror, how should the screen be moved ? Solution, Given u = ~ 27 em, size of the object, y; = 2.5 cm. pote 20 e oig cn, (with sign convention) 2 Physics By- Ashwani Sir Mob. No. 7398400411 54cm. That is, image is formed in front of mirror at a distance 54 cm from the mirror. Therefore the screen must be placed at a distance 54 cm from the mirror. Size of the image ‘The image is real, inverted and 5 cm long. If the candle is moved closer, the screen should have to be moved farther and farther. If the candle is brought less than 18 cm distance, the image will be virtual and cannot be taken on the screen. 4. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. Give the location of the image and the magnification. Describe what happens if the needle is moved farther from the mirror. Solution. Given u = - 12cm, f = +15 cm (convex mirror), size of the object, y = 4.5 cm or 5 «. Size of image ¥2 = mx y, = 9% 45 = ‘The image is erect, virtual and has a size 2.5 em. Its position is 6.67 cm behind the mirror when needle is moved farther, the image moves towards the focus and its size goes on decreasing.NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 1, A concave mirror produces a real, four times magnified image of an object placed at 10 em infront of it. Find the position of the Wrage and the raditir or eurvature of the mirror Solution. Since the image is real (and inverted), the magnification is negative. Thus m=-2=-4 of v=4u. a 7 The object is infront of the mirror at 10 cm. Thus u = - 10cm and =v = 4u = 4(-10em)=- 40cm, oe en The image is formed at 40-em infront of the mirror — Substituting the values of u and v (with sign) in the mirror formula 1 + 1 = i we have {with sign) in the mirror formula ~ — u Physics By- Ashwani Sir or MOb. No. 7398490444 fe The radius of curvature of the mirror is Wie 2p rr ‘The negative sign is as expected because the mirror is concave. (X_ 2. An object 0.05 m high is placed at_a distance of 0.5 m from a concave mirror of radius of urvature 0.2 m. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed. Solution. In usual notations, with proper sign, we have 0.1m and y; = +0.05m. vu : +. if 04 05 = 10s) su = -0.5/4 = ~ 0.125 m. ‘The image is formed at 0.125 m infront of the mirror (because v is negative). The magnification is 125m Ph = - et = - 0.25. si u =05 Mo Ney Ashwani Sir Since the magnification is negative, the image is real (inverted). 7398400414 ‘The size of the image is given by (m = y2/y1) Yq = mxyy = ~0.25 x (0.05 m) = ~ 0.0125 m. The minus sign is as expected, because the image is inverted. 3. Calculate the distance of an object of height h from a concave mirror of focal length 10 em, 0 as to obtain a real image of magnification 2. Solution. Since the image is real, the magnification is negative or v=2u. Y= JUL and Applying the mirror formula 2 . we have10 or au = -30 or y= - 150m. The object shoutd be placed at 15 em in front ofthe MITOK ait 15 em. The image formey 4. An object is kept infront of a concave mirror of je tistances of the object from the mir, s three times the size ofthe object, Caleutate the two possible Gn form a real (negate Solution. As the mirror is concave, f = - 15 cm. A cone, - magnification) as well as a virtual (positive magnification) image. forpo(gne or aS ; uw 18 MOB. NO, oc.c494 oy u = -20cm. The object should be placed at 20 cm infront of the mirror. ; 1,1_1 Case of Virtual Image (v =~3 u) : Again, from the mirror formula = +77 = “¢» We have Pi niles By- Ashram sir -2412 4 : No. 7398408414 ae ans or * u =-10cm. The object should be placed at 10 cm infront of the mirror. 5. Two objects A, and B, when placed in turn infront of a concave mirror of focal length 7.5 em give images of equal size. If A is two times the size of B and is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the mirror, find the distance of B from the mirror, . . . 1j1_li Pain v Solution. For a mirror (concave or convex), we have 5 + 7 = 7 and magnification m = -2. u u -15cm, f = -7.5cm. 1 For object: u or v=-15¢em. If yy is the size of the object A and yo the size of its image, then the magnification is eee (#)-. Nn u -15 For object B : size of object B = y1/2 (given) and size of the image of B = — y, (inverted).. <. magnification, m = —21_ = _¥ TON /2 or ve2u,From mirror formula, we have Qu us 3s 3 *C7.5em) = 11.25 em. The object B is at a distance of 11.25 cm in front the mirror. ‘object is placed infront of a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm. The image formed is a quarter size of the object. Find the location of the image. Solution. A convex mitror always forms a virtual image and so the magnification is positive. Thus orth et or or ‘The focal length of the (convex) mirror is f = + 30 cm. Substituting the values of u and f in the mirror formula 242-1, we have a v cs 1 Physics By- Ashwani Sir Mob. No. 7398400411 90 CZ a7 +22.5em As expected, v is positive, that is, the image is formed at 22.5 cm behind the mirror. 7. Aconvex mirror produces a magnification of 1/2 when the object is at X and a magnification of 1/3 when the object is at Y. If X and Y are 60 cm apart, find the focal length of the mirror. Solution. Suppose X is at a distance d from the convex mirror, that is, u =~d . The magnification produced by a ‘convex’ mirror is always positive. When the object is at X, that is, when u = ~ d, the magnification is 1/2. Thus 1 us : = @ f+d 2 convex mirror increases, the magnification decreases. Since the is 1/3 ; ¥ is at a distance d + 60 cm from the mirror. Thus, now As the distance of the object from the magnification, when the object is at Y, u = - (d+ 60 cm). Therefore, £ f+d+60em 3 =i) m From eq. (i), we get d =f. Substituting it in eq. (ii), we have af _ asd F+f+60em 3 or f = 60cm. vo Physles By 3y- Ashwani si Mob. No, 73984004) eoKees i f the mirror at a qj. placed in front ol a distangg 4 distance of = Objective Type 1. A convex mirror is of 20 em focal length. An object i 20 em from the pole, The image from the pole is at a (d) infinity. (upg 20; cm 1. €@) 40 em (b) 10 em (©) 20 tqual tits focal length f. The image ¢” 2. An object is placed infront a convex mirror ata distance 4 wily formed behind the mirror at a distance equal to : (d) infinity. (@) fz ()f (2h — 3. A minor Producing a virtual image larger than the object !s : (d) any spherical, () plane (b) concave (©) convex . 4. A mirror Producing a virtual image smaller than the object is : (a) any spherical (a) plane (©) concave (@) convex irror of focal length S. An object is placed at a distance equal to 2f infront of a convex mirr th fF. The Magnification produced i 4) 73 (a) 2 01 ve pas 6. A convex mirror of focal length f produces an image 1/n times the size of the object. The distance of the object from the mirror is : : (anf fn (a-nf fe ee 7. To obtain a parallel reflected beam of light from a torch, the reflector of the torch should be ; (@) plane (b) concave (© convex (A) parabolic. ANSWERS 1.0) 2) 3.0) 4 © 5 @ 6@ 7 dd. Very Short-Answer Type 1. Light of wavelength 5000 A is incident ona plane reflecting surface. Find the frequency of reflected light. (UPB 2015) Ans. 6 x 1014 Hz. 2. - Can a convex (or plane) mirror form real image of an object ? Explain. Ans. In general, when a diverging beam from a real object falls upon a convex (or plane) mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. If, however, a beam converging towards an (virtual) object is allowed to fall upon a convex (or plane) mirror, a real image would be formed. Short-Answer Type 1. A boy runs with velocity v towards a plane mirror. With what velocity does his image move towards him ? Ans. 2 v. The image of an object in a plane mirror is always as far behind t is infront the mirror. Therefore, the image of the boy moves towards the mi equal to that moved by the boy towards the mirror. In other words, the boy with double the speed of the boy. 2. Draw the ray diagram for the image formed by a concave mirror of an object placed at infinity (UPB 2014) the mirror as the object ror through the distance the image of the boy approaches 3. [Link] (or convex) mirror is held under water. Willits focal length change ? ‘Ans. No. The focal length of a small-aperture spherical mirror is hal It does not depend upon the surrounding medium (The focal length of immersed in water). f the radius of curvature. a lens does change when Physics By- Ashwani Sir “tab, No, 73984004114. How can we judge, without touching, whether a given mirror is plane, concave ot convex ? Ans. Let us hold the mirror close to our face and look into it. If the (virtual) image of our face is of the same size as the face, the mirror is plane; if enlarged, the mirror is concave; if diminished, the mirror is convex. Long-Answer Type 1, Prove that for a concave mirror, the radius of curvature is twice the focal length. 2. With the help of a suitable diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror. 3. Establish the relation between object distance, image distance and radius of curvature for a convex mirror. 4. What is linear magnification ? Obtain expressions for the linear magnification of the image formed by a spherical mirror. Numericals Physics By- Ashwani Sir ‘ Mob. No, 7398400414 1. Acandle is held 3 em away from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 24 cm. Find the position of the image of the candle. (UPB 2014) Ans. 4 cm, behind the mirror. 2. Aconcave mirror has a radius of curvature of [Link]. How far must it be placed from a small object in order to give a five times magnified virtual image ? ‘Ans. 12 cm infront of the mirror. 3. A concave mirror produces a real image of half the size of an object placed at 60 cm infront of it. Where should the object be placed to obtain a virtual image of double the size of the object ? Ans. 10 cm infront of the mirror. 4. Alm long flame is placed at a distance of 1.5 m from a wall. How far from the wall should a concave mirror be placed in order to obtain a 2 cm long flame on the same wall ? What is the focal length of the mirror ? Ans. 3 m, 1 m (both negative). 5. An object is placed first at a distance of 25 cm and then at a distance of 40 cm from a concave mirror. The magnification in the first case is four times that in the second case, the image being real in both cases. What is the focal length of the mirror ? Hint: m , Where u = - 25 cm and ~ 40 cm. Ans. -20 cm. 6. An object is placed at 18 cm infront of a spherical mirror. The image is formed at 3.0 cm behind the mirror. Find the focal length and the nature of the mirror. Ans. + 3.6 cm, convex. 7. An object is placed 15 cm away from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 90 cm. Find image position and magnification. Ans. 11.25 cm behind the mirror, + 0.75. 8. A 2-cm long object is placed at a distance of 100 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 50 em. Find the position, nature and length of the image. Ans. 20 cm behind the mirror, virtual, 0.4 cm. 9. An object is placed infront a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm, Its image is formed 8 cm behind the mirror. Find the location of the object with respect to the mirror. Ans. 40 em infront of the mirror. 10. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30 cm is a quarter size of the object. Find the location of the object with respect to the mirror. ‘Ans. 90 cm infront of the mirror. 11. The image formed by a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm is half the size of the object. Find the position of the object and of its image. Ans. Object at 10 cm infront of the mirror, image at S cm behind the mirror. 12. When an object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror, the magnification produced is 1/2. Where should the object be placed to obtain a magnification of 1/3 ? Hint: m=//(f-w). Ans. 120 cm infront of the mirror. Physics By- Ashwani Sir Mob. No. 7398400411TO aa ewe ma Single Digit Integer Answer : Image of an object approaching a convex mirror pe Question f curvature 20 m along its Optical . What is the speed of the object in jon . 50 yn in 30 seconds. is observed to move from 2° mto 7" : 3 (EE 2019 hour ? Solution. From mirror formula 1 has Sp Ut ~ 10 25 4 dies @ 10° 50° up From eq. (i) u; = - 50 m and from eq, (ii) u, =~ 25 m. The speed of the object approaching the mirror = Ma—m _ =25- (50) 1), - 5 mys ers 30 30 Physics By- Ashwani Sir (So Mob. No. 7398400411 30 “10 Objective and Multiple-Choice Type Questions Single Correct Answer Type 1, Twoplane mirrors andBareparalleltocach — jg_____p gm ——______ other. A light-ray is incident at 30° angle at x @ point just inside an edge of mirror A. The B plane of incidence is in coincidence with the i t plane of the figure. The maximum number 0:2m 0 336/ of times (counting the first reflection) the yi A light-ray is reflected before emerging from the other end of the mirrors is : : (a) 28 (b) 30 (©) 32 (d) 34. (JEE 2002) 2. In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a concave mirror by the u-v metho, a student places the object pin A on the principal axis ata distance x from the pole P. The student looks a the pin and its inverted image from a distance keeping his/her eye in line with PA When the eadent shifts his/her eye towards left, the image appears tothe right ofthe object pin Ther (a)x2f. (JEE 2007) 3. A caris fited with a convex side-view mirror of focal length 20 em. A second cay 2-6 m varied the first car is overtaking the first car at a relative speed of 15 m/s. The speed of the imag Be a car as seen in the mirror of the first one is : 'e image of the secor 1 7 os a0" ©zgms (@) 10 mvs. By- Ashwani Sir eee Phys 7398400411 (ANSWERS 1) 2 0) 3 ©). HINTS/SOLUTIONS Single Correct Answer Type Let I be the length of each mirror. Suppose, a length x of a mirror is converted in one reflection of i: light-ray. If d be the separation between the two mirrors, then tan 30° = F + ax=dtan 30% Number of reflections = £=——!_. __243m__ ag x dtan30°° 0.2m x (1/¥3) 2. From the problem statement it is clear that the image is formed “behind” the object. This means |v] > |u|. It is possible only when object-pin is between f and 2, that is, x > f but i <2f. 3. For mirror Physics By- Ashwani Sir Mob. No. 7398400411 oD From eq. (i) f Putting this value in eq. (ii), we get 1 2. 2 2 de _(_£_] du =| ~15=(4) x15=4ms. at (F-u) ae ~[20-(-280) is 15 oro Physics By- Ashwani Sir Mob. No. 7398400411