THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE (SECOND CHIMURENGA / UMVUKELA)
Chimbwidos - female war collaborators
Mujibhas - Male war collaborators
Guerrillas - Freedomfighters
Sellouts - traitors, people who betray
Causes of Second Chimurenga
Economic causes
➢ Jobs were put aside for whites
➢ Unequal distribution of land
➢ They were against the land Husbandry Act of 1951
➢ Ill treatment at work
➢ Poor wages
➢ Undeveloped rural areas
➢ Payment of many taxes
➢ Low prices for African agriculture produce
➢ Lack of economic opportunities
➢ Taxation
Political causes
➢ Unfair justice system
➢ Wanted one man one vote
➢ Police cruelity
➢ Were against Pass laws
➢ Loss of power by chiefs
➢ Lack of independence by Africans
➢ Spirit mediums not recognised
➢ Wanted to remove oppressive laws
➢ Wanted to end police brutality
Aims of peasant farmers
➢ To be free peasant farmers
➢ To have fertile land
➢ To have good pastures
➢ To grow their own crops
➢ To keep cattle on their own land
➢ To get good prices for their crops -To keep their culture
➢ To avoid migrant work.
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➢ To get more land
Methods used by peasant to fight colonialism in Zimbabwe
➢ Refused to make contour ridges
➢ Did not pay tax
➢ Chiefs encouraged peasants to break laws eg Land Husbandry Act
➢ Formed independent churches to oppose the government eg zion ,postori
➢ Refused to pay rent to white farmers who took their land
➢ Refused to work for white farmers
➢ Refused to move from the land occupied by whites
Role played by religious leaders in the uprising
➢ They planned and organised the uprising.
➢ They prophesied on the war and assured Africans that they would win the war.
➢ They encouraged people to fight.
➢ They advised on strategies to be used.
➢ They communicated with ancestral spirits.
➢ They commanded the soldiers.
➢ They relayed information from God and ancestors to chiefs and people.
➢ They provided medical herbs
➢ They led at war discussions and presided over war crimes.
➢ They coordinated the war.
➢ They mobilised the people and taught people political education.
➢ They provided spiritual guidance.
➢ They gave moral support to the fighters.
➢ Some trained soldiers
Nationalist leaders during the second Chimurenga in Southern Rhodesia
-James Chikerema -Morton Malianga
-Michael Mawema -Enos Nkala
-Joseph Msika -George Silundika
-George Nyandoro -Jason Moyo
-Joshua Nkomo -Leopold Takawira
-Robert Mugabe -Herbert Chitepo
-Stanlake Samkange -Alfred Nikita Mangena
-Edson Sithole -Josiah Tongogara
The role played by the Masses in the Liberation Struggle
➢ Soldiers are the fish and masses are the sea
➢ Just like the fish cannot survive without water, so soldiers cannot survive without the
masses
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➢ These were the information gatherers, they told the guerrillas of the direction taken by
the soldiers
➢ They provided hiding places for the guerrillas
➢ They informed the guerrillas of sell-outs
➢ They cooked food for the guerrillas
➢ The masses acted as the recruitment bases for guerrillas to train in Mozambique,
Russia, Zambia and China
➢ They acted as baggage carriers, carrying ammunition, medicines, and food for the
Guerrillas
➢ The mujibhas and Chimbwidos sang liberation struggle songs to motivate and entertain
soldiers
➢ The Mujibhas acted as spies for the guerrillas
➢ The girls cooked food and delivered to the guerrillas in the Bush
➢ The girls cooked food and delivered to the guerrillas in the Bush
➢ African Business man provided clothes, shoes, medicines and transport to the
guerrillas
➢ Some missionaries and settler farmers also supported the guerrillas by providing
information, food and medicine
➢ A few whites (liberals) supported guerrillas with guns and ammunition from Zambia
for fighters of the Zimbabwe’s People’s Revolutionary Army ZIPRA inside Rhodesia
Weapons used during the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe
- Assault rifles -Machine guns
-Mortars -Artillery
-Surface to Air Missiles (SAM) -Landmines Grenades Bombs
Strategies Used By Guerillas To Win Mass Support In Rhodesia
➢ Use of night meetings called ‘’Pungwes ‘’ to summon support for the war
➢ Giving political education to the masses
➢ Use of radio messages eg Radio Zimbabwe from Mozambique by ZANU and Radio
Moscow from Russia by ZAPU
➢ Killing of sellouts as a lesson to others
➢ Use of Mujibhas and Zvimbwidos to mobilise people
➢ Use of pamplets giving information about war
➢ Killing unpopular whites to get mass support
➢ Destruction of whites to get mass support
➢ Intimidating people to get support
Successes of strategies in Mobilising The Masses During The War
➢ People gave them food
➢ People gave them clothes
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➢ People gave medicines
➢ Mujibhas and Zvimbwidos joined the war.
➢ Fighters entered towns
➢ It became difficult for Rhodesian fighters to find guerillas
➢ Young boys and girls were trained as guerillas
➢ Guerillas were able to create semi liberated zones with people ‘s support
➢ People destroyed white property
➢ War spread to all zones or areas by 1975
➢ Rhodesian economy was destroyed
➢ Use of protected villages by whites shows desperation
Failures in strategies used to mobilise people
➢ Some Africans continued to be sell outs
➢ Some Africans refused to train for the war
➢ Smith divided Africans
➢ Some Africans relocated to urban areas
➢ Some Africans trained as Rhodesian forces
➢ Creation of protected villages was working
➢ Whites intimidated people
➢ Whites burnt food storage
THE FIRST SETTLERS [1966 and 1967] THE CHINHOYI BATTLE
➢ On 28 April 1966 ,7 guerillas named Simon Chimbodza, Christopher Chatambudza,
Nathan Charumuka, Godwin Manyerenyere, Authur Maramba, David Guzuzu and
Ephraim Shenjere fought the Rhodesia forces for the whole day at Chinhoyi
➢ This was the first time the guerillas were able to enter deeper into the country
➢ The Rhodesian forces were supported by the airforce
➢ They attacked the Nevado farm to free leaders in Zhombe and killed VilJeen a white
farmer
➢ The Chinhoyi battle marked the beginning of the armed struggle
➢ The guerrillas were defeated ,6 killed, only Shenjere was captured and sent to prison
LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE 1966 and 1967 FAILURES
➢ Good organisation was necessary in order to win the war
➢ They learnt that they needed a big army to defeat the whites
➢ Need to educate the people who the guerillas were and their aims
➢ Need to teach guerillas to respect people ‘s grievances
➢ To make the Rhodesian problem known internationally for support
➢ Need to tell people on their grievances eg land question ,taxation, discrimination and
the need for civilian support
➢ Need to get military bases outside the country and more weapons
➢ Need to train more people for war
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➢ Need for guerilla warfare as opposed to face to face fighting
➢ Need to be prepared for a long war
EVENTS OF THE LIBERATION WAR FROM 1966 TO 1979
➢ 28 April 1966 ZANLA forces fought the Rhodesian forces and were defeated at
Chinhoyi
➢ In July 1967 ZIPRA and the ANC of South Africa guerillas crossed Zambezi river and
fought the Rhodesian forces at Hwange and were defeated
➢ From 1967 -71 ZAPU and ZANU were preparing for a long war preparing the people
,sourcing weapons ,training more people -In May 1970 ,ZANU, and FRELIMO of
Mozambique forces worked together
➢ ZANLA forces were given bases in Mozambique and ZIPRA in Zambia
➢ ZANLA forces crossed into Zimbabwe from Mozambique avoiding Portuguese who
were fighting FRELIMO guerillas
➢ The liberation struggle began with the attack of Altena farm in 1972
➢ In December 1972 people rejected a new constitution given by smith in the presence of
the Commission from Britain
➢ Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia ,John Vorster of South Africa organised for the Détente to
settle the differences through negotiations between Smith and nationalists
➢ The détente talks of 1974 failed and war continued with massive attacks on the white
government
➢ In 1974 there was ceasefire in Mozambique and FRELIMO gave more military bases
to ZANLA
➢ In 1974 nationalist leaders who were arrested since 1965 were released after the
intervention of Kenneth Kaunda, Samora Machel of Mozambique in order to enter into
talks with Smith
➢ After the release of the nationalists ,there was the Victoria Falls talks organised by
common wealth to try and solve the Rhodesian problem
➢ In 1975 Hebert Chitepo was killed by a bomb placed in his car in Zambia He had been
important to the war effort
➢ In 1976 there was the formation of the Patriotic Front was made up of ZANU and
ZAPU united to avoid being divided by smith
➢ There was the Geneva Conference of 1976 to try to end the war and ZANU and ZAPU
negotiated as Patriotic Front[PF]
➢ The Geneva conference failed to end the war since Smith refused majority rule ,one
man one vote
➢ In 1976 ZANLA and ZIPRA forces formed the Zimbabwe People’s Army and fought
together
➢ In 1978 and 1979 ,Smith bombed nighbouring countries which supported the liberation
struggle ,victory camp, Chimio, Nyadzonya, Mukushi were attacked and many people
died
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➢ Smith introduced protected villages, burnt people’s homes ,fields ,poisoned water
sources to discourage civilian support and the war
➢ In 1978 ,there was the Internal Settlement by Smith ,chief Chirau, Muzorewa,
Ndabaningi Sithole to try to end the war
➢ The Internal Government was not recognised by ZANU and ZAPU and many African
countries
➢ ZANU and ZAPU leaders continued with the war
➢ The Lancaster House Conference of 1979 was negotiated and signed and therefore
marked the end of war
➢ Elections were held in 1980 and ZANU PF won
ROLES PLAYED BY FRONTLINE STATES TO THE LIBERATION
STRUGGLE
➢ Mozambique, Zambia, Angola, Botswana ,Tanzania imposed sanctions to weaken the
Rhodesian economy
➢ Mozambique gave ZANLA forces bases in the Tete province and Zambia and Tanzania
also gave military bases
➢ They were homes to nationalists parties
➢ FRELIMO of Mozambique fought battles alongside ZANLA forces against Rhodesian
forces
➢ They were homes for refugees eg Botswana ,Angola , Mozambique
➢ They gave moral support
➢ They gave guerillas food ,weapons ,military training ,diplomatic support, refugee
camps ,medicines
➢ They encouraged ZANU and ZAPU to negotiate as the Partriotic Front so that Smith
will not divide them
➢ They gave ZANU and ZAPU diplomatic help when negotiating with Smith
➢ They gave medical support
➢ They negotiated for peace
➢ They gave fighting strategies
➢ They provided support
➢ They were a home to peace conferences
➢ They represented ZANU and ZAPU at national conferences
➢ They allowed dead war veterans to be buried in their own countries
➢ They allowed guerillas to pass through their countries
➢ They allowed liberation movements to operate radio stations in their countries eg
Radio Maputo in Mozambique
➢ Encouraged organisations eg OAU ,UN, NAM, socialists countries to support
Zimbabwe
➢ Told the world that the internal settlement did not represent Zimbabwe’s interests
➢ Forced ZANU and ZAPU to talk peace
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METHODS /TACTICS USED BY GUERILLAS TO FIGHT THE RHODESIAN
GOVERNMENT 1972 TO 1979
➢ They educated people on the need to support them by using Mao ideas that the people
are the sea and the guerillas are the fish
➢ Educated people on the need for equality ,justice,land and independence
➢ Young people trained in Mozambique ,Tanzania etc -Mujibhas and Zvimbwidos
trained on how to look after guerillas on arrival in the country
➢ Use of radio stations eg Radio Zimbabwe from Mozambique by ZANLA and Radio
Moscow by ZIPRA
➢ Pamplets provided information on the war
➢ ZAPU and ZANU sought support from OAU,NAM,UN,Front line states
➢ Sabotage eg roads destroyed
➢ Penetrated protected villages
➢ Bomb attacks eg petrol tanks attacked in Harare ,Mutare reduced to a ghost town
‘’come to Mutare and get bombed’’
➢ Land mines were used to make white movement difficult
➢ The hit and run guerrilla welfare was used
➢ They made negotiation eg Melta talks,Vic falls talks
➢ Killing of sellouts in public as lesson to others
Methods used by Smith to fight guerillas and nationalists from 1976 -1980
➢ War was declared on the civilian population by Smith as a way to stop people from
supporting guerillas
➢ Protected villages were put in place to deny guerillas access to people
➢ Villages suspected to be supporting guerillas were bombed ,crops and cattle destroyed
➢ Villagers were arrested
➢ Call up for African males to be trained as Rhodesian forces
➢ People suspected to be supporting guerillas were arrested and killed as a lesson to
others
➢ Killing of top ZANU and ZAPU leadership ,Chitepo, Jason Moyo ,Nikita Mangena
➢ Communication system were controlled eg letters opened
➢ Patrols by security forces
➢ Press censorship ,no news on the progress of the war
➢ Civilians in refugee camps in neighbouring countries were bombed and many people
died in Chimio ,Nyadzonya ,Victory camp, Mukushi
➢ Killing of the top leaders by Rhodesian secret agents to discourage civilian support
➢ Internal support to divide Africans
➢ People who did not report on the presence of guerillas were imprisoned
➢ Curfews were introduced to control the movement of people and deny guerrilla
support
➢ Use of propaganda in newspapers ,radio, television against guerillas
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➢ Government forced people to join the Rhodesian forces in what was called the ‘’call
up’’
➢ Those who gave information on guerillas were highly rewarded
➢ Sources of water were poisoned -Clothes on their way to guerillas were poisoned to
kill guerillas
➢ Government divided Africans for eg during the internal settlement
➢ Youths sent for national service so that they will be loyal to the government
➢ Civilians tortured so that they will not support guerillas
➢ Religious leaders criticised guerillas to mislead people
➢ Use of road blocks to monitor people.
➢ Use of sellouts who gave information to Rhodesian forces
➢ Humiliating body searches
➢ Sexual abuse
➢ False accusations of Africans
Successes of Measures In Discouraging Civilian Support For The War Of
Liberation
➢ ZANU and ZAPU wrote their own newspapers and operated their own radio stations
telling the masses the truth about the war against Smith and his propaganda
➢ People secretly left protected villages and gave guerillas food
➢ People ignored curfews and moved at night supporting guerillas
➢ Although people were killed ,this hardened them against Smith
➢ Those who were forced into the Rhodesian army ran away and joined guerillas
➢ Guerillas entered ‘’protected villages’’and communicated with people
➢ Security forces could not be every were ,so people helped guerillas
➢ Although leaders were killed ,new ones were chosen to lead the war effort.
➢ People did not believe Smith ‘s propaganda
➢ Sellouts were severely punished eg killed
➢ Mujibhas and Zvimbwidos were able to pass information to guerillas
➢ Guerillas now able to control some areas North East of the country
➢ Land mines were used against whites
➢ Guerillas began to hit targets in main towns Harare and Bulawayo
➢ Villagers continued to attend Pungwes
➢ Roads were destroyed by people to disturb white movements
➢ Smith forced to speak to ZANU and ZAPU
➢ Villagers listened to private radio stations
➢ Independence was achieved
Failures of Measures In Discouraging Civilian Support For The War Of
Liberation
➢ Some people believed Smith ‘s Propaganda and joined war against guerillas
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➢ Guerillas lacked supplies
➢ Some people became sellouts
➢ Some people after punishments by Rhodesian forces started to support Rhodesian forces
➢ Rewards given led to some people supporting whites.
➢ Some people migrated from rural areas to towns due to Rhodesian forces brutality and
guerrilla support declined
➢ Curfews were at times effective to control the movement of people
➢ Many guerillas were captured using sellouts
➢ There was less food for the guerillas
➢ Smith ‘s propaganda divided people
➢ Death of guerillas
➢ People divided as some fought on the side of whites
➢ Less information on war was received by people
THE LANCASTER HOUSE CONFERENCE
➢ Magret Thatcher under pressure from African leaders at Victoria Falls Common
Conference had to call for the Lancaster House Conference to solve the Rhodesian
problem
➢ ZANU and ZAPU negotiated as the Patriotic Front and included Mugabe ,Simon
Muzenda ,Edson, Dumiso Dabengwa, John Nkomo [for ZAPU]
➢ UANC was represented by Abel Muzorewa,the Rhodesian Front was represented by
Ian Smith
➢ Lord Carrington chaired the Lancaster House Conference
➢ The land question was discussed because it was central to the liberation struggle
➢ It was agreed that unoccupied land was to be given to the landless peasants
➢ It was agreed that Britain and America will compensate the whites for the loss of land
➢ It was agreed that a new constitution was to be written and last for 10 years
➢ It was agreed that 20 seats will be reserved for whites
➢ It was agreed that there will be one man one vote
➢ The refugees will came back home
➢ Political detainees were to be released
➢ All parties will freely campaign
➢ A ceasefire will come into effect on 21 December 1979
➢ It was agreed that South African soldiers were to leave the country
➢ Rhodesian forces to stay in barracks and guerillas to assemble at Assembly points.
➢ The common Wealth observers were going to monitor elections
The Rights and freedom included in the Lancaster House Conference
➢ The freedom of movement
➢ The right to personal liberty
➢ The right to fair trial
➢ The right to shelter
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➢ The right to be protected
➢ The right to worship
➢ Freedom of speech
➢ Freedom of press
➢ Freedom of assembly
➢ Freedom to health
➢ The right to belong to a party
Seats obtained after elections
Robert Mugabe 57 (ZANU)
Joshua Nkomo 20 (ZAPU)
Abel Muzorewa 3 (UANC)
Outline Reasons Why Smith lost the War
➢ The civilian support was critical against his government
➢ Nationalists learnt important lessons after the 11966-1967 failures
➢ Guerillas were killing many whites forcing Smith to surrender
➢ Use of guerrilla warfare which was effective
➢ Effective guerrilla leadership eg Tongogara,Nikita Mangena
➢ Strong natonalists leaders eg Chitepo,Nkomo,Mugabe
➢ ZANU and ZAPU were able to deal with Smith’s propaganda
➢ More guerrillas were trained
➢ Guerillas in the 1970s were well trained and equiped
➢ The government ‘s land policies of 1931,1951,1969 turned Africans against the
government
➢ Implementation of sanctions by Mozambique ,Zambia
➢ In 1976 ,Kissinger of America made it clear he supported majority rule
➢ South Africa after the 1976 Soweto massacres no longer actively supported Smith
➢ The economy was affected by the war leading to many problems eg shortage of foreign
currency
➢ Economy affected by high inflation, industries closing, skilled labourers left the
country
➢ Smith ‘s killing of the civilian population made him unpopular
➢ Rhodesian forces in the 1970s were outnumbered by guerillas
POST-INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENTS FROM 1980
Economic Developments
Land redistribution
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➢ Land redistribution was motivated by desire to own land by African masses
➢ Land was unfairly distributed along racial lines
➢ There was serious congestion in rural areas
➢ These challenges called upon the government to address the unfair distribution of land
➢ After independence government took land from white farmers to resettle crowded
families in reserves areas through willing buyer willing seller provision of the Lancaster
House
➢ The willing buyer willing seller was not successful
➢ Whites were not willing to sell their farms to blacks
➢ The government embarked on the Fast Track Land Reform Programme
➢ Fast Track Land Reform Programme is whereby land was taken by force from white
farmers
➢ Resettlement improved food security
➢ The Grain Marketing Board (GMB) set up collection depots in all districts
➢ Land was divided into model A1 and A2 farms
Reasons for land reform
➢ To relieve pressure in overcrowded areas especially rural areas
➢ To fulfill promises made during the Liberation struggle
➢ Pressure from war veterans who had been long waited to be given land
➢ To redress issue of land imbalance by colonialists
➢ To make use of idle land
➢ To increase agricultural production
➢ To provide employment
Benefits / Successes of land reform
➢ Access to land by the landless
➢ Decongestion in overcrowded rural areas
➢ Better social facilities in some areas such as accommodation, transport and health
facilities
➢ Improved yields
➢ Improved standards of living
➢ Reduction of rural-urban migration
➢ A group of successful African farmers has emerged in the production of crops like
tobacco, maize, cotton, tea etc.
➢ The willing-seller willing buyer policy used by the government up to 1990 was able to
resettle 70 000 families.
➢ Very few white farmers still remain on farms.
➢ The colonial power (Britain) is no longer in control of the Zimbabwean land affairs.
➢ Black empowerment programmes through land ownership has been a success
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Challenges / Failures faced during land reform
➢ Lack of inputs to use in acquired land
➢ Corruption in the distribution of land
➢ Vandalism of property
➢ Random cutting down of trees leading to deforestation
➢ Lack of market for new farmers
➢ Land redistribution caused environmental degradation in some areas because of poor
farming methods.
➢ Crop production has declined because of lack of inputs like farm machinery, seeds,
fertilizers etc.
➢ The Willing- seller-willing buyer was not able to realise all the land required.
➢ Co-operatives in the early 80’s were a failure because of lack of farming equipment
among African farmers.
➢ Many new farmers have not been able to fully utilize the land allocated to them.
➢ Between 1980 and 1990, agricultural activities and farming were well funded but the
funds dried up from 1995 onwards because the donors reportedly accused the government
of not distributing land to the intended beneficiaries.
➢ Shortages of foreign currency have made it difficult for farmers to procure pesticides,
seeds, fertilizers etc for their farm.
Other economic developments
➢ Government gave farmers inputs for farming
➢ Government embarked on command agriculture
➢ Introduction of agricultural loans to farmers
➢ Construction of banks that benefit farmers eg Agribank
➢ Infrastructure development such as construction of roads, bridges etc
➢ Introduction of irrigation schemes such as Nyahoni irrigation scheme in Chivhu
➢ Introduction of pfumvudza to farmers
➢ Introduction of mining equipments
➢ Construction of dams eg Tokwe Mukosi
➢ Indigenisation whereby people allowed to run their business with support from the
government
➢ Promotion of local industries
➢ Food programme eg First Lady`s traditional food competition
➢ Creation of employment
Social Developments
Health
➢ Construction of clinics and poly clinic especially rural areas
➢ Health was declared a basic human right
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➢ Construction of hospitals
➢ New medical facilities were introduced eg free martenity in rural areas
➢ Training of more nurses and doctors
➢ Village health centres were introduced
➢ Village health workers were employment
➢ Primary health care was introduced
➢ Anti Retroviral Virus (ARV) given for free
➢ Rural health care was promoted through building blair toilets in rural areas
➢ Sinking of boreholes
➢ Massive immunization programme and campaigns
➢ Teaching of family planning
Housing
➢ Houses were built for urban dwellers
➢ High density surburbs were introduced
➢ Housing cooperatives were initiated eg in southley park, ushewokunze etc
Education
➢ Informal education was introduced to cater for those who left school to join the liberation
forces
➢ Teacher training colleges were expanded eg Zimbabwe National Teacher Education
Course (ZINTEC)
➢ Many teachers were trained to address the shortage of teachers
➢ Private colleges have been encouraged and this move has been very successful in
encouraging education among students in Zimbabwe.
➢ Sports and culture has been merged with education to encourage sports among school
children as well as in universities and colleges.
➢ The exams were also localised through the creation of the ZIMSEC in 1996 to cut the
exam costs.
➢ The single Ministry of Education that is mixing education, sports, and culture was put in
place
➢ Technical and vocational training colleges were introduced to produce skilled people
➢ The National University of Science and Technology (NUST) was established to train
students in technical skills
➢ Many schools in urban areas introduced double session to cater for more learners
➢ Poly technics were introduced in all provinces
➢ Presidential Scholarships were given to students in colleges and universities
➢ Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) was introduced to help the less privileged
in primary schools
➢ To promote the girl child, in 1996 the government came up with the affirmative action
policy, this encouraged female enrolment at higher institutes.
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➢ Schools were given computers in 2017 by president R. G. Mugabe
➢ The ministry of primary and secondary education introduced the new curriculum
➢ The main aim of the new curriculum was to improve the unhu/ubuntu
➢ The new curriculum also emphasizes on the problem solving skills
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
Independence
The liberation struggle of 1966-1979 resulted in the independence of Zimbabwe on 18
April 1980.
Creation of Zimbabwe National Army
➢ After independence the government found it difficult to work with three different armies
that had fought during the liberation struggle
➢ Military army of the Rhodesian forces, Zimbabwe National Liberation Army (ZANLA)
and Zimbabwe People`s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) were cooperated into one army
Right to vote
➢ Before independence most people did not have the right to vote
➢ After independence all Zimbabweans who reached the age of eighteen were now allowed
to vote
Reconciliation
➢ Many people were divided during the liberation struggle
➢ After independence government made a policy of reconciliation or bringing people
together who had fought each other for a long period of time
➢ Reconciliation was done to archive peace and stability
International co-operation
➢ The major aim was for the acceptance of Zimbabwe as a member of regional and
international organization
The Unity Acord (1987)
➢ The Unity Acord was to unite people and unity talks were done
➢ ZANU and ZAPU were to be under one political party
➢ The two political parties that is ZANU and ZAPU were to be under the name Zimbabwe
African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF)
➢ Comrade R. G. Mugabe was to be the First secretary and president of the ZANU PF
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➢ There shall be two vice Presidents who shall be appointed by the First president of the
party
THE CONSTITUTION OF ZIMBABWE
➢ There was development of a home grown constitution
➢ A Constitution is a set of rules/laws which direct how a country is governed.
➢ The constitution became the supreme law
➢ However the parliament has the right pass amendments to the constitution
➢ To date many changes and amendments had been made to the constitution of Zimbabwe
What are Human rights?
➢ Are universally agreed legal guarantees protecting individuals or any group against
actions which interfere with important freedom and dignity (1948)
➢ Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual in Zimbabwe
➢ Protection of right to life
➢ Right to personal liberty
➢ Right of security of the person.
➢ Right to be protected by the law.
➢ Freedom of conscience and expression
➢ Freedom of assembly and association.
➢ Right to personal privacy and protection of property from acquisition without
compensation.
➢ Right to be protected from slavery and forced labour.
➢ Freedom from inhuman treatment.
➢ Freedom of protection from deprivation of property.
➢ Freedom of protection from arbitrary search or entry by others on ones’ premises.
➢ Freedom of movement throughout Zimbabwe.
➢ Right to be protected from discrimination on the grounds of race, tribe, place of origin,
colour, political opinion etc
Rights of children in Zimbabwe
➢ Every child has an inherent right to life.
➢ A child has the right to rest and leisure, to engage in play, recreational and cultural
activities, arts appropriate to the age of the child.
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➢ Every child who is mentally or physically disabled shall have the right to special
measures of protection.
➢ Every child has the right to health.
➢ Every child has the right to be protected from all forms of economic exploitation like
child labour.
➢ Every child has the right to be protected from abuse and torture.
➢ Right to proper administration of Juvenile justice.
➢ Every child is entitled to parental care and protection particularly with regard to
nutrition, health, education, clothing, housing.
➢ A child has the right of protection against harmful social and cultural practices.
➢ Any child who is permanently or temporarily deprived of his family for any reasons
shall be entitled to special protection and assistance.
➢ Every child has the right to be protected against all forms of apartheid and
discrimination.
➢ Every child has the right to be protected from all forms of sexual exploitation and
sexual abuse.
➢ Children have the right to be protected from drugs i.e. narcotics and illicit use of
psychotropic substances.
➢ Children have the right to be free from all forms of trafficking, sale, abduction etc.
➢ A child has the right to live with his/her parents.
➢ The child has the right of a name at birth.
➢ A child has a right to freedom of expression, freedom of thought conscience and
religion.
➢ Children have a right to meet with others and to join or form associations.
What is democracy?
➢ A system or way of governing through elected representatives or the control of an
organisation, state, or group by the majority of its members.
Characteristics of Democracy
➢ Majority rule with proper regards to the interests of minorities.
➢ Separation of powers characterised by the judiciary, executive and legislative.
➢ The rule of law.
➢ Multi party state.
➢ Freedom of people to chose their leader.
➢ Free and fair elections.
➢ Freedom of assembly and association.
➢ Rights to form trade unions and to strike.
➢ Accountability and transparency among state officials.
➢ Independence of the judiciary and impartiality.
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➢ Freedom of the press.
➢ Parliamentary representation for the masses.
What are citizens?
➢ Are inhabitants of a country by birth or decent
CITIZENSHIP
➢ A person is a Zimbabwean citizen by Birth, descent or registration
(a) Either mother or father was a Zimbabwean citizen
(b)Any of their grant parents was a Zimbabwean citizen by birth or descent
(c)Ordinarily a resident in Zimbabwe or working outside Zimbabwe
Importance of Languages in Zimbabwe
➢ Medium of communication
➢ Means of expression
➢ Valuable collective human accomplishment
➢ Source of power
➢ Represents diverse culture and language
➢ Brings people together
SIXTEEN LOCAL LANGUAGES IN ZIMBABWE
➢ Chewa
➢ Chibarwe
➢ English
➢ Kalanga
➢ Khoisan
➢ Nambya
➢ Ndau
➢ Ndebele
➢ Shangani
➢ Shona
➢ Sign language
➢ Sotho
➢ Tonga
➢ Tswana
➢ Venda
➢ Xhosa
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NATIONAL SYMBOLS
National flag
➢ Represents a country’s national identity and pride.
➢ The Zimbabwean Flag – adopted in 1980, April 18
COLOURS ON THE FLAG AND THEIR MEANING
Green stripe – vegetation and land resources
Yellow stripe – mineral wealth.
Black stripe – black majority.
Red stripe – blood spilt during the liberation struggle.
White triangle - peace,
Black edge – mean new leaders
Bird – National emblem.
Star - nation’s aspirations, internationalism and socialism
COAT OF ARMS
➢ Two kudus on left and right.
➢ Stalks of wheat
➢ Pile of cotton
➢ A head of maize
➢ Banner with motto
➢ Unity, freedom and Work.
➢ Great Zimbabwe walls
➢ 14 waves of white and bluelines.
➢ Agricultural hoe (left) -AK -47 Assault Rifle (right)
➢ Wreath of Gold and Green crest on the Zimbabwean Bird
➢ Red Star Background
MEANING OF THE COAT OF ARMS
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❖ Kudus – unity of various ethnic groups.
❖ Earthly mount with plants – the need to always provide for Zimbabweans.
❖ Motto Banner – the need to maintain national unity and preservation of freedom.
❖ Green Shied – fertility of the country’s soil and water
❖ Great Zimbabwe – the historical heritage of the nation
❖ Hoe and Riffle – transition from war to peace, peace and democracy.
❖ Stripes of Silk, Gold and Green – the national financial enterprise and protection of the
economy.
❖ Red Star – hope for the future of Zimbabweans.
❖ Zimbabwe Bird – National Identity.
❖ Blue and white wavy lines – Victoria Falls – water which brings prosperity.
THE ZIMBABWE BIRD
➢ Is a stone carved National emblem of Zimbabwe.
➢ Is on the National flag and Coat of arms, Bank notes and coins.
➢ It represents the eagle or African fish eagle
➢ Is made from Soapstone
➢ Is used by various National sports teams
➢ Used also as badges and logos
➢ Is linked to ancestors
➢ Shiri yaMwari / Bird of God
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