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The Kimball Group Reader Relentlessly Practical Tools
for Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
Remastered Collection 2nd Edition Ralph Kimball Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Ralph Kimball, Margy Ross, Bob Becker, Joy Mundy, Warren
Thornthwaite
ISBN(s): 9781119216315, 1119216311
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 6.26 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
The
Kimball Group
Reader

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page i

The
Kimball Group
Reader

Relentlessly Practical Tools

for Data Warehousing
and Business Intelligence
Remastered Collection

Ralph Kimball and Margy Ross

with Bob Becker, Joy Mundy, and Warren Thornthwaite

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page iii

The Kimball Group Reader: Relentlessly Practical Tools for Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence, Second Edition
Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2016 by Ralph Kimball and Margy Ross
Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN: 978-1-119-21631-5
ISBN: 978-1-119-23879-9 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-119-21659-9 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
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ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page iv

About the Authors

Ralph Kimball founded the Kimball Group. Since the mid-1980s, he has been the DW/BI industry’s
thought leader on the dimensional approach and has trained more than 20,000 IT professionals.
Prior to working at Metaphor and founding Red Brick Systems, Ralph co-invented the Star worksta-
tion at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Ralph has a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from
Stanford University.

Margy Ross is President of the Kimball Group and Decision Works Consulting. She has focused
exclusively on data warehousing and business intelligence since 1982. Margy has consulted with
hundreds of clients and taught DW/BI best practices to tens of thousands. Prior to working at
Metaphor and co-founding DecisionWorks Consulting, she graduated with a B.S. in Industrial
Engineering from Northwestern University.

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page v

Credits
Project Editor Business Manager
Tom Dinse Amy Knies

Production Editor Associate Publisher

Christine O’Connor Jim Minatel

Copy Editor Project Coordinator, Cover

Kim Cofer Brent Savage

Manager of Content Development & Assembly Proofreader

Mary Beth Wakefield Nancy Carrasco

Marketing Director Indexer

David Mayhew Johnna VanHoose Dinse

Marketing Manager Cover Designer

Carrie Sherrill Wiley

Professional Technology & Strategy Director Cover Image

Barry Pruett The Kimball Group

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page vii

 Warren Thornthwaite (1957–2014)

The Kimball Group lost Warren to a brain tumor in 2014. He wrote many insightful articles that
appear in this Reader. All of us at the Kimball Group miss Warren dearly—his intellect, curiosity,
creativity, and most especially, his friendship and sense of humor. As any of you who met Warren will
attest, he was truly one of a kind!

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page ix

Acknowledgments
First, we want to thank the 33,000 subscribers to the Kimball Design Tips, and the uncounted
numbers who have visited the Kimball Group website to peruse our archive. This book brings the
remastered Design Tips and articles together in what we hope is a very usable form.
The Kimball Group Reader would not exist without the assistance of our business partners. Kimball
Group members Bob Becker, Joy Mundy, and Warren Thornthwaite wrote many of the valuable articles
and Design Tips included in the book. Thanks to Julie Kimball for her insightful comments. Thanks
also to former Kimball Group member Bill Schmarzo for his contributions on analytic applications.
Thanks to our clients and students who have embraced, practiced, and validated the Kimball
methods with us. We have learned as much from you as you have from us!
Jim Minatel, our executive editor at Wiley Publishing, project editor Tom Dinse, and the rest of
the Wiley team have supported this project with skill, encouragement, and enthusiasm. It has been
a pleasure to work with them.
To our families, thank you for your support over the twenty year span during which we wrote
these Design Tips and articles. Julie Kimball and Scott Ross: We couldn’t have done it without you!
And, of course, thanks to our children, Sara Kimball Smith, Brian Kimball, and Katie Ross, who have
grown into adults over the same time!

ffi rs.indd 12/01/15 Page xi

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

1 The Reader at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Setting Up for Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Resist the Urge to Start Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Set Your Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Tackling DW/BI Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Data Wrangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Myth Busters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Dividing the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Essential Steps for the Integrated Enterprise Data Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Drill Down to Ask Why . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.8 Slowly Changing Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.9 Judge Your BI Tool through Your Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.10 Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.11 Exploit Your Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2 Before You Dive In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Before Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 History Lesson on Ralph Kimball and Xerox PARC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 The Database Market Splits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Bringing Up Supermarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Dealing with Demanding Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 Brave New Requirements for Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 Coping with the Brave New Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6 Stirring Things Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.7 Design Constraints and Unavoidable Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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xiv Contents

2.8 Two Powerful Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

2.9 Data Warehouse Dining Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.10 Easier Approaches for Harder Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.11 Expanding Boundaries of the Data Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3 Project/Program Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Professional Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.1 Professional Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 An Engineer’s View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3 Beware the Objection Removers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 What Does the Central Team Do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.5 Avoid Isolating DW and BI Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.6 Better Business Skills for BI and Data Warehouse Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.7 Risky Project Resources Are Risky Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.8 Implementation Analysis Paralysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.9 Contain DW/BI Scope Creep and Avoid Scope Theft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.10 Are IT Procedures Beneficial to DW/BI Projects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Justification and Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.11 Habits of Effective Sponsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.12 TCO Starts with the End User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Kimball Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.13 Kimball Lifecycle in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.14 Off the Bench. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
3.15 The Anti-Architect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
3.16 Think Critically When Applying Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
3.17 Eight Guidelines for Low Risk Enterprise Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

4 Requirements Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Gathering Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.1 Alan Alda’s Interviewing Tips for Uncovering Business Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2 More Business Requirements Gathering Dos and Don’ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3 Balancing Requirements and Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.4 Overcoming Obstacles When Gathering Business Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.5 Surprising Value of Data Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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 Contents xv

Organizing around Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

4.6 Focus on Business Processes, Not Business Departments! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.7 Identifying Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.8 Business Process Decoder Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.9 Relationship between Strategic Business Initiatives and Business Processes . . . . . . . . 138
Wrapping Up the Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.10 The Bottom-Up Misnomer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.11 Think Dimensionally (Beyond Data Modeling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.12 Using the Dimensional Model to Validate Business Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5 Data Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Making the Case for Dimensional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.1 Is ER Modeling Hazardous to DSS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2 A Dimensional Modeling Manifesto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.3 There Are No Guarantees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Enterprise Data Warehouse Bus Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.4 Divide and Conquer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.5 The Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.6 The Matrix: Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.7 Drill Down into a Detailed Bus Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Agile Project Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
5.8 Relating to Agile Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
5.9 Is Agile Enterprise Data Warehousing an Oxymoron? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
5.10 Going Agile? Start with the Bus Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.11 Conformed Dimensions as the Foundation for Agile Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . 180
Integration Instead of Centralization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.12 Integration for Real People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.13 Build a Ready-to-Go Resource for Enterprise Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.14 Data Stewardship 101: The First Step to Quality and Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
5.15 To Be or Not To Be Centralized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Contrast with the Corporate Information Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.16 Differences of Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.17 Much Ado about Nothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

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5.18 Don’t Support Business Intelligence with a Normalized EDW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

5.19 Complementing 3NF EDWs with Dimensional Presentation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

6 Dimensional Modeling Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Basics of Dimensional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1 Fact Tables and Dimension Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.2 Drilling Down, Up, and Across . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3 The Soul of the Data Warehouse, Part One: Drilling Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.4 The Soul of the Data Warehouse, Part Two: Drilling Across . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.5 The Soul of the Data Warehouse, Part Three: Handling Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.6 Graceful Modifications to Existing Fact and Dimension Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Dos and Don’ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.7 Kimball’s Ten Essential Rules of Dimensional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.8 What Not to Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Myths about Dimensional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.9 Dangerous Preconceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
6.10 Fables and Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

7 Dimensional Modeling Tasks and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Design Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.1 Letting the Users Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.2 Practical Steps for Designing a Dimensional Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.3 Staffing the Dimensional Modeling Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
7.4 Involve Business Representatives in Dimensional Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.5 Managing Large Dimensional Design Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.6 Use a Design Charter to Keep Dimensional Modeling Activities on Track . . . . . . . . . 248
7.7 The Naming Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.8 What’s in a Name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.9 When Is the Dimensional Design Done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Design Review Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7.10 Design Review Dos and Don’ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.11 Fistful of Flaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.12 Rating Your Dimensional Data Warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

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 Contents xvii

8 Fact Table Core Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Granularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.1 Declaring the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.2 Keep to the Grain in Dimensional Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.3 Warning: Summary Data May Be Hazardous to Your Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
8.4 No Detail Too Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Types of Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
8.5 Fundamental Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.6 Modeling a Pipeline with an Accumulating Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.7 Combining Periodic and Accumulating Snapshots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.8 Complementary Fact Table Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.9 Modeling Time Spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.10 A Rolling Prediction of the Future, Now and in the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.11 Timespan Accumulating Snapshot Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.12 Is it a Dimension, a Fact, or Both? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.13 Factless Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.14 Factless Fact Tables? Sounds Like Jumbo Shrimp? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.15 What Didn’t Happen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
8.16 Factless Fact Tables for Simplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Parent-Child Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.17 Managing Your Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.18 Patterns to Avoid When Modeling Header/Line Item Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Fact Table Keys and Degenerate Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
8.19 Fact Table Surrogate Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
8.20 Reader Suggestions on Fact Table Surrogate Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
8.21 Another Look at Degenerate Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
8.22 Creating a Reference Dimension for Infrequently Accessed Degenerates . . . . . . . . 313
Miscellaneous Fact Table Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8.23 Put Your Fact Tables on a Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8.24 Keeping Text Out of the Fact Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.25 Dealing with Nulls in a Dimensional Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.26 Modeling Data as Both a Fact and Dimension Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

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8.27 When a Fact Table Can Be Used as a Dimension Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

8.28 Sparse Facts and Facts with Short Lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8.29 Pivoting the Fact Table with a Fact Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
8.30 Accumulating Snapshots for Complex Workflows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

9 Dimension Table Core Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Dimension Table Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9.1 Surrogate Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9.2 Keep Your Keys Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.3 Durable “Super-Natural” Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Date and Time Dimension Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.4 It’s Time for Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
9.5 Surrogate Keys for the Time Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.6 Latest Thinking on Time Dimension Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.7 Smart Date Keys to Partition Fact Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.8 Updating the Date Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
9.9 Handling All the Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Miscellaneous Dimension Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9.10 Selecting Default Values for Nulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
9.11 Data Warehouse Role Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.12 Mystery Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
9.13 De-Clutter with Junk Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
9.14 Showing the Correlation between Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
9.15 Causal (Not Casual) Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
9.16 Resist Abstract Generic Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
9.17 Hot-Swappable Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
9.18 Accurate Counting with a Dimensional Supplement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Slowly Changing Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
9.19 Perfectly Partitioning History with Type 2 SCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
9.20 Many Alternate Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
9.21 Monster Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
9.22 When a Slowly Changing Dimension Speeds Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
9.23 When Do Dimensions Become Dangerous? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
9.24 Slowly Changing Dimensions Are Not Always as Easy as 1, 2, and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

ftoc.indd 12/01/15 Page xviii

Other documents randomly have
different content
considerable distance north of the equator down to the Zambezi and across
Africa to Benguella and the mouth of the Congo, or Livingstone, they have
made their names familiar to tribes who, but for the Wangwana, would
have remained ignorant to this day of all things outside their own
settlements. They possess, with many weaknesses, many fine qualities.
While very superstitious, easily inclined to despair, and readily giving ear to
vague, unreasonable fears, they may also, by judicious management, be
induced to laugh at their own credulity and roused to a courageous
attitude, to endure like stoics, and fight like heroes. It will depend
altogether upon the leader of a body of such men whether their worst or
best qualities shall prevail.

NATIVE WATER-
CARRIER, ZANZIBAR.
"There is another class coming into notice from the interior of Africa, who,
though of a sterner nature, will, I am convinced, as they are better known,
become greater favorites than the Wangwana. I refer to the Wanyamwezi,
or the natives of Unyamwezi, and the Wasukuma, or the people of
Usukuma. Naturally, being a grade less advanced towards civilization than
the Wangwana, they are not so amenable to discipline as the latter. While
explorers would in the present state of acquaintance prefer the Wangwana
as escort, the Wanyamwezi are far superior as porters. Their greater
freedom from diseases, their greater strength and endurance, the pride
 they take in their profession of porters, prove them born travellers of
incalculable use and benefit to Africa. If kindly treated, I do not know more
docile and good-natured creatures. Their skill in war, tenacity of purpose,
and determination to defend the rights of their elected chief against
foreigners, have furnished themes for song to the bards of Central Africa.
The English discoverer of Lake Tanganika and, finally, I myself have been
equally indebted to them, both on my first and last expeditions.
"From their numbers, and their many excellent qualities, I am led to think
that the day will come when they will be regarded as something better than
the 'best of pagazis;' that they will be esteemed as the good subjects of
some enlightened power, who will train them up as the nucleus of a great
African nation, as powerful for the good of the Dark Continent, as they
threaten, under the present condition of things, to be for its evil."

Here Frank paused and announced an intermission of ten minutes, to enable the
reader to rest a little. During the intermission the youths discussed what they
had heard, and agreed unanimously that the description of Zanzibar and its
people and their ruler was very interesting.

HINDOO MERCHANT OF
ZANZIBAR.
 CHAPTER II.
TRANSPORTATION IN AFRICA.—MEN AS BEASTS OF BURDEN.—
PORTERS, AND THEIR PECULIARITIES.—ENGAGING MEN FOR THE
EXPEDITION.—A SHAURI.—TROUBLES WITH THE LADY ALICE.—
AGREEMENT BETWEEN STANLEY AND HIS MEN.—DEPARTURE FROM
ZANZIBAR.—BAGAMOYO.—THE UNIVERSITIES MISSION.—
DEPARTURE OF THE EXPEDITION.—DIFFICULTIES WITH THE
PORTERS.—SUFFERINGS ON THE MARCH.—NATIVE SUSPENSION-
BRIDGES.—SHOOTING A ZEBRA.—LOSSES BY DESERTION.

Before the reading was resumed, one of the youths asked if Zanzibar was the
usual starting-point for expeditions for the exploration of Africa. Mr. Stanley was
absent at the moment the question was asked, but the answer was readily given
by Doctor Bronson.
"Zanzibar is the usual starting-point," said the Doctor, "but it is by no means the
only one. Livingstone's expedition for exploring the Zambesi River set out from
Zanzibar, and so did other expeditions of the great missionary. Burton and Speke
started from there in 1856, when they discovered Lake Tanganika; and, four
years later, Speke and Grant set out from the same place. Lieutenant Cameron,
in his journey across Africa, made Zanzibar his starting point; and the expedition
of Mr. Johnson to the Kilimandjaro Mountain was chiefly outfitted there, though
it left the coast at Mombasa.
"Zanzibar," continued Doctor Bronson, "is the best point of departure for an
inland expedition anywhere along the east coast of Africa, for the reason that it
is the largest and most important place of trade. Its shops are well supplied with
the goods that an explorer needs for his journey, and its merchants have a
better reputation than those of other African ports. Everything in the interior of
Africa must be carried on the backs of men, there being, as yet, no other
system of transportation. Horses cannot live in certain parts of the interior of
Africa, owing to the tsetse-fly, which kills them with its bites; and even were it
not for this fly, it is likely that the heat of the climate would render them of little
use. Occasionally, a traveller endeavors to use donkeys as beasts of burden, but
these animals are scarce and dear, and of much less use than in other lands.
Until Africa is provided with railways—and that will not be for a long while yet—
the transportation must be done by men. Every caravan that leaves the coast for
the interior of the continent requires a large number of porters; and the
difficulty of obtaining them is one of the greatest annoyances to merchants and
travellers."
 NEGRO NURSE-MAID,
ZANZIBAR.
One of the youths said he supposed it was because the demand was so great
that there was not a sufficient number of men.
"Not at all," replied the Doctor. "There are plenty of men in Africa, but they are
not particularly anxious to work. Their wants are few, and they can live upon
very little; consequently they are not over-desirous to go on a journey of several
hundred miles and carry heavy burdens on their shoulders or heads. Added to
their laziness is a lack of a feeling of responsibility or of honor. After engaging to
go on a journey they fail to appear at the appointed time, and whenever they
are weary of their work they coolly drop their burdens at the side of the road
and make off into the bushes. In the first few days of a journey a traveller is
always deserted by many of his porters, and it is only when he gets far from the
coast and has possibly entered an enemy's country that he can keep his men
together. All travellers have the same story to tell, and they all agree that the
Zanzibari porters are the most faithful of all in keeping their engagements, or, to
say it better, the least unfaithful. For this reason, also, Zanzibar is a favorite
starting-point for explorers. Frank will now read to us about the difficulties which
Mr. Stanley encountered in outfitting his expedition."
 A ZANZIBAR BRIDE.
Acting upon this hint, Frank opened the book and read as follows:

"It is a most sobering employment, the organizing of an African expedition.

You are constantly engaged, mind and body; now in casting up accounts,
and now travelling to and fro hurriedly to receive messengers, inspecting
purchases, bargaining with keen-eyed, relentless Hindi merchants, writing
memoranda, haggling over extortionate prices, packing up a multitude of
small utilities, pondering upon your lists of articles, wanted, purchased, and
unpurchased, groping about in the recesses of a highly exercised
imagination for what you ought to purchase, and can not do without,
superintending, arranging, assorting, and packing. And this under a
temperature of 95° Fahr.
"In the midst of all this terrific, high-pressure exercise arrives the first batch
of applicants for employment. For it has long ago been bruited abroad that
I am ready to enlist all able-bodied human beings willing to carry a load.
Ever since I arrived at Zanzibar I have had a very good reputation among
Arabs and Wangwana. They have not forgotten that it was I who found the
'old white man'—Livingstone—in Ujiji, nor that liberality and kindness to my
men were my special characteristics. They have also, with the true Oriental
spirit of exaggeration, proclaimed that I was but a few months absent; and
that, after this brief excursion, they returned to their homes to enjoy the
liberal pay awarded them, feeling rather the better for the trip than
otherwise. This unsought-for reputation brought on me the laborious task of
selecting proper men out of an extraordinary number of applicants. Almost
all the cripples, the palsied, the consumptive, and the superannuated that
Zanzibar could furnish applied to be enrolled on the muster-list, but these,
subjected to a searching examination, were refused. Hard upon their heels
came all the roughs, rowdies, and ruffians of the island, and these,
schooled by their fellows, were not so easily detected. Slaves were also
refused, as being too much under the influence and instruction of their
masters, and yet many were engaged of whose character I had not the
least conception, until, months afterwards, I learned from their quarrels in
the camp how I had been misled by the clever rogues.

WINDOW OF AN ARAB HOUSE,

ZANZIBAR.
"All those who bore good characters on the Search Expedition, and had
been despatched to the assistance of Livingstone in 1872, were employed
without delay. Out of these the chiefs were selected: these were Manwa
Sera, Chowpereh, Wadi Rehani, Kachéché, Zaidi, Chakanja, Farjalla, Wadi
Safeni, Bukhet, Mabruki Manyapara, Mabruki Unyanyembé, Muini Pembé,
Ferahan, Bwana Muri, Khamseen, Mabruki Speke, Simba, Gardner,
Hamoidah, Zaidi Mganda, and Ulimengo.
"All great enterprises require a preliminary deliberative palaver, or, as the
Wangwana call it, 'Shauri.' In East Africa, particularly, shauris are much in
vogue. Precipitate, energetic action is dreaded. 'Poli, poli!' or 'Gently!' is the
warning word of caution given.
"The chiefs arranged themselves
in a semicircle on the day of the
shauri, and I sat à la Turque
fronting them. 'What is it, my
friends? Speak your minds.' They
hummed and hawed, looked at
one another, as if on their
neighbor's faces they might
discover the purport of their
coming, but, all hesitating to
begin, finally broke down in a
loud laugh.
"Manwa Sera, always grave,
unless hit dexterously with a joke,
hereupon affected anger, and
said, 'You speak, son of Safeni;
verily we act like children! Will the
master eat us?' COXSWAIN ULEDI, AND MANWA
"Wadi, son of Safeni, thus SERA, CHIEF CAPTAIN.
encouraged to perform the (From a Photograph.)
spokesman's duty, hesitates
exactly two seconds, and then ventures with diplomatic blandness and
graciosity. 'We have come, master, with words. Listen. It is well we should
know every step before we leap. A traveller journeys not without knowing
whither he wanders. We have come to ascertain what lands you are bound
for.'
"Imitating the son of Safeni's gracious blandness, and his low tone of voice,
as though the information about to be imparted to the intensely interested
and eagerly listening group were too important to speak it loud, I described
in brief outline the prospective journey, in broken Kiswahili. As country after
country was mentioned of which they had hitherto had but vague ideas,
and river after river, lake after lake named, all of which I hoped with their
trusty aid to explore carefully, various ejaculations expressive of wonder or
joy, mixed with a little alarm, broke from their lips, but when I concluded,
each of the group drew a long breath, and almost simultaneously they
uttered, admiringly, 'Ah, fellows, this is a journey worthy to be called a
journey!'
"'But, master,' said they, after recovering themselves, 'this long journey will
take years to travel—six, nine, or ten years.' 'Nonsense,' I replied. 'Six, nine,
or ten years! What can you be thinking of? It takes the Arabs nearly three
 years to reach Ujiji, it is true, but, if
you remember, I was but sixteen
months from Zanzibar to Ujiji and back.
Is it not so?' 'Ay, true,' they answered.
'Very well, and I assure you I have not
come to live in Africa. I have come
simply to see those rivers and lakes,
and after I have seen them to return
home. You remember while going to
Ujiji I permitted the guide to show the
way, but when we were returning who
was it that led the way? Was it not I,
by means of that little compass which
could not lie like the guide?' 'Ay, true,
master, true every word!' 'Very well,
then, let us finish the shauri, and go.
To-morrow we will make a proper
agreement before the consul;' and, in
A MERCHANT OF ZANZIBAR. Scriptural phrase, 'they forthwith arose
and did as they were commanded.'
"Upon receiving information from the coast that there was a very large
number of men waiting for me, I became still more fastidious in my choice.
But with all my care and gift of selection, I was mortified to discover that
many faces and characters had baffled the rigorous scrutiny to which I had
subjected them, and that some scores of the most abandoned and
depraved characters on the island had been enlisted by me on the
expedition. One man, named Msenna, imposed upon me by assuming such
a contrite, penitent look, and weeping such copious tears, when I informed
him that he had too bad a character to be employed, that my good-nature
was prevailed upon to accept his services, upon the understanding that, if
he indulged his murderous propensities in Africa, I should return him
chained the entire distance to Zanzibar, to be dealt with by his prince. He
delivered his appeal with impassioned accents and lively gestures, which
produced a great effect upon the mixed audience who listened to him, and,
gathering from their faces more than from my own convictions that he had
been much abused and very much misunderstood, his services were
accepted, and as he appeared to be an influential man, he was appointed a
junior captain with prospects of promotion and higher pay.
"Subsequently, however, on the shores of Lake Victoria it was discovered—
for in Africa people are uncommonly communicative—that Msenna had
murdered eight people, that he was a ruffian of the worst sort, and that the
merchants of Zanzibar had experienced great relief when they heard that
the notorious Msenna was about to bid farewell for a season to the scene of
so many of his wild exploits. Msenna was only one of many of his kind, but
I have given in detail the manner of his enlistment that my position may be
better understood.
"The weight of a porter's load should not exceed sixty pounds. On the
arrival of the sectional exploring boat Lady Alice, great were my vexation
and astonishment when I discovered that four of the sections weighed two
hundred and eighty pounds each, and that one weighed three hundred and
ten pounds! She was, it is true, a marvel of workmanship, and an exquisite
model of a boat, such, indeed, as few builders in England or America could
rival, but in her present condition her carriage through the jungles would
necessitate a pioneer force a hundred strong to clear the impediments and
obstacles on the road.
"I found an English carpenter named
Ferris, to whom I showed the boat and
explained that the narrowness of the path
would make her portage absolutely
impossible, for since the path was often
only eighteen inches wide in Africa, and
hemmed in on each side with dense
jungle, any package six feet broad could
by no means be conveyed along it. It was
therefore necessary that each of the four
sections should be subdivided, by which
means I should obtain eight portable
sections, each three feet wide. Mr. Ferris,
perfectly comprehending his instructions,
and with the aid given by the young
Pococks, furnished me within two weeks
TARYA TOPAN.
with the newly modelled Lady Alice.
Meantime I was busy purchasing cloth,
beads, wire, and other African goods, the most of them coming from the
establishment of Tarya Topan, one of the millionaire merchants of Zanzibar.
I made Tarya's acquaintance in 1871, and the righteous manner in which he
then dealt by me caused me now to proceed to him again for the same
purpose as formerly.
"The total weight of goods, cloth, beads, wire, stores, medicine, bedding,
clothes, tents, ammunition, boat, oars, rudders and thwarts, instruments
and stationery, photographic apparatus, dry plates, and miscellaneous
articles too numerous to mention, weighed a little over eighteen thousand
pounds, or rather more than eight tons, divided as nearly as possible into
loads weighing sixty pounds each, and requiring therefore the carrying
capacity of three hundred men. The loads were made more than usually
light, in order that we might travel with celerity, and not fatigue the people.
"But still further to provide against sickness and weakness, a
supernumerary force of forty men were recruited at Bagamoyo, Konduchi,
and the Rufiji delta, who were required to assemble in the neighborhood of
the first-mentioned place. Two hundred and thirty men, consisting of
Wangwana, Wanyamwezi, and coast people from Mombasa, Tanga, and
Saadani, affixed their marks opposite their names before the American
consul, for wages varying from two to ten dollars per month and rations,
according to their capacity, strength, and intelligence, with the
understanding that they were to serve for two years, or until such time as
their services should be no longer required in Africa, and were to perform
their duties cheerfully and promptly.
"On the day of 'signing' the contract each adult received an advance of
twenty dollars, or four months' pay, and each youth ten dollars, or four
months' pay. Ration money was also paid them from the time of first
enlistment, at the rate of one dollar per week, up to the day we left the
coast. The entire amount disbursed in cash for advances of pay and rations
at Zanzibar and Bagamoyo was $6260, or nearly thirteen hundred pounds.
"The obligations, however, were not all on one side. Besides the due
payment to them of their wages, I was compelled to bind myself to them,
on the word of an 'honorable white man,' to observe the following
conditions as to conduct towards them:
"1st. That I should treat them kindly, and be patient with them.
"2d. That in cases of sickness, I should dose them with proper medicine,
and see them nourished with the best the country afforded. That if patients
were unable to proceed, they should be conveyed to such places as should
be considered safe for their persons and their freedom, and convenient for
their return, on convalescence, to their friends. That, with all patients thus
left behind, I should leave sufficient cloth or beads to pay the native
practitioner for his professional attendance, and for the support of the
patient.
"3d. That in cases of disagreement between man and man, I should judge
justly, honestly, and impartially. That I should do my utmost to prevent the
ill-treatment of the weak by the strong, and never permit the oppression of
those unable to resist.
 UNIVERSITIES MISSION AT MBWENNI,
ZANZIBAR.
"That I should act like a 'father and mother' to them, and to the best of my
ability resist all violence offered to them by 'savage natives, and roving and
lawless banditti.'
"They also promised, upon the above conditions being fulfilled, that they
would do their duty like men, would honor and respect my instructions,
giving me their united support, and endeavoring to the best of their ability
to be faithful servants, and would never desert me in the hour of need. In
short, that they would behave like good and loyal children, and 'may the
blessing of God,' said they 'be upon us.'
"How we kept this bond of mutual trust and forbearance will be best seen
in the following chapters, which record the strange and eventful story of our
journeys.
"The fleet of six Arab vessels which were to bear us away to the west
across the Zanzibar Sea were at last brought to anchor a few yards from
the wharf of the American Consulate. The Wangwana, true to their promise
that they would be ready, appeared with their bundles and mats, and
proceeded to take their places in the vessels waiting for them. As fast as
each dhow was reported to be filled, the nakhuda, or captain, was directed
to anchor farther off shore to await the signal to sail. By 5 p.m., of the 12th
of November, 224 men had responded to their names, and five of the Arab
vessels, laden with the personnel, cattle, and matériel of the expedition,
were impatiently waiting, with anchor heaved short, the word of command.
One vessel still lay close ashore, to convey myself, and Frederick Barker—in
charge of the personal servants—our baggage, and dogs. Turning round to
my constant and well-tried friend, Mr. Augustus Sparhawk, I fervently
clasped his hand, and with a full heart, though halting tongue, attempted to
pour out my feelings of gratitude for his kindness and long-sustained
hospitality, my keen regret at parting, and hopes of meeting again. But I
was too agitated to be eloquent, and all my forced gayety could not carry
me through the ordeal. So we parted in almost total silence, but I felt
assured that he would judge my emotions by his own feelings.

HAREM IN THE HOUSE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE SULTAN OF

ZANZIBAR.
"A wave of my hand, and the anchors were hove up and laid within ship,
and then, hoisting our lateen sails, we bore away westward to launch
ourselves into the arms of Fortune. Many wavings of kerchiefs and hats,
parting signals from white hands, and last long looks at friendly white faces,
final confused impressions of the grouped figures of our well-wishers, and
then the evening breeze had swept us away into mid-sea, beyond reach of
recognition.
"The parting is over! We have said our last words for years, perhaps
forever, to kindly men! The sun sinks fast to the western horizon, and
gloomy is the twilight that now deepens and darkens. Thick shadows fall
upon the distant land and over the silent sea, and oppress our throbbing,
regretful hearts, as we glide away through the dying light towards the Dark
Continent.
"Upon landing at Bagamoyo,
on the morning of the 13th
of November, we marched
to occupy the old house
where we had stayed so
long to prepare the first
expedition. The goods were
stored, the dogs chained up,
the riding asses tethered,
the rifles arrayed in the
store-room, and the
sectional boat laid under a
roof close by, on rollers, to "TOWARDS THE DARK CONTINENT."
prevent injury from the
white ants—a precaution which, I need hardly say, we had to observe
throughout our journey. Then some more ration money, sufficient for ten
days, had to be distributed among the men, the young Pococks were told
off to various camp duties, to initiate them to exploring life in Africa, and
then, after the first confusion of arrival had subsided, I began to muster the
new engagés.
"There is an institution at Bagamoyo which ought not to be passed over
without remark, but the subject cannot be properly dealt with until I have
described the similar institution, of equal importance, at Zanzibar: viz., the
Universities Mission. Besides, I have three pupils of the Universities Mission
who are about to accompany me into Africa—Robert Feruzi, Andrew, and
Dallington. Robert is a stout lad of eighteen years old, formerly a servant to
one of the members of Lieutenant Cameron's expedition. Andrew is a
strong youth of nineteen years, rather reserved, and, I should say, not of a
very bright disposition. Dallington is much younger, probably only fifteen,
with a face strongly pitted with traces of a violent attack of small-pox, but
as bright and intelligent as any boy of his age, white or black.
"The Universities Mission is the result of the sensation caused in England by
Livingstone's discoveries on the Zambezi and of Lakes Nyassa and Shirwa.
It was despatched by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the year
1860, and consisted of Bishop Mackenzie, formerly Archdeacon of Natal,
and the Rev. Messrs. Proctor, Scudamore, Burrup, and Rowley. It was
established at first in the Zambesi country, but was moved, a few years
later, to Zanzibar. Several of the reverend gentlemen connected with it have
died at their post of duty, Bishop Mackenzie being the first to fall, but the
work goes on. The mission at Bagamoyo is in charge of four French priests,
eight brothers, and twelve sisters, with ten lay brothers employed in
teaching agriculture. The French fathers superintend the tuition of two
hundred and fifty children, and give employment to about eighty adults.
One hundred and seventy freed slaves were furnished from the slave
captures made by British cruisers. They are taught to earn their own living
as soon as they arrive of age, and are furnished with comfortable lodgings,
clothing, and household utensils.
"'Notre Dame de Bagamoyo'
is situated about a mile and
a half north of Bagamoyo,
overlooking the sea, which
washes the shores just at
the base of the tolerably
high ground on which the
mission buildings stand.
Thrift, order, and that
peculiar style of neatness
common to the French are
its characteristics. The
SCENE IN BAGAMOYO. cocoa-nut palm, orange,
and mango flourish in this
pious settlement, while a variety of garden vegetables and grain are
cultivated in the fields; and broad roads, cleanly kept, traverse the estate.
During the superior's late visit to France he obtained a considerable sum for
the support of the mission, and he has lately established a branch mission
at Kidudwe. It is evident that, if supported constantly by his friends in
France, the superior will extend his work still farther into the interior, and it
is therefore safe to predict that the road to Ujiji will in time possess a chain
of mission stations affording the future European trader and traveller safe
retreats with the conveniences of civilized life.[2]
"There are two other missions on the east coast of Africa: that of the
Church Missionary Society, and the Methodist Free Church at Mombasa. The
former has occupied this station for over thirty years, and has a branch
establishment at Rabbai Mpia, the home of the Dutch missionaries, Krapf,
Rebmann, and Erhardt. But these missions have not obtained the success
which such long self-abnegation and devotion to the pious service
deserved.
"On the morning of the 17th of November, 1874, the first bold step for the
interior was taken. The bugle mustered the people to rank themselves
before our quarters, and each man's load was given to him according as we
judged his power of bearing burden. To the man of strong, sturdy make,
with a large development of muscle, the cloth bale of sixty pounds was
given, which would in a couple of months, by constant expenditure, be
reduced to fifty pounds, in six months perhaps to forty pounds, and in a
year to about thirty pounds, provided that all his comrades were faithful to
their duties; to the short, compactly-formed man, the bead-sack, of fifty
pounds' weight; to the light youth of eighteen or twenty years old, the box
of forty pounds, containing stores, ammunition, and sundries. To the
steady, respectable, grave-looking men of advanced years, the scientific
instruments, thermometers, barometers, watches, sextant, mercury-bottles,
compasses, pedometers, photographic apparatus, dry plates, stationery,
and scientific books, all packed in forty-pound cases, were distributed; while
the man most highly recommended for steadiness and cautious tread was
intrusted with the carriage of the three chronometers, which were stowed
in balls of cotton, in a light case weighing not more than twenty-five
pounds. The twelve Kirangozis, or guides, tricked out this day in flowing
robes of crimson blanket-cloth, demanded the privilege of conveying the
several loads of brass-wire coils; and as they form the second advanced
guard, and are active, bold youths—some of whom are to be hereafter
known as the boat's crew, and to be distinguished by me above all others
except the chiefs—they are armed with Snider rifles, with their respective
accoutrements. The boat-carriers are herculean in figure and strength, for
they are practised bearers of loads, having resigned their ignoble profession
of hamal in Zanzibar to carry sections of the first Europe-made boat that
ever floated on Lakes Victoria and Tanganika and the extreme sources of
the Nile and the Livingstone. To each section of the boat there are four
men, to relieve one another in couples. They get higher pay than even the
chiefs, except the chief captain, Manwa Sera, and, besides receiving double
rations, have the privilege of taking their wives along with them. There are
six riding asses also in the expedition, all saddled, one for each of the
Europeans—the two Pococks, Barker, and myself—and two for the sick; for
the latter there are also three of Seydel's net hammocks, with six men to
act as a kind of ambulance party.
"At nine a.m. we file out of Bagamoyo in the following order: Four chiefs a
few hundred yards in front; next the twelve guides, clad in red robes of
Jobo, bearing the wire coils; then a long file of two hundred and seventy
strong, bearing cloth, wire, beads, and sections of the Lady Alice; after
them thirty-six women and ten boys, children of some of the chiefs and
boat-bearers, following their mothers and assisting them with trifling loads
of utensils, followed by the riding asses, Europeans, and gun-bearers; the
long line closed by sixteen chiefs who act as rear-guard, and whose duties
are to pick up stragglers, and act as supernumeraries until other men can
be procured; in all, three hundred and fifty-six
souls connected with the Anglo-American
expedition. The lengthy line occupies nearly half a
mile of the path which, at the present day, is the
commercial and exploring highway into the lake
regions.
"Edward Pocock acts as bugler, and he has
familiarized Hamadi, the chief guide, with its
notes, so that, in case of a halt being required,
Hamadi may be informed immediately. The chief
guide is also armed with a prodigiously long horn
of ivory, his favorite instrument, and one that
belongs to his profession, which he has
permission to use only when approaching a
suitable camping-place, or to notify to us danger
in the front. Before Hamadi strides a chubby little
boy with a native drum, which he is to beat only
when in the neighborhood of villages, to warn WIFE OF MANWA
them of the advance of a caravan, a caution most SERA.
requisite, for many villages are situated in the (From a
midst of a dense jungle, and the sudden arrival of Photograph.)
a large force of strangers before they had time to
hide their little belongings might awaken jealousy
and distrust.
"In this manner we begin our long journey, full of hopes. There is noise and
laughter along the ranks, and a hum of gay voices murmuring through the
fields, as we rise and descend with the waves of the land and wind with the
sinuosities of the path. Motion had restored us all to a sense of satisfaction.
We had an intensely bright and fervid sun shining above us, the path was
dry, hard, and admirably fit for travel, and during the commencement of our
first march nothing could be conceived in better order than the lengthy, thin
column about to confront the wilderness.
"Presently, however, the fervor of the dazzling sun grows overpowering as
we descend into the valley of the Kingani River. The ranks become broken
and disordered; stragglers are many; the men complain of the terrible heat;
the dogs pant in agony. Even we ourselves, under our solah topees, with
flushed faces and perspiring brows, with handkerchiefs ever in use to wipe
away the drops which almost blind us, and our heavy woollens giving us a
feeling of semi-asphyxiation, would fain rest, were it not that the sun-
bleached levels of the tawny, thirsty valley offer no inducements. The
 veterans of travel push on towards the
river, three miles distant, where they
may obtain rest and shelter, but the
inexperienced are lying prostrate on
the ground, exclaiming against the
heat, and crying for water, bewailing
their folly in leaving Zanzibar. We stop
to tell them to rest awhile, and then to
come on to the river, where they will
find us; we advise, encourage, and
console the irritated people as best we
can, and tell them that it is only the
commencement of a journey that is so
hard; that all this pain and weariness
are always felt by beginners, but that
by and by it is shaken off, and that
those who are steadfast emerge out of
the struggle heroes.
A LEADING CITIZEN OF
BAGAMOYO. "Frank and his brother Edward,
despatched to the ferry at the
beginning of these delays, have now
got the sectional boat Lady Alice all ready, and the ferrying of men, goods,
asses, and dogs across the Kingani is prosecuted with vigor, and at 3.30 p.m.
the boat is again in pieces, slung on the bearing-poles, and the expedition
has resumed its journey to Kikoka, the first halting-place.
"But before we reach camp we have acquired a fair idea as to how many of
our people are stanch and capable, and how many are too feeble to endure
the fatigues of bearing loads. The magnificent prize mastiff dog Castor died
of heat apoplexy within two miles of Kikoka, and the other mastiff, Captain,
seems likely to follow soon, and only Nero, Bull, and Jack, though prostrate
and breathing hard, show any signs of life.
"At Kikoka, then, we rest the next day. We discharge two men, who have
been taken seriously ill, and several new recruits, who arrive at camp during
the night preceding and this day, are engaged.
"As there are so many subjects to be touched upon along the seven
thousand miles of explored lines, I propose to be brief with the incidents
and descriptive sketches of our route to Ituru, because the country for two
thirds of the way has been sufficiently described in 'How I Found
Livingstone' and elsewhere.
 THE EXPEDITION AT ROSAKO.
"At Rosako the route began to diverge from that which led to Msuwa and
Simba-Mwenni, and opened out on a stretch of beautiful park land, green
as an English lawn, dipping into lovely vales, and rising into gentle ridges.
Thin, shallow threads of water, in furrow-like beds or in deep, narrow
ditches, which expose the sandstone strata on which the fat, ochreous soil
rests, run in mazy curves round forest clumps or through jungle tangles,
and wind about among the higher elevations, on their way towards the
Wami River. We followed this river for some distance, crossing it several
times at fords where the water was about two and a half feet deep. At one
of the fords there was a curious suspension-bridge over the river,
constructed of llianes, with great ingenuity, by the natives. The banks were
at this point sixteen feet high above the river, and from bank to bank the
distance was only thirty yards; it was evident, therefore, that the river must
be a dangerous torrent during the rainy season.
"On the 3d of December we came to the Mkundi River, a tributary of the
Wami, which divides Nguru country from Usagara. Simba-Mwenni—the Lion
Lord—owns five villages in this neighborhood. He was generous, and
gratified us with a gift of a sheep, some flour, and plantains, accepting with
pleasure some cloth in return.
"The Wa-Nguru are fond of black and white beads and brass wire. They
split the lobes of their ears, and introduce such curious things as the necks
of gourds or round disks of wood to extend the gash. A medley of strange
things are worn round the neck, such as tiny goats' horns, small brass
chains, and large, egglike beads. Blue Kaniki and the red-barred Barsati are
the favorite cloths in this region. The natives dye their faces with ochre,
and, probably influenced by the example of the Wanyamwezi, dress their
hair in long ringlets, which are adorned with pendicles of copper, or white or
red beads of the large Sam-sam pattern.
"Grand and impressive scenery meets the eye as we march to Makubika,
where we attain an altitude of two thousand six hundred and seventy-five
feet above the ocean. Peaks and knolls rise in all directions, for we are now
ascending to the eastern front of the Kaguru Mountains. The summits of
Ukamba are seen to the north, its slopes famous for the multitude of
elephants. Farther inland we reached the spine of a hill at four thousand
four hundred and ninety feet, and beheld an extensive plain, stretching
northwest and west, with browsing herds of noble game. Camping on its
verge, between a humpy hill and some rocky knolls, near a beautiful pond
of crystal-clear water, I proceeded with my gun-bearer, Billali, and the
notorious Msenna, in the hope of bringing down something for the
Wangwana.
"The plain was broader than I had judged it by the eye from the crest of
the hill whence we had first sighted it. It was not until we had walked
briskly over a long stretch of tawny grass, crushed by sheer force through a
brambly jungle, and trampled down a path through clumps of slender cane-
stalks, that we came at last in view of a small herd of zebras. These animals
are so quick of scent and ear, and so vigilant with their eyes, that, across an
open space, it is most difficult to stalk them. But, by dint of tremendous
exertion, I contrived to approach within two hundred and fifty yards, taking
advantage of every thin tussock of grass, and, almost at random, fired. One
of the herd leaped from the ground, galloped a few short, maddened
strides, and then, on a sudden, staggered, kneeled, trembled, and fell over,
its legs kicking the air. Its companions whinnied shrilly for their mate, and
presently, wheeling in circles with graceful motion, advanced nearer, still
whinnying, until I dropped another, with a crushing ball through the head—
much against my wish, for I think zebras were created for better purpose
than to be eaten. The remnant of the herd vanished.
"Billali, requested to run to camp to procure Wangwana to carry the meat,
was only too happy, knowing what brave cheers and hearty congratulations
would greet him. Msenna was already busy skinning one of the animals,
some three hundred yards from me, when, turning my head, I made out
the form of some tawny animal, that was advancing with a curious long
step, and I recognized it to be a lion. I motioned to Msenna, who happened
 to be looking up, and
beckoned him. 'What do you
think it is, Msenna?' I asked.
'Simba [a lion], master,' he
answered.
"The animal approached
slowly, while I made ready
to receive him with an
explosive bullet from the
elephant rifle. When within
three hundred yards he
paused, and then turned
and trotted off into a bit of
VIEW FROM THE VILLAGE OF scrubby jungle, about eight
MAMBOYA. hundred yards away. Ten
minutes elapsed, and then
as many animals emerged from the same spot into which the other had
disappeared, and approached us in stately column. But it being now dusk I
could not discern them very clearly. We both were, however, quite sure in
our own minds that they were lions, or at any rate some animals so like
them in the twilight that we could not imagine them to be anything else.
When the foremost had come within one hundred yards I fired. It sprang up
and fell, and the others disappeared with a dreadful rush. We now heard
shouts behind us, for the Wangwana had come; so, taking one or two with
me, I endeavored to discover what I felt sure to be a prostrate lion, but it
could not be found.
"The next day Manwa Sera went out to hunt for the lion-skin, but returned
after a long search with only a strong doubt in his mind as to its having
been a lion, and a few reddish hairs to prove that it was something which
had been eaten by hyenas. This day I succeeded in shooting a small
antelope of the springbok kind.
"On the 12th of December, twenty-five days' march from Bagamoyo, we
arrived at Mpwapwa.
"Mpwapwa has also some fine trees, but no forest; the largest being the
tamarind, sycamore, cottonwood, and baobab. The collection of villages
denominated by this title lies widely scattered on either side of the
Mpwapwa stream, at the base of the southern slope of a range of
mountains that extends in a sinuous line from Chunyu to Ugombo. I call it a
range, because it appeared to be one from Mpwapwa; but in reality it is
simply the northern flank of a deep indentation in the great mountain chain
that extends from
Abyssinia, or even
Suez, down to the
Cape of Good Hope. At
the extreme eastern
point of this
indentation from the
western side lies Lake
Ugombo, just twenty-
four miles from
Mpwapwa.
"Desertions from the
expedition had been
frequent. At first,
Kachéché, the chief OUR CAMP AT MPWAPWA.
detective, and his (From a Photograph.)
gang of four men, who
had received their instructions to follow us a day's journey behind, enabled
me to recapture sixteen of the deserters; but the cunning Wangwana and
Wanyamwezi soon discovered this resource of mine against their well-
known freaks, and, instead of striking east in their departure, absconded
either south or north of the track. We then had detectives posted long
before dawn, several hundred yards away from the camp, who were bidden
to lie in wait in the bush until the expedition had started, and in this
manner we succeeded in repressing to some extent the disposition to
desert, and arrested very many men on the point of escaping; but even this
was not adequate. Fifty had abandoned us before reaching Mpwapwa,
taking with them the advances they had received, and often their guns, on
which our safety might depend.
"Several feeble men and women also had to be left behind, and it was
evident that the very wariest methods failed to bind the people to their
duties. The best of treatment and abundance of provisions daily distributed
were alike insufficient to induce such faithless natures to be loyal. However,
we persisted, and as often as we failed in one way we tried another. Had all
these men remained loyal to their contract and promises, we should have
been too strong for any force to attack us, as our numbers must necessarily
have commanded respect in lands and among tribes where only power is
respected.
"One day's march from Mpwapwa brought us to Chunyu—an exposed and
weak settlement, overlooking the desert or wilderness separating Usagara
 from Ugogo. Close to our
right towered the Usagara
Mountains, and on our left
stretched the inhospitable
arm of the wilderness.
Fifteen or twenty miles
distant to the south rose the
vast cluster of Rubeho's
cones and peaks.
"The water at Chunyu is
nitrous and bitter to the
taste. The natives were
once prosperous, but
repeated attacks from the
Wahehé to the south and
the Wahumba to the north
have reduced them in
DETECTIVE AND ASSISTANTS. numbers, and compelled
them to seek refuge on the
hill-summits.
"On the 16th of December, at early dawn, we struck camp, and at an
energetic pace descended into the wilderness, and at 7 p.m. the vanguard of
the expedition entered Ugogo, camping two or three miles from the frontier
village of Kikombo. The next day, at a more moderate pace, we entered the
populated district, and took shelter under a mighty baobab a few hundred
yards distant from the chief's village."

Here Frank announced that it was late in the afternoon, and he wished to take a
promenade on deck. With the permission of his auditors he would postpone the
narrative until evening. The proposal was accepted, but before the youth could
retire he was warmly thanked by those whom he had so agreeably entertained.
AN AFRICAN BELLE.
 CHAPTER III.
RETARDED BY RAINS AND OTHER MISHAPS.—GENERAL
DESPONDENCY.—DEATH OF EDWARD POCOCK.—A CHANGE FOR THE
BETTER.—A LAND OF PLENTY.—ARRIVAL AT VICTORIA LAKE.—NATIVE
SONG.—AFLOAT ON THE GREAT LAKE.—TERRIBLE TALES OF THE
INHABITANTS.—ENCOUNTERS WITH THE NATIVES.—THE VICTORIA
NILE.—RIPON FALLS.—SPEKE'S EXPLORATIONS.—THE ALEXANDRA
NILE.—ARRIVAL AT KING MTESA'S COURT.—A MAGNIFICENT
RECEPTION.—IN THE MONARCH'S PRESENCE.—STANLEY'S FIRST
OPINIONS OF MTESA.

When the audience assembled in the evening Frank turned rapidly several pages
of the book and said that Mr. Stanley's expedition was greatly retarded by the
heavy rains which fell frequently and converted the ground into a water-soaked
marsh, through which it was very difficult to proceed. Christmas day was a day
of gloom, as everybody was wet and cold and hungry; the natives had little
grain to sell, and the expedition was reduced to half-rations of food.

AN AFRICAN BLACKSMITH'S-SHOP.
Mr. Stanley wrote in his diary that he weighed one hundred and eighty pounds
when he left Zanzibar, but his sufferings and lack of nourishing food had brought
him down to one hundred and thirty-four pounds in thirty-eight days; and the
young Englishmen that accompanied him were similarly reduced. In every new
territory they entered they were obliged to pay tribute to the ruler, according to
the custom of Africa, and the settlement of the question of tribute required a
great deal of bargaining. There were frequent desertions of men, and in many
instances they had not the honesty to leave behind them their loads and guns.
At one place it was discovered that fifty men had formed a conspiracy to desert
in a body, but the scheme was stopped by arresting the ringleaders and
disarming their followers.
"Some twenty or more men were on the sick-list and too ill to walk," said Frank,
"several were carried in hammocks, and others were left at the native villages,
in accordance with the arrangements made at Zanzibar. The expedition halted
four days at Suna, in the Warimi country, where grain was purchased at a high
price, and the people seemed inclined to make trouble. The leader of the
expedition was obliged to use a great deal of tact to conciliate the chiefs of this
people, who are numerous and well-armed, so that an attack would have been
no easy matter to resist. Edward Pocock was taken seriously ill at Suna, and
carried in a hammock to Chiwyu—four hundred miles from the coast, and at an
elevation of five thousand four hundred feet above the sea. In spite of all the
attentions he received, he died soon after their arrival at the latter place. I will
read Stanley's account of the burial of his faithful companion and friend:

FUNERAL OF EDWARD POCOCK: VIEW OF OUR CAMP.

"We excavated a grave, four feet deep, at the foot of a hoary acacia with
wide-spreading branches; and on its ancient trunk Frank engraved a deep
 cross, the emblem of the faith we all believe in; and, when folded in its
shroud, we laid the body in its final resting-place, during the last gleams of
sunset. We read the beautiful prayers of the church-service for the dead,
and, out of respect for the departed—whose frank, sociable, and winning
manners had won their friendship and regard—nearly all the Wangwana
were present, to pay a last tribute of sighs to poor Edward Pocock.
"When the last solemn prayer had been read, we retired to our tents, to
brood, in sorrow and silence, over our irreparable loss."

"By the 21st of January," said Frank, "eighty-nine men had deserted, twenty had
died, and there were many sick or disabled. Mr. Stanley would have been
justified in fearing that he would be obliged to abandon his expedition and
retreat to the coast. The loads were reduced as much as possible, every article
that could in any way be spared being thrown out and destroyed. On the 24th
the natives attacked the camp, but were driven back; and another battle
followed on the 25th, with the same result. On the 26th the march was
resumed, and the hostile region was left behind. New men were engaged at
some of the villages, the weather improved, provisions were abundant, and in
the early days of February the halting-places of the expedition presented a
marked contrast to those of a month earlier.
 AN AFRICAN LAMB.
"The country in which they were now travelling," Frank continued, "was a fertile
region, with broad pastures, and occasional stretches of forest—a land of plenty
and promise. The natives had an abundance of cattle, sheep, goats, and
chickens, which they sold at low prices; they were entirely friendly to the
travellers, and whenever the expedition moved away from its camps, it was
urged to come again. Mr. Stanley gives the following list of prices, which he paid
in this land of abundance:
"1 ox 6 yards of sheeting.
1 goat 2 yards of sheeting.
1 sheep 2 yards of sheeting.
1 chicken 1 necklace.
6 chickens 2 yards of sheeting."
"On the 26th of February it was reported that another day's march would bring
them to the shore of the Great Nyanza, the Victoria Lake. I will now read you
what Mr. Stanley says about this march, and his first view of the lake.

"On the morning of the 27th of February we rose up early, and braced
ourselves for the long march of nineteen miles, which terminated at 4 p.m.
at the village of Kagehyi.
"The people were as keenly alive to the importance of this day's march, and
as fully sensitive to what this final journey to Kagehyi promised their
wearied frames, as we Europeans. They, as well as ourselves, looked
forward to many weeks of rest from our labors and to an abundance of
good food.
"When the bugle sounded the signal to 'Take the road,' the Wanyamwezi
and Wangwana responded to it with cheers, and loud cries of 'Ay indeed, ay
indeed, please God;' and their good-will was contagious. The natives, who
had mustered strongly to witness our departure, were affected by it, and
stimulated our people by declaring that the lake was not very far off—'but
two or three hours' walk.'
"We dipped into the basins and troughs of the land, surmounted ridge after
ridge, crossed water-courses and ravines, passed by cultivated fields, and
through villages smelling strongly of cattle, by good-natured groups of
natives, until, ascending a long, gradual slope, we heard, on a sudden,
hurrahing in front, and then we too, with the lagging rear, knew that those
in the van were in view of the Great Lake! the lake which Speke discovered
in 1858.
"Frank Pocock impetuously strode forward
until he gained the brow of the hill. He took
a long, sweeping look at something, waved
his hat, and came down towards us, his face
beaming with joy, as he shouted out
enthusiastically, with the fervor of youth and
high spirits, 'I have seen the lake, sir, and it
is grand!' Frederick Barker, riding painfully
on an ass, and sighing wearily from illness
and the length of the journey, lifted his head
to smile his thanks to his comrade.
"Presently we also reached the brow of the
hill, where we found the expedition halted,
and the first quick view revealed to us a UNYAMWEZI PORTER.
long, broad arm of water, which a dazzling
sun transformed into silver, some six hundred feet below us, at the distance
of three miles.
"A more careful and detailed view of the scene showed us that the hill on
which we stood sloped gradually to the broad bay or gulf edged by a line of
green, wavy reeds and thin groves of umbrageous trees scattered along the
shore, on which stood several small villages of conical huts. Beyond these,
the lake stretched like a silvery plain far to the eastward, and away across
to a boundary of dark-blue hills and mountains, while several gray, rocky
islets mocked us at first with an illusion of Arab dhows with white sails. The
Wanyamwezi struck up the song of triumph:
"'Sing, O friends, sing; the journey is
ended:
Sing aloud, O friends, sing to the great
Nyanza.
 Sing all, sing loud, O friends, sing to the
great sea;
Give your last look to the lands behind
and then turn to the sea.

"'Long time ago you left your lands,

Your wives and children, your brothers
and your friends:
Tell me, have you seen a sea like this
Since you left the great salt sea?

"Chorus.

"'Then sing, O friends, sing; the journey is

ended:
Sing aloud, O friends: sing to this great
sea.
This sea is fresh, is good, and sweet;
Your sea is salt, and bad, unfit to drink.
This sea is like wine to drink for thirsty
men;
The salt sea—bah! it makes men sick.'
"I have in the above (as literal a translation as I can render it) made no
attempt at rhyme—nor, indeed, did the young, handsome, and stalwart
Corypheus who delivered the harmonious strains with such startling effect.
The song, though extemporized, was eminently dramatic, and when the
chorus joined in it made the hills ring with a wild and strange harmony.
Reanimated by the cheerful music, we flung the flags to the breeze, and
filed slowly down the slopes towards the fields of Kagehyi.
"About half a mile from the villages we were surprised by seeing hundreds
of warriors decked with feathered head-dresses and armed to the teeth,
advancing on the run towards us, and exhibiting, as they came, their
dexterity with bows and arrows and spears. They had at first been alarmed
at the long procession filing down the hill, supposing we were bent on
hostilities, but, though discovering their error, they still thought it too good
an opportunity to be lost for showing their bravery, and therefore amused
us with this by-play. Sungoro Tarib, an Arab resident at Kagehyi, also
despatched a messenger with words of welcome, and an invitation to us to
make Kagehyi our camp, as Prince Kaduma, chief of Kagehyi, was his
faithful ally.
 "In a short time we had
entered the wretched-
looking village, and Kaduma
was easily induced by
Sungoro to proffer
hospitalities to the
strangers. A small conical
hut, about twenty feet in
diameter, badly lighted, and
with a strong smell of
animal matter—its roof
swarmed with bold rats,
VIEW OF KAGEHYI FROM THE EDGE OF which, with a malicious
THE LAKE. persistence, kept popping in
(From a Photograph.) and out of their nests in the
straw roof, and rushing over
the walls—was placed at my
disposal as a store-room. Another small hut was presented to Frank Pocock
and Fred Barker as their quarters.
"In summing up, during the evening of our arrival at this rude village on the
Nyanza, the number of statute miles travelled by us, as measured by two
rated pedometers and pocket watch, I ascertained it to be seven hundred
and twenty. The time occupied—from November 17, 1874, to February 27,
1875, inclusive—was one hundred and three days, divided into seventy
marching and thirty-three halting days, by which it will be perceived that
our marches averaged a little over ten miles per day. But as halts are
imperative, the more correct method of ascertaining the rate of travel would
be to include the time occupied by halts and marches, and divide the total
distance by the number of days occupied. This reduces the rate to seven
miles per diem.
"We all woke on the morning of the 28th of February with a feeling of
intense relief. There were no more marches, no more bugle-calls to rouse
us up for another fatiguing day, no more fear of hunger—at least for a
season.
"At 9 a.m. a burzah, or levee, was held. First came Frank and Fred—now
quite recovered from fever—to bid me good-morning, and to congratulate
themselves and me upon the prospective rest before us. Next came the
Wangwana and Wanyamwezi chiefs, to express a hope that I had slept well,
and after them the bold youths of the expedition; then came Prince
Kaduma and Sungoro, to whom we were bound this day to render an
account of the journey and to give the latest news from Zanzibar; and,
lastly, the princess and her principal friends—for introductions have to be
undergone in this land as in others. The burzah lasted two hours, after
which my visitors retired to pursue their respective avocations, which I
discovered to be principally confined, on the part of the natives, to
gossiping, making or repairing fishing-nets, hatchets, canoes, food-troughs,
village fences, and huts, and on the part of our people to arranging plans
for building their own grass-huts, being perfectly content to endure a long
stay at Kagehyi.

FRANK POCOCK.
(From a Photograph taken at Kagehyi.)
"Though the people had only their own small domestic affairs to engage
their attentions, and Frank and Fred were for this day relieved from duty, I
had much to do—observations to take to ascertain the position of Kagehyi,
and its altitude above the sea; to prepare paper, pens, and ink for the
morrow's report to the journals which had despatched me to this remote
and secluded part of the globe; to make calculations of the time likely to be
occupied in a halt at Kagehyi, in preparing and equipping the Lady Alice for
sea, and in circumnavigating the great 'Nianja,' as the Wasukuma call the
lake.[3] It was also incumbent upon me to ascertain the political condition
of the country before leaving the port and the camp, that my mind might be
at rest about its safety during my contemplated absence. Estimates were
also to be entered upon as to the quantity of cloth and beads likely to be
required for the provisioning of the expeditionary force during my absence,
and as to the amount of tribute and presents to be bestowed upon the King
of Uchambi—of which Kagehyi was only a small district, and to whom Prince
Kaduma was only a subordinate and tributary. In brief, my own personal
work was but begun, and pages would not suffice to describe in detail the
full extent of the new duties now devolving upon me.
"The village of Kagehyi, in the Uchambi
district and country of Usukuma, became
after our arrival a place of great local
importance. It attracted an unusual
number of native traders from all sides
within a radius of twenty or thirty miles.
Fishermen from Ukerewé, whose purple
hills we saw across the arm of the lake,
came in their canoes, with stores of dried
fish; the people of Igusa, Sima, and
Magu, east of us in Usukuma, brought
their cassava, or manioc, and ripe
bananas; the herdsmen of Usmau, thirty
miles south of Kagehyi, sent their oxen;
and the tribes of Muanza—famous
historically as being the point whence
Speke first saw this broad gulf of Lake
Victoria—brought their hoes, iron wire,
and salt, besides great plenty of sweet AFRICAN ARMS AND
potatoes and yams. ORNAMENTS.

"Within seven days the Lady Alice was

ready, and strengthened for a rough sea-life. Provisions of flour and dried
fish, bales of cloth and beads of various kinds, odds and ends of small
possible necessaries were boxed, and she was declared at last to be only
waiting for her crew. 'Would any one volunteer to accompany me?' A dead
silence ensued. 'Not for rewards and extra pay?' Another dead silence: no
one would volunteer.
"'Yet I must,' said I, 'depart. Will you let me go alone?'
"'No.'
"'What then? Show me my braves—those men who freely enlist to follow
their master round the sea.'
"All were again dumb. Appealed to individually, each said he knew nothing
of sea life; each man frankly declared himself a terrible coward on water.
"'Then what am I to do?'
"Manwa Sera said:
"'Master, have done with these questions. Command your party. All your
people are your children, and they will not disobey you. While you ask them
as a friend, no one will offer his services. Command them, and they will all
go.'

VIEW NEAR VICTORIA LAKE.

"So I selected a chief, Wadi Safeni—the son of Safeni—and told him to pick
out the elect of the young men. Wadi Safeni chose men who knew nothing
of boat-life. Then I called Kachéché, the detective, and told him to ascertain
the names of those young men who were accustomed to sea-life, upon
which Kachéché informed me that the young guides first selected by me at
Bagamoyo were the sailors of the expedition. After reflecting upon the
capacities of the younger men, as they had developed themselves on the
road, I made a list of ten sailors and a steersman, to whose fidelity I was
willing to intrust myself and fortunes while coasting round the Victoria sea.
"Accordingly, after drawing up instructions for Frank Pocock and Fred
Barker, on about a score of matters concerning the well-being of the
expedition during my absence, and enlisting for them, by an adequate gift,
the good-will of Sungoro and Prince Kaduma, I set sail on the 8th of March,
1875, eastward along the shores of the broad arm of the lake which we first
sighted, and which henceforward is known, in honor of its first discoverer,
as 'Speke Gulf.'
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