NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MEXICO

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MORPHOLOGY
SECTION OF CELLULAR, TISSUE, AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE FOR THE SUBJECT VETERINARY CELL BIOLOGY
PREPARED BY: DR. SANTIAGO RENÉ ANZALDÚA ARCE - RODRIGO ONTIVEROS TLACHI

INTRODUCTION
Dear students, the objective of this guide is to support the student in the
preparation for the final exam of the Veterinary Cellular Biology subject, the content
is based on the program according to the 2006 curriculum and contains the topics
addressed during the school year.

It is not intended to be a means of exemption or extracurricular work, it is only a

support tool for your study. Requires you to dedicate ENOUGH time to
Solve this guide and only by answering it in depth will you be able to benefit from it.

All the mentioned topics were addressed during the course, but doubts are not ruled out.
specific issues that can be resolved by the responsible academic staff, you will be
It is recommended that before seeking support, you thoroughly search for the necessary information.
to resolve your doubt.

This guide was made to support you in presenting your final exam, it was created with
dedication and in your favor, in the end, only you will see the result!

Answer the questions presented to you and pay attention to the key words.
highlighted in BOLD.

Success!

UNIT 1. EVOLUTION OF THE CELL

Two fundamental concepts for the study of the cell are to understand the meaning
What does the word 'Cell' itself mean and what characterizes a living being to be considered as such?
(3 minimum requirements)? On the other hand, what is the field of study of Biology?
Cell theory states the principles of the Cell Doctrine and the essential difference with the
Cytology. What objective do you think Cellular Biology pursues and what importance do you believe it has?
What is inside Veterinary Medicine?

What are biomolecules?

Could you cite a classic experimental biology experiment on molecule synthesis?
under prebiotic conditions?

3.- Will you remember the conditions of the prebiotic earth? If so, please mention what they would be.
probable characteristics of the first cell types.

4.- There are various theories that seek to explain the origin and evolution of cells.
Prokaryotes to eukaryotes) summarize in a table the postulates and the main authorship of the
following: Internalization by membrane invagination, endosymbiosis and the origin
[Link]. Remember that evolution implies survival strategies, a more being
evolved is not necessarily better than a less evolved one, look for information
About orchids and their evolutionary implications regarding their vulnerability, expand.
your knowledge about evolution.

5.- Prokaryotic organisms have fundamental characteristics compared to those

eucariontes, resúmelas en dos listas. Consulta la clasificación taxónomica de los seres vivos
(according to Whittaker). Deepen your knowledge, there are beings that share characteristics.
St. Elysia chlorotica and complement.
your understanding.

REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY

Before continuing with the guide, it is essential that we review the basic contents of
biochemistry. Pay attention to the following section, it will help you solve the guide in the
subsequent units.

6.- Very special physicochemical conditions are required for the development of life,
unleash your chemistry knowledge and respond about the following types of
interaction: What are ionic bonds and covalent bonds (simple and complex)?
(coordinated) and inquires about the interatomic force that they exhibit within a system.
alive? What are Van der Waals forces and what is their biological importance? What
What are hydrogen bonds and between which atoms can they occur? Many processes.
Cells are based on hydrophobic-type interactions; explain what these are.
interactions and cite an example within the cell.

7.- Briefly state what functional groups are and state their structure.
following: Alcohol, carbonyl (ketones, aldehyde, and carboxyl), amino, phosphate, and thiol. What?
What importance do they have for biochemistry?

8.- Water, as an indispensable agent for life, has key characteristics, the structure
molecular H2O is unique, remember the following concepts: molecular polarity,
solvent capacity, specific heat, surface tension, and viscosity.
Biochemistry is not static nor just theory, if you understood the previous concepts, explain them.
following clinical presentations from a biochemical point of view: tympanism,
hyaline membrane disease and explains why blood is a mechanism of
temperature control in relation to variations in hematocrit.

9.- Water has effects on other elements, state the dissociative effect of water.
about weak and strong electrolytes, complement with the concept of pH, the scale and the
measurement methods integrate information by reflecting on the importance of the
regulation of pH (remember that there are at least 3 biological regulation pathways).

10.- Answer the following questions about carbohydrates.

What is a carbohydrate (from a biochemical point of view) and what functions does it have.
How are carbohydrates classified?
Glyceraldehyde is a three-carbon monosaccharide with the molecular formula C3H6O3. It has an aldehyde group (-CHO) and two hydroxyl groups (-OH) resulting in a structure that can exist in a straight chain or as a cyclic form.
 fructose and galactose.
What is the phenomenon of cyclization of sugars (the sugars!)
What are the oxidation and reduction products of monosaccharides?
There is so much talk about the phosphorylation and amination of monosaccharides, what
What importance does it have?

Explain the formation of disaccharides and mention examples.

In the body, we find complex carbohydrates, mention their characteristics.
los siguientes:Glucógeno, almidón, celulosa, ácido hialurónico y heparina.
Relate this information to cell recognition systems: Glycocalyx
blood antigens.

11.- Likewise, it is necessary that you reaffirm what you know about lipids.
the topics that are presented below:
A lipid is a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols.
Investigate the molecules that can associate with lipids and with them:
(fatty acids, glycerol, sphingosine, inositol, phosphoric acid, ethanolamine)
serine, choline, glucose and galactose
It also describes the general structure of triacylglycerols, phosphoglycerides,
sphingomyelins and glycolipids. Question about the medical implications and the
myths about these lipids.
What importance does Isoprene have?

It is vital that you understand the biochemical nature of the molecules that transmit
information (nucleic acids and proteins) of nucleic acids summarizes their
components, describe its structure as well as that of a nucleoside and a nucleotide.
Remember the essential characteristics of DNA (such as being a double-stranded molecule, antiparallel,
complementary and helical) seek information about Linus Pauling and his studies
about the structure of DNA. Mention the structural characteristics of RNA as well as the
Biological importance of free nucleotides, ribozymes, and other associated molecules.
(ATP, NADH, FADH2, FMN, AMPc and Coenzyme A).

Of the proteins, describe their structure and their biological functions, biochemically.
describe the general structure of amino acids, list the amino acids in a table
according to their structure and polarity. Remember the concept of amphotericity. Describe the
formation of peptide bond, including the cellular structure where it occurs as well as
the site of reaction (do not omit details!). State the structural levels of proteins
and relate it to the formation of depressions in animals. Define the concept of enzyme.
understand its function regarding the variations of pH, temperature, and presence of the
substrate in the cell. Remember the meaning and importance of allosteric enzymes and non
allosteric. Explain the affinity of non-allosteric enzymes using the concepts of
Vmax, Km, competitive and non-competitive inhibition, relate it to the functioning of
the cell receptors. Mention the classification of enzymes according to the type of
reaction they perform.

UNIT 2. CELL MEMBRANES

13.- Explain the concept of the cell membrane, mention its general functions and
explain what membrane unit means. Study the processes of deformation
organeloseinvagination of membrane and with the help of the topic of endosymbiosis explain,
Why does the mitochondria have an outer membrane and an inner membrane, which one of the two
membranes should derive from the membrane of the original eukaryotic cell.

14.- State the proposed models as well as their main authors regarding the structure of
the cell membrane, don't forget Singer and Nicholson!

15.- With your knowledge in biochemistry, describe the functional characteristics of the
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the cell membrane, as well as their implications
biological membranes compared to a synthetic membrane composed solely of phospholipids.
Describe what membrane microdomains or lipid rafts are.

16.- Regarding the cell membrane's permeability function, explain it based on the
biochemical structure of it and describe how this function would change according to weight
molecular and solubility of the molecules to be transported.

17.- Explain the concept of chemical, electrical, and electrochemical gradient. Correlate them.
with the concept of osmosis and the flows in favor and against the gradient (imagine this
process with the flow of people entering and exiting a train car in the transport system
Metro collective and explain it.

18.- Create a synoptic chart of the main mechanisms of ion transport and
molecules through the membrane: Passive transport (Simple diffusion osmosis,
facilitated diffusion) and Active Transport (ATPases or pumps) Don't forget to mention the
Types of Pumps That Exist and Their Main Characteristics

19.- In order for the cell to obtain resources as well as eliminate undesirable waste, it requires
a complex mass transport system, describes the processes of endocytosis
(pinocytosis, receptor-mediated and phagocytosis) as well as exocytosis. Consider the
proteins and other molecules involved in these processes. With this information
Question yourself about the absorption of immunoglobulins in the colostrum by the intestine of the newborn.
born, what type of bulk transport process does it correspond to?

20.- We already reviewed a bit about the Glycocalyx, describe its composition as well as its
functions. Investigate the role of the glycocalyx in the processes of cancer and replication
cell phone

21.- Part of Cell Biology involves studying the relationships of the cell with its environment,
An important function for this interaction is the ability to bind with other cells.
Describe the morphofunctional characteristics of the following types of junctions: junctions
adherents (Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, interdigitations, and adhering junctions)
Tight junctions or occluding zonules and communicating junctions (connections). Based on this topic,
Supplement your study with information about interleaved disks in the
myocardium. (It will be useful for the subject of Tissue Biology!)

22. The study of biochemistry is not in vain, it mentions the composition and function.
intercellular adhesion! And you will check it!
23.- Research in Cell Biology would be a remnant of current information if not for
due to the existence of microscopes. It studies the concepts of resolution limit and power.
of resolution in microscopy. Analyze the functioning of the eye as a lens and compare it with
the optical microscope and mention what the focal length is. Describe the key difference.
between the bright field microscope, the phase contrast microscope, and the
interference contrast microscope. I recommend visiting the microscopy room.
from the Palace of Medicine (Plaza de Santo Domingo Corner of Calle República de Brasil and
Republic of Venezuela, Center). Describe the mechanism of microscopy of
fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Mention the functional principle of
Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscope. (Did you know that the FMVZ has a
electron microscopy area?, is located in the Graduate Building, ground floor).

UNIT 3. NUCLEUS

24.- The nucleus, due to its importance and complexity, cannot be considered an organelle.
presents certain structural elements. We will describe the envelope morphofunctionally.
nuclear, to the nucleolus, to the nuclear matrix, the chromatin, and the nucleoplasm. It brings together the
information in a mind map. Reflect, why did the cell develop systems of
compartmentalization by membranes considering that this is a very process
complex.

25.- The nuclear membrane is very unique, both in its composition and in the
functions presented, describe the structure and function of the following elements:
inner and outer membrane, perinuclear space, pore complex, nuclear matrix
and the fibrous sheet. Mention what is called the transport of molecules from the nucleus
towards the cytoplasm.

26.- One way to study the metabolism of genetic material in the nucleus is
understanding the concept of chromatin and its organization into euchromatin and
heterochromatin
Heterochromatin is visible microscopically; functionally, there must be differences.
Investigate and explain the importance of euchromatin in RNA synthesis. Investigate the
applications of this concept in Tissue Biology and in histopathology diagnosis.

27. DNA as a molecule is a huge succession of monomers, to achieve

packing this vast amount of elements requires a complex system of
protein-mediated compaction. Describe these systems, as well as the proteins
involved, research about the so-called naked DNA as well as its applications in
Molecular Biology. This compaction results in structures called chromosomes,
explain the structure of the metaphase chromosome. These structures have different
sizes and shapes that allow them to be classified through the study called karyotype,
mention how they are classified. Based on these concepts and the review of biochemistry
explain how the proteins that bind to DNA can make contact without altering the
hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together and investigate how a
protein can distinguish a pair of bases T-A from a C-G.

28.- DNA, to be read and translated into protein, requires a process that is outlined in the
the unique dogma of science. It describes what the Central Dogma of Biology consists of.
Molecular. Explain what the term semiconservative dereplication refers to.

29.- DNA replication involves very specific enzymes, as a recap of

Biochemistry, indicates what this process consists of as well as the participation of the following
enzymes: DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. What do we mean by the formation of the strip?
What about the lagging strand? Describe what the primer RNA is and what it consists of.
the Okazaki fragments.

30.- Explain the concept of degeneration as its organization: Define what the region of
promoter, the transcription region and the termination region.

31.- Describe the process of transcription, noting the participation of RNA.

polymerases say what pre-mRNA (heteronuclear RNA) is. This pre-mRNA undergoes
subsequent modifications, describe what the maturation of pre-mRNA consists of
how rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA are synthesized.

32.- According to the number, in relation to the complementarity, of the DNA strands
We find two terms, Diploid and Haploid. Explain them and mention the situations in which they occur.
talk about diploid and haploid cells, investigate about phenomena of abnormal polyploidy
and pathological in animals.

33.- Life is based on an organized system of biochemical processes, therefore the

genetic expression requires a rigorous process, it mentions the importance of this
system and explain the concept of operon. Indicate what a repressor gene consists of, a gene
regulator, structural genes, what are introns and what are exons. What is referred to
Did it wrongly call DNA junk? Evaluate the DNA repair mechanisms.
mention the role of P-53 in this process. Research the levels of genetic regulation
in eukaryotes and the alternative maturation of pre-mRNA. Study what are the units
of simple and complex transcription, also studies what is combinatorial control?

34.- Describe the operon through the beta-galactosidase system in prokaryotes.

Reflect on genetic regulation as a book you need to read to understand.
another book. Research about the contributions of Jacob-Monod.

35.- Mention the methods for studying DNA in eukaryotes, research who Kary was.
Mullisy the implications of your invention in the diagnosis of diseases.

UNIT 4. CYTOPLASM, CYTOSKELETON, AND CELL MOVEMENT.

36.- Explain the concepts of cytoplasm and cytosol, highlighting their differences.
conceptual.

37.- Mention the components of the cytosol and based on them describe their characteristics.
physicochemical properties according to the type of solution that they conform.

38.- Describe in a synoptic chart the structural components of the cytoplasm, not
You forget the alcitoesqueleto and the inclusions!
39.- The cytoskeleton, as a fundamental element in cellular structure and movement, has
certain components. Check information about the 3 fundamental elements:
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. State the subunits.
proteins that make up each of these.

40.- Describe the dynamics of microtubules and microfilaments given by the

reactions at the extremes + and - (rotational replacement and dynamic instability).

41.- What does the term kinetosome (basal body) refer to and what do we mean when we talk about it?
centrosomes, describe them considering function and structure.

42.- To understand the structure of the axonemal elements of cilia and flagella, it is
It is necessary for you to remember what doubles (sub-tubules A and B) are, what is the pair
microtubules, what is the sheath, the rays, the nexins and the arms of dynein. With
this information describes the mechanism of ciliary and flagellar movement.

43.- A fundamental theme is that you understand the structure and dynamics of the
actin and myosin microfilaments, describe their structure, from this will depend your
knowledge in muscle contraction, cell division, and more. Complement with the
main functions of microfilaments.

44.- The microvilli and stereocilia that we find in various cell types
they are composed of one of the 3 fundamental elements of the cytoskeleton. Mention to
What fundamental element are we referring to.

45.- Mention the general characteristics of intermediate filaments and explain why.
there is a clinical relationship with the identification of cancer cells.

46.- Integrate the researched information about the elements of the cytoskeleton and prepare a
diagram.

UNIT 5. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

47.- Explain what the Extracellular Matrix is and why it is not considered a mass.
disorganized and shapeless. Research what the 4 basic tissues are and reflect on which one is the
tissue with the largest amount of extracellular matrix.

48.- The basic components are 3: Amorphous Fundamental Substance, Proteins

Fibers that provide structural support and tensile strength in tissues.

49.- A group of glycosaminoglycans composed of repetitions of disaccharides

associates with proteins nucleus, are synthesized in the Golgi complex and are elements
essentials of the Amorphous Fundamental Substance. Which compound are we referring to?
Exemplify the 5 types that exist in tissues. Relate this knowledge to the topic.
Cellular decay explains the relationship between the presence of hyaluronidases and the
cancer metastasis.

50.- Explain the relationship between proteoglycans and the processes of cell adhesion.
51.- Study the general structure and synthesis of collagen fibers, exemplify the types.
more important and analyze the reason why procollagen is synthesized. Define it.
relationship between collagen fiber synthesis and vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs,
rainbow trout and humans.

52.- Review the synthesis, structure, and function of elastin fibers and reflect on
the viability of cosmetics with elastin fibers.

53. Investigate about Fibronectin and Laminin and create a table with their structure and
main functions.

54.- Describe the structure, composition, and function of the basement membrane and explain the relationship.
from the laentactin and the nidogen with the laminin.

55.- Mention what the Cell Adhesion Molecules are, describe their structure and
function. Investigate what homophilic and heterophilic interaction is. Complement with the
integration of knowledge by researching what hemidesmosomes are and what their function is
difference with desmosomes.

UNIT 6. CELLULAR COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS, TRAFFIC

AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEINS.

56.- Illustrate the translation process in a diagram and describe the organization.
morphological of the ribosomes considering their weight, according to sedimentation indices
both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. as well as the different forms of association
both in the cell and in the mitochondria. Explain the importance within the Dogma
Central of Molecular Biology.

57.- Mention the characteristics of the genetic code, the role of M. Nirenberg in this.
Discovery also explains why it is said that the genetic code is degenerate.

58.- As a biochemistry review, describe the following stages in protein synthesis:

Activation, initiation, elongation, and termination.

58.- Describe the morphological organization and functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Define the processes of protein relocation and modification. Explain the hypothesis.
of the signal peptide. Investigates the reason for the difference between the nuclear membrane and the reticulum
rough endoplasmic

59.- Draw the structure of the Golgi apparatus indicating the cis and trans faces, as well as its
corresponding tanks and the transport models between them (maturation
cisternal and vesicular transport). Point out the difference between Dictyosome and Complex of
Golgi.

60.- Describe the main functions of the Golgi apparatus, stating the modifications.
post-translational modifications that proteins undergo in each cistern.
61.- Define the transport mechanisms between the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, the
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the cell membrane
indicating the name of each process, describing whether it corresponds to a transport
anterograde or retrograde, as well as the associated proteins and whether vesicles are required
flat roofs, cop I or cop II.

62.- Investigate the morphological organization of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and
write the main functions of it. Define the concept of microsome and what it is.
situations are found. Write the name given to the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in the
muscle cells.

63.-Define a Lipogenesis
cholesterogenesis and mention which occur in the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
64.- Mention the structure and classification of lysosomes as well as the enzymes that
contain inside.

65.- The activation of lysosomal enzymes depends on a system based on a

biochemical principle, what is this principle? Also explain, what is the difference between
protease and proteasome?

66.- Lysosomes have various functions, explain how they are involved in the following
Lysosomal digestion, phagocytosis, autophagy, and autolysis.

67.- For the isolation of proteins, mention the steps to follow for purification.
Describe the process of electrophoresis and chromatography, mentioning their variants.
advantages of each of them.

UNIT 7. MITOCHONDRIA AND PEROXISOMES

68.- Describe the structure of the mitochondria, emphasizing the differences.

biochemical and functional aspects of the two membranes. With this information, explain why
The cristae of the mitochondria in cardiac muscle have a higher density under the microscope.
electronic that the mitochondria of the skin cells?

69. Review the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and mention the reaction sites.
mitochondria, locate the sites of deliberative reducing equivalents, CO2 and GTP
Like the final products, explain in detail the importance of these.

70.- Mention the components of oxidative phosphorylation, including the complexes of

cytochrome and the proton pump. Describe the structure, function, and pumping sites of
protons (Sites of oxidative phosphorylation).

71.- Explain the process of decoupling between the electrochemical gradient of protons and
ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP. Indicate what the process consists of.
uncoupler and uninhibitor of the respiratory chain and therefore of ATP synthesis.
Research about latermogenin and reflect on its importance in adipocytes.
multilocular (brown fat).
72.- Develop a table with the characteristics of mitochondrial division and its
differences with cellular division. Based on the embryonic origin of mitochondria,
explain why mitochondrial diseases are of maternal origin.

73.- Mention the structure of the peroxisomes and describe the main reactions.
biochemical processes that occur in them. Delve into cellular detoxification.
the function of glyoxysomes.

74.- Escriba las principalesEspecies Reactivas de Oxígeno, señale lasalteraciones

cell phones that provoke and through what mechanisms, the cell faces these
aggressions, write the enzymes that are involved.

UNIT 8. CELL DIVISION AND CYCLE

75.- Define the concept of cell division and the cell cycle interphase (G1, S, and G2) mentioning
the stages that constitute it, paying special attention to the M phase (mitosis and
cytokinesis.

76.- Clarify the function of the cyclins, of the CdK of the Promoting Factor of mitosis in the
cell cycle and explain why a cell can enter phase G0 and not just at one point
of review G1.

77.- Break down the process of mitotic cell division in a diagram (Don't forget any!)
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis). Draw a cell in
cytokinesis process and I paid enough attention to the division of the chromatids
sisters and reflect on the function and importance of the kinetochore.

78. - Explain the process of Meiosis, explain the substantial differences with mitosis and
Mention in what types of cells it is observed. Describe the main events that
characterize Prophase II, Metaphase I and II, Anaphase I and II, and Telophase I and II.

79.- Create a mind map with the events that characterize Prophase I (Leptonema,
cigonema, paquinema, diplonema, and diakinesis.

80.- Describe the fundamentals of cell differentiation by conceptualizing the terms.

totipotentiality, multipotentiality, pluripotentiality, and terminal differentiation.
Define what the Hayflick Limit is and correlate it with the function of telomerase.

81.- Reflect on the implications of the increase in the multiplication rate.

cellular as well as cellular differentiation and considers cosmetics that promise
raise these rates for the purpose of eliminating wounds and/or wrinkles. Identify participation
Of the Rb protein, describe the participation of the G1-Cdk and G1/S-Cdk complexes.

82.- Relate in a chart the differences between programmed cell death

apoptosis and necrosis.

83.- Describe the main events of Apoptosis, emphasizing the participation of

the Caspases, the regulation by the Bcl-2 proteins and the interaction with the cytochrome
mitochondrial.

84.- Define what cell culture is and what applications it has for Cell Biology and for
Veterinary Medicine. It mentions what the Minimum Essential Mediums (MEM's) are.
Investigate what growth in plaque is and what type of microscope you need to observe it.
cell cultures.

UNIT 9. CELLULAR COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING

85.- Define in your own words cellular signaling based on the distance of the signal.
number of involved cells, intracellular signaling and the chemical affinity of
messenger.

86.- What is the process of conversion of the signal (Extracellular to intracellular) called?

87.- Mention the differences between endocrine, paracrine, and neuronal communication.
contact-dependent. Reflect on how the cell avoids paracrine communication.
it has action in other locations far from the target cell. It relates to the action of the proteins.
This communication type.

88.- How do extracellular signals for survival and division differ?

differentiation and death, especially the latter.

89.- Describe the neuronal communication process by evaluating the participation of the cell.
effector, the target cell, the neurotransmitter, the synaptic vesicles and the channels of
Voltage-gated Ca++ channels play a critical role in the transmission of electrical signals in neurons and muscle cells. When a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal or muscle membrane, it causes depolarization, which leads to the opening of these channels. As a result, Ca++ ions flow into the cell due to the concentration gradient. This influx of calcium triggers various intracellular processes, including the release of neurotransmitters at synapses or the contraction of muscle fibers. The amount of Ca++ that enters the cell is crucial, as it determines the strength and duration of the signal. Subsequent mechanisms, such as the reactivation of these channels and the action of calcium-binding proteins, help in terminating the signal and restoring resting conditions. Thus, voltage-gated Ca++ channels are essential for effective communication within the nervous system and muscle activation.

action potential along the axon.

UNIT 10. CELLULAR BASES OF IMMUNITY

90.- The processes of immunity, both cellular and humoral, depend on a system
reaction coordination against foreign agents to the organism, states the characteristics of
T8 and T4 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells and
Polymorphonuclear.

91.- Outline the process of antigen presentation and its processing.

Reflect on the role of helper T lymphocytes. Provide an example.
basic structure of an antibody, indicating the constant fractions and the fractions
variables.

92.- Based on the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, investigate how they are synthesized.
the antibodies, considering that it is a protein that did not exist previously, evaluates the
Splicing process and respond to what is the mechanism of antibody synthesis. Define the
concept of cloning and cellular memory.

93.- With the concept of decloning, outline the process of obtaining antibodies.
monoclonal and polyclonal, discuss their applications and which type of
antibodies are more recommended.
94.- Create a synoptic chart with the main techniques of immunodetection.
molecules, describe their basic foundation and applications: (ELISA, Immunohistochemistry,
Immunoblot, Immunofluorescence, Immunocytochemistry, and Flow Cytometry. Yes
Do you consider another additional technique, integrate it!)

UNIT 11. CELL DEATH AND CANCER

95.- Define what mutation is, what types of mutation exist, what is an oncogene, a
protoncogene what is a tumor suppressor, what is a promoter inducer, what
what is cancer
epigenetics.

96.- Based on studies of the cell cycle, apoptosis, cell signaling, and others, write to the
less than 5 biochemical events or intracellular or extracellular signaling that
they would degenerate into the development of cancer.

97.- Morphologically describe the cellular changes, both in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
organelles during cancer. Describe the effects on the chromatin and relate it to the
DNA synthesis.

98.- Integrate the function of the Tumor Suppressor Genes APC and P-53 in development of
cancer.

UNIT 12. APPLICATIONS OF CELL BIOLOGY TO VETERINARY MEDICINE

And ZOOTECNICS

99. Study the process of animal cloning, question the function of telomerase.
in this procedure.

100.- (We will finish soon) In a table, provide examples of modified animals.
genetically (KnockOut, KnockIn, and Transgenics) gathering their characteristics.
applications in research.

101.- Investigate the ways of genetic material entry into a cell: Probes,
plasmids, cosmids, viral vectors, and conjugates with metals.

Define the concept of gene therapy and analyze the difficulty of its application based on
in the introns and exons that involve the expression of a gene.

103.- Look for information about therapy with stem cells used in the
rehabilitation of patients with orthopedic injuries.

104.- Investigate the role of Peter C. Doherty in the history of Veterinary Medicine and in the
Cell Biology.

Molecular Biology
reflects on its interaction with Veterinary Medicine.
FINAL MESSAGE

We find ourselves at a key moment, imagine that we are at the checkpoint of G1, you
you will decide whether to study and begin your synthesis phase or to stay in G0. I hope this guide has helped you.
it was designed to be pleasant and complete. There will be topics that possibly
they were not considered, but that is the wonderful thing about Cell Biology, which is HUGE!!!

We hope to have left some curiosity and knowledge in your educational journey, although
Don't dedicate yourself to Cell Biology, it will always accompany you in your development.
professional (even if you don't notice it).

This guide seems too complicated, but it may become easier for you by working through it.
It's less complicated to believe your exam, in the end you will find out.

There is nothing left but to wish you...

Success!