### **Module 1: Understanding of Hardware and Its Components**
#### **Theory-Based Questions**
1. **What is an Input Device?**
An input device allows users to enter data into a computer system. Examples
include keyboard, mouse, scanner, and webcam.
2. **What are Output Devices?**
Output devices show results of processed data. Examples: monitor, printer,
speakers, projector.
3. **What is a CPU?**
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer that executes
instructions and processes data.
4. **What are the types of CPUs?**
* Single-Core
* Dual-Core
* Quad-Core
* Hexa-Core
* Octa-Core
* Deca-Core
* ARM and x86 CPUs
5. **What do we need to keep the CPU healthy?**
* Proper cooling (fans, thermal paste)
* Clean environment (dust-free)
* Stable power supply
* Regular monitoring of temperature
6. **What is Memory?**
Memory refers to components that store data temporarily or permanently. It is
essential for processing and storage.
7. **What are the types of memory?**
* RAM (Volatile)
* ROM (Non-volatile)
* Cache Memory
* Virtual Memory
* Flash Memory
8. **What is BIOS?**
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware during
boot and provides runtime services.
9. **Describe the working process of BIOS.**
* Performs POST (Power-On Self-Test)
* Initializes hardware
* Loads bootloader from storage
* Passes control to the OS
10. **What is CMOS?**
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) stores BIOS settings like system
time and hardware configuration.
11. **What is a Motherboard?**
The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all computer
components.
12. **Describe the types of Motherboards.**
* ATX
* Micro-ATX
* Mini-ITX
* Extended ATX (E-ATX)
13. **What is a System Bus?**
A system bus is a communication pathway connecting CPU, memory, and
peripherals.
14. **What is a Chipset and what are the types of Chipsets?**
A chipset controls communication between CPU and other components.
* Northbridge: connects CPU to RAM and GPU
* Southbridge: connects to I/O and storage
15. **Describe how the Northbridge Chipset works.**
The Northbridge connects the CPU directly to high-speed components like RAM and
graphics. It determines system performance.
16. **What is SMPS and its purpose?**
SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply) converts AC power into regulated DC power for
components.
17. **What is SATA?**
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is an interface for connecting
storage devices.
18. **Describe the working of SATA.**
It transfers data between the motherboard and storage devices using serial
communication.
19. **What is an I/O Port?**
Input/Output ports connect peripheral devices to the computer.
20. **List out various I/O ports available on a computer.**
* USB
* HDMI
* VGA
* Ethernet (RJ-45)
* Audio Jack
* DisplayPort
* PS/2
* Serial and Parallel ports
21. **What is the Boot Process?**
It's the sequence of events that occur when a computer is powered on until the
OS loads.
22. **Describe the Boot Process in Linux.**
* BIOS/UEFI initializes hardware
* Bootloader (GRUB) loads
* Kernel loads into memory
* init system (systemd) starts services
* User gets login prompt
23. **List out the types of display technologies.**
* CRT
* LCD
* LED
* OLED
* Plasma
* IPS
24. **What is a printer? List types of printers.**
A printer produces hard copies of digital documents.
* Inkjet
* Laser
* Dot Matrix
* Thermal
* 3D Printers
25. **What are the parts of a laptop?**
* Screen
* Keyboard
* Touchpad
* CPU
* RAM
* HDD/SSD
* Motherboard
* Battery
* Cooling system
* Ports
### **Module 2: Installation and Maintenance of Hardware and Its Components**
#### **Theory-Based Questions**
1. **What is User Management?**
User Management involves creating, modifying, and managing user accounts and
their permissions on a system.
2. **Where can we access User Management settings?**
* In **Windows**: Control Panel → User Accounts
* In **Linux**: via Terminal or GUI settings under “Users” or “Accounts”
3. **Why is User Management important?**
It controls access, maintains system security, enforces user roles, and protects
sensitive data.
4. **What are File and Folder Permissions (Sharing & NTFS)?**
These determine who can access or modify files/folders.
* **Sharing Permissions**: Control access over a network
* **NTFS Permissions**: Control access locally
5. **What is the use of File and Folder Permissions?**
* Prevent unauthorized access
* Allow or restrict file modification
* Manage collaboration and data security
6. **Write the steps to give a folder read-only permission (Windows):**
* Right-click the folder → Properties
* Go to **Security** tab
* Click **Edit**, select the user
* Check "Read" under "Allow", uncheck "Write"
* Click **Apply** and **OK**
7. **Write the steps to give a file "admin-only" access:**
* Right-click file → Properties → Security tab
* Click **Edit**
* Remove all users except Administrators
* Set “Full Control” for Admin group
* Click **Apply** and **OK**
8. **What is an Operating System (OS)?**
An OS is system software that manages hardware and provides services to
applications.
9. **What are the types of Operating Systems?**
* **Windows**
* **Linux**
* **macOS**
* **Unix**
* **Android/iOS** (for mobile)
10. **What is a Clean Install?**
Installing an OS from scratch by formatting the drive, removing previous OS and
data.
11. **What is an Upgrade Installation?**
Installing a new version of an OS without deleting the current data or
settings.
12. **What is Partitioning?**
Dividing a physical drive into multiple logical sections.
13. **What is a Partition?**
A section of a hard drive treated as a separate drive by the OS.
14. **What is Formatting?**
Prepares a partition for use by creating a file system (e.g., NTFS, FAT32).
15. **List Administrative Tools in Windows:**
* Disk Management
* Device Manager
* Event Viewer
* Task Scheduler
* System Configuration
* Services
* Local Security Policy
16. **What is Disk Management?**
A Windows utility to manage drives and partitions.
17. **What operations can we perform using Disk Management?**
* Create/Delete partitions
* Format partitions
* Change drive letters
* Shrink/Extend volumes
* Mark partitions active
18. **What is Device Management?**
Management of hardware devices and drivers using **Device Manager** in Windows.
19. **What are Windows Features?**
Optional components of Windows that can be enabled/disabled like .NET
Framework, IE, Hyper-V.
20. **What is Backup and Restore?**
Backup: Creating copies of data
Restore: Recovering data from a backup
21. **List tools used for system backup:**
* File History
* System Image Backup
* Windows Backup
* Third-party tools: Acronis, Macrium Reflect
22. **How can we protect a system from electrical fluctuation?**
* Use a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
* Use voltage stabilizers
* Surge protectors
23. **What is an OS-based Firewall?**
A software firewall built into the OS that monitors and controls network
traffic.
24. **How do we configure inbound and outbound firewall rules?**
* Open **Windows Defender Firewall**
* Click **Advanced Settings**
* Choose **Inbound** or **Outbound Rules**
* Click **New Rule**, define port/app, set permissions
### **Module 3: Understanding and Maintenance of Networks**
#### **Theory-Based Questions**
1. **How do you manually set a static IP address in Windows 10/11?**
* Open **Settings** → **Network & Internet**
* Click on the current connection (Wi-Fi/Ethernet)
* Click **Properties** → Scroll to **IP settings** → Click **Edit**
* Select **Manual**, turn on IPv4
* Enter IP address, Subnet mask, Gateway, DNS
* Click **Save**
2. **What is the difference between DHCP and Static IP addressing?**
* **DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):** Automatically assigns IP
addresses from a pool.
* **Static IP:** Manually set and remains fixed.
* **DHCP** is easier for large networks, **Static IP** is better for servers or
fixed devices.
3. **Describe the step-by-step process to share a folder over a local network in
Windows:**
* Right-click the folder → **Properties**
* Go to **Sharing** tab → Click **Share...**
* Choose a user or select "Everyone"
* Set permission level (Read or Read/Write)
* Click **Share** → **Done**
4. **How do you access a shared folder from another computer in the network?**
* Press **Windows + R**, type `\\ComputerName\SharedFolderName`
* Or open File Explorer and enter the same in the address bar
* Provide credentials if required
5. **What are the steps to enable and connect to a computer using Remote Desktop in
Windows?**
* On the host PC:
* **Settings** → **System** → **Remote Desktop** → Enable Remote Desktop
* Note down the PC name
* On the client PC:
* Open **Remote Desktop Connection** (`mstsc`)
* Enter the host PC name/IP → Click **Connect**
* Enter login credentials
6. **Use ipconfig, ping commands:**
* **ipconfig** – Displays network configuration
```bash
ipconfig /all
```
* **ping** – Tests connectivity with another device
```bash
ping [Link]
```
* **ping [[Link]]([Link] – Tests internet connectivity
7. **Setup a basic virtual machine and install an OS:**
* Install a virtualization tool like **VirtualBox** or **VMware**
* Create a new VM → Assign RAM, disk, CPU
* Mount ISO file (Windows, Linux, etc.)
* Boot VM and follow OS installation steps
* Install Guest Additions/VM Tools for better performance
---
### **Practical Assignments (Networking)**
* ✔️ **Set a static IP** and verify using `ipconfig`
* ✔️ **Share a folder** and access it from another device
* ✔️ **Enable and use Remote Desktop**
* ✔️ **Use `ping` and `ipconfig`** to test network status
* ✔️ **Set up a VM** using VirtualBox or VMware and install a Linux or Windows OS
### **Module 4: Troubleshooting and Helpdesk Support**
#### **Theory-Based Questions**
1. **What is Troubleshooting?**
Troubleshooting is the process of identifying, diagnosing, and resolving
problems or faults in hardware, software, or systems.
2. **How do you troubleshoot a computer with no display?**
* Check power cable and monitor connections
* Test with another monitor
* Reseat RAM and GPU
* Clear CMOS (BIOS reset)
* Listen for beep codes
* Check motherboard/CPU for damage
3. **What is the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD)?**
A BSOD is a critical system error in Windows caused by hardware issues, driver
problems, or OS corruption. It shows a blue screen with a stop code.
4. **What is basic troubleshooting for printers?**
* Check printer power and cable connections
* Ensure paper and ink/toner are loaded
* Clear print queue
* Update/reinstall drivers
* Check printer status (offline/paused)
5. **What is basic troubleshooting for laptops?**
* Check battery and charger
* Reseat RAM and storage
* Test external monitor for display issues
* Boot in Safe Mode
* Run hardware diagnostics
* Check for overheating
---
### **Practical Assignments**
1. **Change forgotten administrator password:**
* Use **password reset disk** or
* Boot from **Windows Recovery** and use Command Prompt:
```bash
net user Administrator newpassword
```
2. **Repair a corrupted OS using recovery options:**
* Boot into Windows Recovery
* Choose **Startup Repair**
* Or use Command Prompt for advanced tools (`sfc /scannow`, `chkdsk`)
3. **Repair corrupted boot files:**
* Boot from Windows installation media
* Use **Command Prompt**:
```bash
bootrec /fixmbr
bootrec /fixboot
bootrec /scanos
bootrec /rebuildbcd
```
4. **Recover deleted files using recovery tools:**
* Use tools like **Recuva**, **EaseUS Data Recovery**, or **PhotoRec**
* Scan the disk and restore files
5. **Recover files from a formatted disk:**
* Use professional recovery software like **R-Studio**, **MiniTool Power Data
Recovery**
* Avoid writing new data to the disk
6. **Recover data from an OS-corrupted drive:**
* Connect the drive to another working PC
* Use data recovery tools
* Or boot from **Live Linux USB** and copy data
7. **Disassemble a laptop and replace a faulty RAM module:**
* Power off, remove battery
* Open RAM compartment
* Remove old RAM carefully, insert new one
* Reassemble and test
8. **Replace the cartridge of a printer:**
* Open printer cartridge compartment
* Remove empty cartridge
* Insert new one as per alignment
* Run printer test
