CALCULUS

Reviewer written by: zeki

RULES:
Constant
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑐) = 0​ ​ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑥) = 𝑐​ ​ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥) = 1

Chain
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓(𝑥) ) = 𝑛(𝑓(𝑥)) × 𝑓'(𝑥)

Power
𝑑 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 ​​
𝑑 𝑑(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥) =
2 𝑥

Sum and Difference

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓'(𝑥) ± 𝑔'(𝑥)
 LESSON 1: Higher Derivatives

In simple terms…

𝑦 = 𝑦' = 𝑦'' = 𝑦'''

Higher Derivatives are like layers of cake. The top layer is the first
derivative; once you get or eat the first layer, you can get to the
second layer, the second derivative. Again, when you eat the
second layer, you can get to the third layer, or the third derivative.
This goes on forever.

As an example, let’s find the second and third derivative of

4
2
(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5 . Firstly, let’s start by taking the first derivative.

4
4 *** Use the Chain Rule. Bring down 5
,
2
(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5
subtract 1 from it, and take the
2
derivative of (𝑥 − 3𝑥).
4 2
4 2 5
−1 2 *** Now, take the derivative of (𝑥 − 3𝑥)
5
(𝑥 − 3𝑥) × 𝑑(𝑥 − 3𝑥) and subtract 1 from the exponent 5 .
4

2
1 *** Since (𝑥 − 3𝑥) has a negative
4 2 − 1
(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5
× (2𝑥 − 3) exponent − 5 , bring it down to the
5 4
denominator of the fraction 5
.
4
2
Therefore, the first derivative of (𝑥 − 3𝑥) is: 5

4 (2𝑥−3) 8𝑥−12
𝑦' = 2
1 = 2
1
5 5
5 (𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (𝑥 −3𝑥)

Now that we have our first derivative, it is now possible to find the
second and the third. Since the second derivative is the derivative
of the first derivative, let’s find the derivative of the first.
 8𝑥−12 *** Use the Quotient Rule.
1
Assign the values 𝑢 and 𝑣 as
2 5 the numerator and
5 (𝑥 −3𝑥) denominator, respectively.

*** Now, take the derivatives of

1 1 1
2 5 2 5 2
5(𝑥 −3𝑥) 𝑑(8𝑥−12) − (8𝑥−12) 𝑑(5(𝑥 −3𝑥) ) 8𝑥 − 12 and 5(𝑥 − 3𝑥) [use 5

1
2 5 2 Chain Rule]. Square the
(5(𝑥 −3𝑥) ) 1
2 2
denominator (5(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5 ) .
1 1
2 1 2 −1
5(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (8) − (8𝑥−12)( 5 • 5(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 )(2𝑥−3)
2 *** Simplify.
2 5
25(𝑥 −3𝑥)

2
1
5 2 −5
4
*** Take out the common factor
40(𝑥 −3𝑥) − (8𝑥−12)(𝑥 −3𝑥) (2𝑥−3) −
4
2
2
2
5
(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5 . Group the
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) remaining terms.
4
2 −5 2
(𝑥 −3𝑥) [(40)(𝑥 −3𝑥)−(8𝑥−12)(2𝑥−3)] *** Simplify everything inside
2
2 5 the bracket.
25(𝑥 −3𝑥)

2 2
−5
4 *** (40)(𝑥 − 3𝑥) is 40𝑥 − 120𝑥.
2 2 2
(𝑥 −3𝑥) [(40𝑥 −120𝑥)−(16𝑥 −48𝑥+36)] (8𝑥 − 12)(2𝑥 − 3) is
2 2
2
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 16𝑥 − 48𝑥 + 36. Now, flip the
2
signs of 16𝑥 − 48𝑥 + 36.
4
2 −5 2 2
(𝑥 −3𝑥) (40𝑥 −120𝑥−16𝑥 +48𝑥−36)
2 *** Combine like terms.
2
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5

4
2 −5
4
2 *** Since the exponents − 5
(𝑥 −3𝑥) (24𝑥 −72𝑥−36) 2
2
2 and 5
have the same base
5
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 2
(𝑥 − 3𝑥), subtract them.
2
24𝑥 −72𝑥−36 This is now the second
6

25(𝑥 −3𝑥)
2 5 derivative.

2
24𝑥 −72𝑥−36
𝑦'' = 2
6
5
25(𝑥 −3𝑥)
 Now that we have the second derivative, we can calculate the third
derivative.
*** Use the Quotient
2 Rule. Assign the values
24𝑥 −72𝑥−36 𝑢 and 𝑣 as the
6
2 5 numerator and
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) denominator,
respectively.

*** Now, take the

derivatives of
2
2
6
5 2 2 2
6
5
24𝑥 − 72𝑥 − 36 and
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 𝑑(24𝑥 −72𝑥−36) − (24𝑥 −72𝑥−36) 𝑑(25(𝑥 −3𝑥) ) 2
6

2
6
5 2 25(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5 [use Chain
(25(𝑥 −3𝑥) ) Rule]. Square the
denominator
6
2 2
(25(𝑥 − 3𝑥) 5 ) .
6 6
2 2 6 2 −1
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (48𝑥−72) − (24𝑥 −72𝑥−36) ( 5 • 25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 )(2𝑥−3)
12 *** Simplify.
2 5
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)

6 1
2 2 2
25(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (48𝑥−72) − (24𝑥 −72𝑥−36) (30)((𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 )(2𝑥−3) ***.Take out the
12
2 5 constants, 25 and 30.
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)

2
6
2 2
1
*** Take the common
750(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (48𝑥−72) − (24𝑥 −72𝑥−36)(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (2𝑥−3) 1
2
2
12
5
factor, (𝑥 − 3𝑥) . Group 5

625(𝑥 −3𝑥) the remaining terms.

1
2 2 2
750(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 [(𝑥 −3𝑥)(48𝑥−72)−(24𝑥 −72𝑥−36)(2𝑥−3)]
12 *** Simplify.
2 5
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)
1
2 3 2 2 2
750(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 [(48𝑥 −216𝑥 +216𝑥)−(48𝑥 −216𝑥 +144𝑥+108)] *** Remove the
12
2 5 parentheses.
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)
1
2 5 3 2 2 2
750(𝑥 −3𝑥) [48𝑥 −216𝑥 +216𝑥−48𝑥 +216𝑥 −144𝑥−108] *** Combine like terms
12
2 5 and simplify.
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)
1
2
750(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (72𝑥−108) *** Divide 750 and 625
12
2 5 by their GCF, 150.
625(𝑥 −3𝑥)
 1 *** Since the exponents
2
6(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 (72𝑥−108) 1 12
and 5 have the
12
5
2
5(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 same base, subtract
them.

6(72𝑥−108)
11
This is now your third
2
5(𝑥 −3𝑥) 5 derivative.

6(72𝑥−108)
𝑦''' = 2
11
5
5(𝑥 −3𝑥)

(I actually don’t know if this is correct… 💀 so PM me if you have corrections; but

🙏
basically, what I’m trying to say is that you just take the derivative of your
answers over and over again to get the higher derivatives. )

Next topic: Implicit Differentiation

 LESSON 2: Implicit Differentiation

In Explicit Differentiation, you have a picture with clear and

separate pieces. For example, 𝑦 = 2𝑥. This problem/puzzle is easy to
understand, because you see 𝑦 by itself; we can easily interpret it as
“When you add 1 to 𝑥, 𝑦 grows by 2”.

In Implicit Differentiation, the puzzle is mixed up and on fire and

2 2
you need to fix the picture on your own. For example, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1. In
this problem, you don’t exactly see 𝑦 by itself, so it’s kinda hard to
understand; that’s why we implicitly differentiate.

*** Firstly, let’s take the derivative of

2
2 2 each term. The derivative of 𝑥 is 2𝑥,
𝑥 +𝑦 = 1 2
while the derivative of 𝑦 , using the
chain rule, is 2𝑦 • 𝑦'.

*** We need to isolate 𝑦'. So, we move

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦' = 0 every term that doesn’t have 𝑦' to the
other side.

*** Lastly, to isolate 𝑦', divide both sides

2𝑦𝑦' = − 2𝑥 by 2𝑦.

2𝑦𝑦' 2𝑥
2𝑦
= − 2𝑦 *** Cancel 2𝑦 and 2.

Therefore…
𝑥
𝑦' = − 𝑦

2 2
Let’s take another example, 3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

*** Firstly, let’s take the derivative of

2 2 each term. Use the product rule for
3𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 3𝑥2𝑦 (𝑢 is 𝑥2, while 𝑣 is 𝑦), and the
2
power rule for 2𝑦 .
 2 2
3(𝑥 𝑑(𝑦) + 𝑦 𝑑(𝑥 )) + 2 • 2𝑦𝑦' = 1 + 𝑦' *** Simplify (𝑥 𝑑(𝑦) + 𝑦 𝑑(𝑥 ))
2 2
and 2 • 2𝑦𝑦'.

2 *** Distribute 3 through the

3(𝑥 𝑦' + 𝑦 • 2𝑥) + 4𝑦𝑦' = 1 + 𝑦' parentheses.

*** Now, move every term

2
3𝑥 𝑦' + 6𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑦' = 1 + 𝑦' without 𝑦' to the other side, and
every term with 𝑦' to the other.

*** To isolate 𝑦', take it out of the

2
3𝑥 𝑦' + 4𝑦𝑦' − 𝑦' = 1 − 6𝑥𝑦 terms; since it’s common in
every term on one side, after all.

2 *** Lastly, divide both sides by

𝑦' (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1) = 1 − 6𝑥𝑦 2
(3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1).
2
𝑦' (3𝑥 +4𝑦−1) 1−6𝑥𝑦
2 = 2
2
*** Cancel (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1).
(3𝑥 +4𝑦−1) (3𝑥 +4𝑦−1)

Therefore…

1−6𝑥𝑦
𝑦' = 2
(3𝑥 +4𝑦−1)

(So basically, the process is this: Derivative - Simplify - Move 𝑦' terms - Isolate. This
WILL depend on the problem. You might need to take out the common term 𝑦'
before isolating, or any other processes might get involved.)

Next topic: Application of Derivatives in Analyzing Function

Properties
 LESSON 3: Application of Derivatives in Analyzing Function
Properties

Remember that:

-​ The first derivative indicates whether the function is:

a)​ Increasing, when 𝑦' > 0

b)​ Decreasing, when 𝑦' < 0

-​ The second derivative indicated whether the function is:

a)​ Opening upwards, when 𝑦'' > 0

b)​ Opening downwards, when 𝑦'' < 0

A Critical Point of a function is where its tangent is completely

horizontal. (𝑦' = 0)

An Inflection Point of a function is where its concavity changes

(from opening upwards to downwards, and vice versa). (𝑦'' = 0)

If the sign of the Critical Point changes from a negative (-) to a

positive (+), that’s a minimum. If it changes from a positive (+) to a
negative (-), then it’s a maximum.
 3 2
As an example, let’s analyze the function 2𝑥 − 15𝑥 .

3 2 *** The very first step is to take the first

2𝑥 − 15𝑥 derivative.

2 *** Now, to find our Critical Points, we

6𝑥 − 30𝑥 need to equate the derivative by 0.

*** Factor out the equation. Since the

2 2
6𝑥 − 30𝑥 = 0 GCF of 9𝑥 − 30𝑥 = 0 is 3𝑥, we take out
3𝑥.

6𝑥 (𝑥 − 5) = 0 *** Now, divide both sides by 6.

𝑥 (𝑥 − 5) = 0 *** Equate both 𝑥 and 𝑥 − 5 to 0.

𝑥=0
*** From this information, we can get
𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥−5=0

Now, to find the Minimum and Maximum point, let’s choose test
points between 5 and 0. For this example, let’s choose -1, 3, 4, and 7.

2
𝑓'(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 30𝑥 𝑓'(− 1) = 36 𝑓'(3) = − 36 𝑓'(4) = − 24 𝑓'(7) = 84

Sign +++++ ----- ----- +++++

Shape Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

Intervals 𝑥<0 0<𝑥 <5 0<𝑥 <5 𝑥>5

*** In deciding your intervals, remember that you’re testing your

critical points; so you should put the critical numbers rather than
your test points. In this example, we have 5 and 0.

Now that we have our table, notice how the sign changes from a
positive (+) at 𝑥 < 0 to a negative (-) at 0 < 𝑥 < 5. This negative sign
then goes back to a positive at 𝑥 > 5.

Therefore, we can conclude that the Maximum Point (+ to -) of the

function is at 𝑥 = 0, while the Minimum Point (- to +) of the function
is at 𝑥 = 5.
 3 2
Max.: 𝑓(0) = 2(0) − 15(0) = 0
3 2
Min.: 𝑓(5) = 2(5) − 15(5) = − 125

You repeat this process when finding the function’s concavity. To

recap:

1)​ Find Critical Points - 𝑓'(𝑥) = 0

2)​ Choose test points between the values of x
3)​ Test your test points - Substitute your test points in the derivative;
that way, you’ll get your Inflection Points, just like how you get your
Min and Max.

Next Lessson: Problem Solving

 LESSON 3.5: Problem Solving

1)​ Old Mcdonald had a farm, but his farm only had normal chickens.
With the rise of genetically modified chickens—which can
potentially lay bigger eggs and withstand diseases, he decided to
buy some and give it a try. To build a new pen for the GM chickens,
he wants to maximize its dimensions by building it in a rectangular
shape with 4 partitions in the middle. What dimensions will
maximize the pen’s area, given that Old Mcdonald has 600 ft of
fencing?

Let 𝑦 be the length, and 𝑥 be the width.

Step 1: Determine the value of 𝑦 first. Since there are 4 partitions,

combined with the 2 other widths of the rectangle, there’d be 6𝑥 in
total. Therefore…

*** It’s 2𝑦 because a rectangle has two

600 = 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 lengths. The next step would be to
isolate 𝑦 by moving 6𝑥 to the other
side.

600 − 6𝑥 = 2𝑦 *** Now, divide both sides by 2.

600−6𝑥 2𝑦
2
= 2 *** Simplify.

Our working equation, now, should be 𝑦 = 300 − 3𝑥.

Step 2: Substitute 𝑦. Since Old Mcdonald wants to maximize the

area, we should use the formula for the area of a rectangle: 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦.

𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 *** Substitute 𝑦.

𝐴 = 𝑥 (300 − 3𝑥) *** Simplify.

2 *** This is now the equation for the

𝐴 = 300𝑥 − 3𝑥 area.
 2
Step 3: Get the critical points. Since we have 𝐴 = 300𝑥 − 3𝑥 , we take
the derivative of it and equate it to 0.

2
𝐴 = 300𝑥 − 3𝑥 *** Differentiate.

𝐴 = 300 − 6𝑥 *** Now, set the equation to be equal

to 0.

300 − 6𝑥 = 0 *** Move 300 to the other side.

− 6𝑥 = − 300 *** Divide both sides by -6.

−6𝑥 −300
−6
= −6
*** Cancel out -6 and divide -300 by -6.

Therefore, our 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 should be:

𝑥 = 50

We have our 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 now, but we’re still missing our 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒. To obtain
this, we should substitute our x into the equation for y.

𝑦 = 300 − 3𝑥 *** Substitute x = 50 into the formula.

𝑦 = 300 − 3(50) *** Simplify.

𝑦 = 300 − 150 *** Subtract.

𝑦 = 150 *** This is now our y-value.

We now have our dimensions, 𝑥 = 50 and 𝑦 = 150.

2)​ Your friend murdered someone and is asking you to stuff the body
into a cube box with maximum volume. The problem is, you only
have 90 square inches of cardboard material to form the cuboid box.
Additionally, he wants the box to be topless, for whatever mysterious
reason. What is the maximum volume of the box?
 Let 𝑥 be the side length. (It’s a cube, so all sides are equal. No need
for 𝑦.)

Step 1: Since we only have one variable, 𝑥, we should find its value.
Your friend wanted the cube to be topless, so we’re only dealing with
5 faces of the cube.

2
Each face of the cube has an area of 𝑥 . Again, 5 faces, so without the
top, the cube’s surface area should be equal to:

2
𝐴 = 5𝑥

Step 2: Now that we have our working equation, we can simply find
the value of x by substituting.

You’re broke, so you only have 90 square inches.

2
90 = 5𝑥 *** Divide both sides by 5.

2
90 5𝑥
5
= 5
*** Cancel 5, and simplify.

2
18 = 𝑥 *** Take the square root of both sides.

2
𝑥 = 18 *** Simplify.

2
𝑥= 3 • 2 𝑜𝑟 3 2 *** Our x-value now is 3 2

Step 3: Calculate the volume.

3
𝑉 =𝑥 *** Substitute.

3 3
3
𝑉 = (3 2) *** 3 is 27, and ( 2) is 2 2.

𝑉 = 27 • 2 2 *** Multiply.

Therefore, the maximum volume of the cube is 54 2 square inches.